DOCSLIB.ORG

M. Salicifolia: Made in Japan?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Sleuthing challenge M. Salicifolia: Made in Japan? M. salicifolia by Karl E. Flinck hybrids are described under the M. saliiifolia heading. ln a written communication that I have received Which cultivars or possible hybrids from Professor S. of Magnolia salicifolia Maximowicz Kawakami, previously in charge of Nikko should be chosen for our gardens? Botanic Garden, he mentions that a natural M. " M. salicifolia, in the botanical and salicifolia M. kobus hybrid has been described from horticultural literature, is treated in a North Honshu under the name x variable way with regard to plants that M. differ from the classical concept of the euchlora Momiuama. I have not had species. the opportunity to check the literature The treatment of M. salicifoliak for a description and the validity of the taxonomy is best studied in: Latin name. Donald "Trees ~ S. Spongberg's Magnoliaceae Wyman, in his book, for American Gardens, " mentioned Hard& in Temperate North America under M. salicifolia that particularly ~ S. Spongberg's Magnolia Salicifoliai nice specimens were being grown in the A n A rboretum Introduction Morton Arboretum and Swarthmore ~ C. Christensen's Magnolia Kobus og College. Magnolia Salici%lia Maxim Finally, a number of our society They both indicate a number of members have written in our journal quantitative characteristics, but also about M. salicifolia, its hybrids and seems conclude that only the leaf shape and forms. It as if most of those lower leaf surface pubescence are writers accept the occurrence of M. salicifolia diagnostic for the species and allow for hybrids. correct identification. In addition to written comments, I would like to mention two verbal Spongberg, who normally has a wide ones. Brian is species concept, says: "While the Mulligan convinced that the clone "Else Frye" putative hybrids involving M. is a true M. salicifolia. Phil salicifolia mentioned above do not Savage considers that he grows a M. salicifolia in his appear (based on the type specimens Bloomfield Hills He and/or plants) to be hybrids but only garden. is, variants of M. salicifolia itself, more study is definitely needed to fully resolve this problem. " Christensen has limited himself to establishing the differences which, in his opinion, separate M. kobus and M. salicifolia as species. He has, however, told me verbally that he considers some magnolias growing in my Swedish garden to be hybrids between M. salicifolia and M. kobus. In the 8th edition of Bean's "Trees M. 'Joe McDaniel, 'a newli and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles, " introduced Gresham hi hrid. l7 wide range of soils and exposures. Since it has been impossible for me, in cold climates, to trace mature specimens raised from Japanese seed, I must conclude that M. salitifolia is either cold sensitive or in other respects quite demandmg. For M. salicifolia plants of proved Japanese origin I have noticed a much slower growth than for plants originating from Western gardens. In M. 'Todd Gresham, 'another newly my Swedish garden M. ~ kewensis is introduced Gresham hybrid. the fastest growing one of all magnolias. It has. over a 20-year however, surprised at the types of period, reached a height of 12 m. progeny he receives (not M. salicifolia- whilst over the same period M. .sali- like), also when no other pollen rifolia was only between 3-4 m. It took spender is present. M. sal'tci foha in Kew Gardens 60 years My own observations are based on to reach a height of l2 m. Of all living material that I have grown in my named M. "salicifolia" clones, only Swedish garden, and what I have seen 'Else Frye' is a fatrly slow grower. during trips to Denmark, England, I should also like to pomt out that Germany. Switzerland and USA. K. Wada has claimed that it was In my Swedtsh garden, I have grown impossible to grow M. salicifolia in hts three plants, which originated from two Yokohama nursery. shipments of wild Japanese seed. They The true Japanese-originating M. flowered when only 30 cm. high. I have salicifolia has very flowers, lost two of the plants, which died for floppy which stand badly agamst bad unknown reasons, and the third one is up The I have seen also have recovering after having been smashed weather. plants flowers with narrow tepals. All by a falling tree. cultivars I have tried have larger Of plants that have originated in flowers with broader tepals that stand Western gardens I grow or have grown ' better against bad weather. the following; M. 'Else Frye, M. 'Miss up ' Jack, M. & kettensis (nomen nudum), How can those differences in appear- ' M. 'Iufer, M. ~ proctoriana, and M. ance and behaviour be explained? 'Wada's ' Memory. I am inclined to accept the indirect I also have seedlings raised from evidence that M. kobus is involved in seed harvested in Phil Savage's garden most, if not all, cultivars. M. kobus is and in Morton Arboretum. easy to cultivate, is very cold hardy, I have trees recetved from the tolerates fairly hot climates, and has in German nurseries Hesse and Bolje as some of its forms large flowers and M, salirifolia. broad tepals. I have seen M. salicifolia plants in that M. 'Wada's England and Switzerland that are of It is interesting Memory' was introduced from Japanese origin. Elsewhere I have only Japan found plants that originate from as M. kobus. Western gardens. Where originally Based on my own and other people' s plants were introduced from Japan or cultural experiences, I would raised from wild collected seed, they all recommend the following to those who seem to have disappeared. wish to grow M. salicifolia or use it for Spongberg states that M. saluifolia hybridization: Stay away from plants plants appear to be very tolerant to a of Japanese origin; for fast growth and 18 either support or refute my position concerning M. v prortoriana. Moreover, it would be nice to involve society members in some of this problem solving, particularly since these aspects of this problem are aspects in which most are proficient and interested. I' ll be interested in your thoughts concerning this request. " References Bean. W. J., 1973. Trees and shrubs hardy in ' M. 'Sweet Sixteen, newly introduced the British Isles ed. 8 Gresham h rbrid. Christensen, C. (980. Magnoha Kobus D. C. og Magnolia satieifoha Maxim. - to large trees use: M. 'Wada's Memory' or naertbeslaegtede Japanske Magnolia- M. x kewensis; for smaller space and arter. Dansk Dendrol. Arsskrift still beauty; M. 'Else Frye' or M. 5(3): 42-57 "salicifolia" from Hesse. Mxi xiii ix: Journal of the American Magnolia Society. Vols. II I. I. V III.2. IX. I. I have a hope that M. biondii will XIV. I, XV. I. XVI. I. XVII. I. produce larger flowers than M. Spongberg. Stephen A. Magnohaceae hardy salicifolia. If this wil! be the case, a in temperate North America. Journal of hybrid between the Hokkaido form of the Arnold Arboretum. Vol. 57. No. 3, M. kobus and M. biondii could be July (976 something to shout about. Spongberg, Stephen A. Magnolia salici- Steve Spongberg has kindly read this folia: An Arboretum Introduction. article before publication and made a Arnoldia, Vot. 41, 14o. 2, Mar. ~ plea for interested members to make Apr. 1981 controlled crosses. I cite from his letter: Wyman, Donald, 1951. Trees for American gardens "Concerning your paper, I found it very interesting and certainly think the I society should publish it in Maonoi un You did leave the Spongberg references out of the bibliography, but that, obviously, is just an oversight. The one plea that I really wish you would make is for one (or more) of the members who grows Magnolia kobus and a "good" M. salicifolia (based on leaf shape and pubescence) to make the appropriate crosses and grow hybrid progeny to document both the fact that hybridization is possible and the morphology and behavior of the progeny. If such a hybridization program were undertaken. an important aspect would be to prepare voucher specimens of both parents as well as of progeny as they develop and come into flower. The results, of course, would help enormously to explain the situation you described in ' your paper. It could also help resolve M. 'Lisa Odenwald, newly the "kewensis" problem as well as introduced Gresham hybrid. 19 .
Recommended publications
  • Magnolia Finally Flowers in Boston

    Magnolia Finally Flowers in Boston

    The "Hope of Spring" Magnolia Finally Flowers in Boston Stephen A. Spongberg and Peter Del T~edici After a difficult start, Magnolia biondii from China flowered in the Arboretum for the first time in March of 1991. The spring and early summer of 1991 at the biloba, and Magnolia biondii. While we were Arnold Arboretum were extraordinary with eager to examine each of these in turn, and regard to the heavy flowering of many of the to document their flowering with voucher trees and shrubs within the Arboretum’s col- herbarium specimens and photographs, the lections. Nor was this phenomenon restricted first flowering of the last-named magnolia to the confines of the Arboretum, for across presented us with the opportunity to examine the Northeast crabapples, flv~y.riWg dog- the flowers of tills species and to fix its posi- woods, and other ornamental trees and shrubs tion in the classification of the genus T A _ _ _ _ _ 7 ’ »Ync~llrar~ an ~lwnr~~n~nr ~f 1-.lv~,-,.‘ ‘ly.y i ^..t_^.7 tvtu~ttVllCt. the season as outstanding. The relatively mild winter of 1990-1991 and the abundant rainfall Early History of the Species that fell during the summer of 1990 combined Magnolia biondii was first described by the to make the spring of 1991 an exceptionally Italian botanist Renato Pampanini in 1910 floriferous one. based on specimens collected in Hubei Not only was there an abundance of bloom, Province in central China in 1906 by the but many of the newer accessions at the Italian missionary and naturalist, P.
  • THE Magnoliaceae Liriodendron L. Magnolia L

    THE Magnoliaceae Liriodendron L. Magnolia L

    THE Magnoliaceae Liriodendron L. Magnolia L. VEGETATIVE KEY TO SPECIES IN CULTIVATION Jan De Langhe (1 October 2014 - 28 May 2015) Vegetative identification key. Introduction: This key is based on vegetative characteristics, and therefore also of use when flowers and fruits are absent. - Use a 10× hand lens to evaluate stipular scars, buds and pubescence in general. - Look at the entire plant. Young specimens, shade, and strong shoots give an atypical view. - Beware of hybridisation, especially with plants raised from seed other than wild origin. Taxa treated in this key: see page 10. Questionable/frequently misapplied names: see page 10. Names referred to synonymy: see page 11. References: - JDL herbarium - living specimens, in various arboreta, botanic gardens and collections - literature: De Meyere, D. - (2001) - Enkele notities omtrent Liriodendron tulipifera, L. chinense en hun hybriden in BDB, p.23-40. Hunt, D. - (1998) - Magnolias and their allies, 304p. Bean, W.J. - (1981) - Magnolia in Trees and Shrubs hardy in the British Isles VOL.2, p.641-675. - or online edition Clarke, D.L. - (1988) - Magnolia in Trees and Shrubs hardy in the British Isles supplement, p.318-332. Grimshaw, J. & Bayton, R. - (2009) - Magnolia in New Trees, p.473-506. RHS - (2014) - Magnolia in The Hillier Manual of Trees & Shrubs, p.206-215. Liu, Y.-H., Zeng, Q.-W., Zhou, R.-Z. & Xing, F.-W. - (2004) - Magnolias of China, 391p. Krüssmann, G. - (1977) - Magnolia in Handbuch der Laubgehölze, VOL.3, p.275-288. Meyer, F.G. - (1977) - Magnoliaceae in Flora of North America, VOL.3: online edition Rehder, A. - (1940) - Magnoliaceae in Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in North America, p.246-253.
  • The Progressive and Ancestral Traits of the Secondary Xylem Within Magnolia Clad – the Early Diverging Lineage of Flowering Plants

    The Progressive and Ancestral Traits of the Secondary Xylem Within Magnolia Clad – the Early Diverging Lineage of Flowering Plants

    Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Acta Soc Bot Pol 84(1):87–96 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2014.028 Received: 2014-07-31 Accepted: 2014-12-01 Published electronically: 2015-01-07 The progressive and ancestral traits of the secondary xylem within Magnolia clad – the early diverging lineage of flowering plants Magdalena Marta Wróblewska* Department of Developmental Plant Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland Abstract The qualitative and quantitative studies, presented in this article, on wood anatomy of various species belonging to ancient Magnolia genus reveal new aspects of phylogenetic relationships between the species and show evolutionary trends, known to increase fitness of conductive tissues in angiosperms. They also provide new examples of phenotypic plasticity in plants. The type of perforation plate in vessel members is one of the most relevant features for taxonomic studies. InMagnolia , until now, two types of perforation plates have been reported: the conservative, scalariform and the specialized, simple one. In this paper, are presented some findings, new to magnolia wood science, like exclusively simple perforation plates in some species or mixed perforation plates – simple and scalariform in one vessel member. Intravascular pitting is another taxonomically important trait of vascular tissue. Interesting transient states between different patterns of pitting in one cell only have been found. This proves great flexibility of mechanisms, which elaborate cell wall structure in maturing trache- ary element. The comparison of this data with phylogenetic trees, based on the fossil records and plastid gene expression, clearly shows that there is a link between the type of perforation plate and the degree of evolutionary specialization within Magnolia genus.
  • Megasporogenesis and Development of Female Gametophyte in Manglietia Decidua (Magnoliaceae)

    Megasporogenesis and Development of Female Gametophyte in Manglietia Decidua (Magnoliaceae)

    Ann. Bot. Fennici 43: 437–444 ISSN 0003-3847 Helsinki 30 November 2006 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2006 Megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte in Manglietia decidua (Magnoliaceae) De-Xing Xiao1 & Feng-Xia Xu2 1) Zhongkai Agrotechnical College, Guangzhou 510225, China 2) South China Botanic Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China (corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]) Received 9 Dec. 2005, revised version received 4 Apr. 2006, accepted 11 Apr. 2006 Xiao, D.-X. & Xu, F.-X. 2006: Megasporogenesis and development of female gametophyte in Man- glietia decidua (Magnoliaceae). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 43: 437–444. Manglietia decidua (Magnoliaceae) is the only deciduous species known in the genus. The ovules are anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellar. The archesporium is one- celled and of hypodermal origin. The chalazal megaspore is functional and develops into the Allium type of female gametophyte. There is apparently a delay in develop- ment of the embryo while the endosperm is developing. As a cell wall partitioned the two nuclei into the first two endosperm cells, endosperm development was ab initio cellular. In the seed the outer integument became differentiated into an outer fleshy layer and an inner stony one, the inner integument persisting only at the micropylar region and forming a plugging tissue. Key words: Allium type, cellular endosperm, female gametophyte, Manglietia decidua, megasporogenesis Introduction fossil discoveries, have demonstrated that small flowers with relatively few organs predominated The family Magnoliaceae is a well-defined and in basal angiosperms, and the large flowers of horticulturally important angiosperm family Magnoliaceae are now regarded as relatively consisting of fifteen genera and about 240 spe- specialized within this grade (Crane et al.
  • 'Climate Change'?

    'Climate Change'?

    Caerhays Castle Gardens and Climate Change What does the Caerhays Garden Diary (1897-Today) tells us about ‘Climate Change’? (The Garden Diary records events with each day of the year showing on just one page for ease of reference. It was written by JC Williams until 1939, Rt. Hon. Charles Williams until 1955 and Julian Williams until around 2010. More recently Charles Williams has continued the daily diary online with photographs on each day. The whole diary can be accessed online at http://thediary.caerhays.co.uk/.) ​ ​ We now live in a world where ‘climate change’ is an accepted reality by the vast majority of the population. Even without Greta Thunberg or Extinction Rebellion the political class clearly do believe that our climate will warm (or has already warmed) by 2% (2% of what?) in the coming decades. This has produced the mass hysteria which led to the Paris Climate Accord following which the UK government has stated, as a legal objective, that we must become carbon neutral by 2050 or earlier or else! A whole industry has grown up around supposedly green energy with all the vested interests therein. Greta may well be a Scandinavian PR creation for just that purpose, as a few serious journalists have attempted to point out, before being shouted down in the adulation. Carbon credits for Elton John’s air flights for our royal family members can readily be bought to ease consciences but already the scandal of such ‘credits’ is now being exposed in ‘The Times’ newspaper. In such a topsy turvy vacuum, driven by hysteria, we must all be seen to be doing the ‘right thing’.
  • A Novel Method of Measuring Leaf Epidermis and Mesophyll Stiffness

    A Novel Method of Measuring Leaf Epidermis and Mesophyll Stiffness

    Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 66, No. 9 pp. 2487–2499, 2015 doi:10.1093/jxb/erv024 Advance Access publication 11 February 2015 This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details) RESEARCH PAPER A novel method of measuring leaf epidermis and mesophyll stiffness shows the ubiquitous nature of the sandwich structure of leaf laminas in broad-leaved angiosperm species Yusuke Onoda1,2,*, Feike Schieving1 and Niels P. R. Anten1,3 1 Section of Plant Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 800.84, 3508TB Utrecht, The Netherlands 2 Department of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan 3 Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700AK Wageningen, The Netherlands * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] Received 10 November 2014; Revised 31 December 2014; Accepted 9 January 2015 Abstract Plant leaves commonly exhibit a thin, flat structure that facilitates a high light interception per unit mass, but may increase risks of mechanical failure when subjected to gravity, wind and herbivory as well as other stresses. Leaf laminas are composed of thin epidermis layers and thicker intervening mesophyll layers, which resemble a composite material, i.e. sandwich structure, used in engineering constructions (e.g. airplane wings) where high bending stiff- ness with minimum weight is important. Yet, to what extent leaf laminas are mechanically designed and behave as a sandwich structure remains unclear. To resolve this issue, we developed and applied a novel method to estimate stiffness of epidermis- and mesophyll layers without separating the layers.
  • Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore College

    Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore College

    Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore College Andrew Bunting rom the inception in 1929 of the Scott of plants—and one that has stood the test of Arboretum of Swarthmore College, the time—has been the magnolia collection. Early Fmission has remained the same—to col- on, new magnolia accessions were received from lect and display outstanding ornamental plants, notable nurseries, organizations, and individu- specifically trees, shrubs, and vines. Since als including Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford, 1931, one of our most prominent collections New Jersey; Andorra Nursery, Chestnut Hill, tum RE o RB ott A C S Part of the magnolia collection at the Scott Arboretum. Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum 3 tum RE o RB ott A C S The original type specimen of Magnolia virginiana var. australis ‘Henry Hicks’ still thrives at the Scott tum RE Arboretum (above). This cultivar bears fragrant, creamy o white flowers and cold-hardy evergreen foliage (right). RB ott A C Pennsylvania; the Arnold Arboretum; Hicks S Nursery, Long Island, New York; and Highland Park, Rochester, New York. At the time, John Wister, first director of the Scott Arboretum, was developing the campus based on an evolutionary or phyloge- netic tree, so all genera in a plant family were planted together, and hence all species in a fam- ily resided together. the magnolia collection housed both species and cultivars alike. In 1931, Wister began to get regular deliver- ies of many plants, especially magnolias, from Henry Hicks of Hicks Nursery on Long Island, New York. on may 8th, 1934, Hicks brought Wister a gift of plants which included 61 acces- sions representing 3,143 individual plants.
  • Magnolia Salicifolia an Arboretum Introduction

    Magnolia Salicifolia an Arboretum Introduction

    Magnolia salicifolia An Arboretum Introduction by STEPHEN A. SPONGBERG Through the years, the Arnold Arboretum has introduced several species of Magnolza into western gardens from eastern Asia, the re- gion in which the genus attains its greatest diversity. The maJority of these introductions, however, has not proved hardy in the Boston area, and relatively few Asiatic species of Magnoha are included in the arboretum’s living collections. We are particularly unfortunate that the several spectacularly ornamental species of section Yulania (includ- ing M. dawsonxana Rehder & Wilson, M. sargentxana Rehder & Wil- son, and M. sprengen Pampanini) have not withstood the New En- gland climate. The likelihood that these and several other Asiatic species collected by E. H. Wilson would probably not prove hardy in Boston prompted C. S. Sargent, the arboretum’s first director, to ship Wilson’s collection of magnolias obtained in China to Leon Chenault in Orleans in the south of France with the request that they be propa- gated and distributed as widely as possible. Sargent’s correspondence with Chenault (Sargent, 1913) states that of Wilson’s Chinese mag- nolia collections at the arboretum, only one or two individuals of each remained, and that these involved too much labor since they were in pots that had to be placed in a pit for protection each winter. Far greater success, however, has been achieved in the culture of 50 Illustratim of Magnolia salicifolia from Curtis’ Botamcal Magazine (139 (1913) t 8483). 52I Asiatic species of section Buergena at the Arnold Arboretum, and all of the species thus far tested have proved hardy in the Boston climate.
  • Magnolia Collection Area

    Magnolia Collection Area

    Magnolia ‘Elizabeth’ This cultivar is the result of a cross between M. acuminata and M. denudata, is pyramidal in growth, and reaches 30’ in height. The fragrant Magnolia flowers appear before the leaves emerge and are a beautiful, uniform, M. ‘Elizabeth’ creamy yellow. They appear in late April and are 7” across. Collection Magnolia ‘Judy Zuk’ This upright, yellow-flowered, magnolia honors Judy Zuk, former Director of the Scott Arboretum and President of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Its flowers are deep yellow with a pink flush and fruity fragrance. They bloom in early spring as the new leaves emerge. It will grow to 28’ tall with a spread of 8’. M. ‘Judy Zuk’ About the Scott Arboretum Magnolia ‘Lois’ Fragrant, lemon-yellow flowers cover this small tree in mid- to late spring. Grows 12’ The Scott Arboretum is a green oasis uniquely situated on tall and 8’ wide with an upright, globose habit. the Swarthmore College campus. Over 300 acres create the College landscape and provide a display of the best ornamental Magnolia ‘Ivory Chalice’ A cross between M. acuminata plants recommended for Delaware Valley gardens. and M. denudata, this plant produces attractive flowers up to 6” Established in 1929 as a living memorial to Arthur Hoyt Scott, across with cream-colored tepals. It will withstand temperatures Class of 1895, through a gift from his family, the Arboretum to -20°F and grow 30’-40’ tall. Summer border near Old Tarble continues to thrive today. There are over 4,000 different kinds of plants grown on the campus, selected for their outstanding Magnolia ‘Spectrum’ The result of a cross between ornamental qualities, ease of maintenance, and resistance to M.
  • Magnolias in Ontario

    Magnolias in Ontario

    Magnolias in Ontario Glenn Clark The province of Ontario, Canada represents a huge geographical area of 1,068, 858 square kilometers (412, 582 square miles) which is larger than France, the United Kingdom, Belgium and the Netherlands combined. From north to south it extends from Hudson Bay to the Great Lakes, and there is a wide range of climates and forest types. In the extreme north is a sub-arctic climate, tundra and Polar Bears, and moving south you travel through boreal forests north of Lake Superior, then mixed maple and pine forests and finally to a deciduous forest just to the north of Lake Erie in an area whose climate is significantly moderated by the Great Lakes. This final region has a forest which has similar characteristics to areas considerably further south in the United States and there are many species which can be found nowhere else in Canada. This is also the location of the only native Canadian magnolia, Magnolia acuminota, which can be found in only a few localities and is considered an endangered species. The habitat of this species is also under constant threat because it only exists in an area which is densely populated or under intensive agricultural use. Given the vast territory of Ontario, this article will concentrate on my own area around Ottawa in Eastern Ontario, but I will make a few comments about the milder areas around Lake Ontario and Lake Erie as well which will re-emphasize the climatic differences which exist over relatively short distances. This is also a follow-up to the slide presentation which Gerald Taaffe and I made at the February, 1995 Magnolia Society meeting in Mobile, Alabama, on Magnolias in Zone 4.
  • Japan Phillyraeoides Scrubs Vegetation Rhoifolia Forests

    Japan Phillyraeoides Scrubs Vegetation Rhoifolia Forests

    Natural and semi-naturalvegetation in Japan M. Numata A. Miyawaki and D. Itow Contents I. Introduction 436 II. and in Plant life its environment Japan 437 III. Outline of natural and semi-natural vegetation 442 1. Evergreen broad-leaved forest region 442 i.i Natural vegetation 442 Natural forests of coastal i.l.i areas 442 1.1.1.1 Quercus phillyraeoides scrubs 442 1.1.1.2 Forests of Machilus and of sieboldii thunbergii Castanopsis (Shiia) .... 443 Forests 1.1.2 of inland areas 444 1.1.2.1 Evergreen oak forests 444 Forests 1.1.2.2 of Tsuga sieboldii and of Abies firma 445 1.1.3 Volcanic vegetation 445 sand 1.1.4 Coastal vegetation 447 1.1.$ Salt marshes 449 1.1.6 Riverside vegetation 449 lake 1.1.7 Pond and vegetation 451 1.1.8 Ryukyu Islands 451 1.1.9 Ogasawara (Bonin) and Volcano Islands 452 1.2 Semi-natural vegetation 452 1.2.1 Secondary forests 452 C. 1.2.1.1 Coppices of Castanopsis cuspidata and sieboldii 452 1.2.1.2 Pinus densiflora forests 453 1.2.1.3 Mixed forests of Quercus serrata and Q. acutissima 454 1.2.1.4 Bamboo forests 454 1.2.2 Grasslands 454 2. Summergreen broad-leaved forest region 454 2.1 Natural vegetation 455 Beech 2.1.1 forests 455 forests 2.1.2 Pterocarya rhoifolia 457 daviniana-Fraxinus 2.1.3 Ulmus mandshurica forests 459 Volcanic 2.1.4 vegetation 459 2.1.5 Coastal vegetation 461 2.1.5.1 Sand dunes and sand bars 461 2.1.5.2 Salt marshes 461 2.1.6 Moorland vegetation 464 2.2 Semi-natural vegetation 465 2.2.1 Secondary forests 465 2.2.1.1 Pinus densiflora forests 465 2.2.1.2 Quercus mongolica var.
  • The Flawering Hause Plant Family

    The Flawering Hause Plant Family

    WIWAM THOMPSON 1823-1903 This man created gardening history in 1855 ... by compiling the first of the now world famous Thompson and Morgan Seed Catalogs. With an unbroken annual publication it now lists over discoveries. More recently T&M sponsored the search 4000 varieties of flower and vegetable seeds, a and discovery of the "Blue Amaryllis" and have saved contribution to gardening acknowledged by the 1977 many varieties from extinction. They have also joined "Guinness Book of World Records", by offering more in the campaign by "Kew Gardens" to protect and save seed varieties than any other company in the world, many endangered plants. since when, many hundreds of new varieties have been added. Seeing is believing! and we invite you to send for the It is truly a remarkable gardening reference, not only of 1985 edition now, as unfortunately supplies are the old favorites but of unusual and exotic varieties that limited . You won't be disappointed, for example . .. have taken T&M years to collect. The search for new you get 220 pages (6" x 9") containing an and exciting subjects carries on the policy laid down by alphabetical list of over 4000 varieties, fully described William Thompson, himself a world authority and with nearly 1000 beautifully illustrated in full color. The recipient of the "Gold Award" of The Royal when, where and how of growing related to states and Horticultural SOciety, a fact known by Charles Darwin a "Green Fingers" guide to advise the degree of who regularly sent William seeds of his many experience needed to achieve perfect results.