Language Wars Arabic, Etc.) on the Other

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Language Wars Arabic, Etc.) on the Other The phenomenon of a “quarrel” or a “conflict” between Jewish languages (the most common Hebrew term for this is riv haleshonot) or a “struggle” between them (shprakhnkamf in Yiddish) is coterminous with the rise of modern Jewish culture in the 20th century, but in order to understand its character we must look back at the linguistic situation in traditional Jewish society. Internal Jewish bilingualism entailed the simultaneous presence both of Hebrew (and Aramaic) on the one hand and the spoken Jewish vernacular (e.g., Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo- Language Wars Arabic, etc.) on the other. This was a basic feature of traditional Jewish society throughout Avraham Novershtern the centuries, both in the East and in the West. This rather stable linguistic situation began to change significantly in Western and Central Europe in the Early Modern period, when Jews gradually adopted the non-Jewish languages around them as their own. The magnitude of this process was already striking in the second half of the 18th century. At that time, the Haskalah, the Jewish Enlightenment, sanctioned it ideologically, claiming that the linguistic barriers between Jews and non-Jews should be erased as far as the spoken language was con- cerned. The approach of the German Haskalah towards Yiddish, the Jewish vernacular, was thus extremely negative, and with the exception of a few enclaves this language rapidly lost its vitality in German-speaking areas. In such a cultural constellation, there could be no “language wars” of any kind. The linguistic processes affecting Jewish Eastern Europe in modern times were considerably different and extremely compli- cated. Unlike the situation in German-speaking areas, in Jewish Eastern Europe there were at least three languages competing in their attrac- tiveness for Jews who wanted to acculturate: German, Polish, and Russian. The size of the Jewish population, its unprecedented growth during the 19th century, and its concentration 21 in close-knit communities significantly slowed The fact that Hebrew was not a spoken language down the pace of linguistic assimilation. On in Jewish Eastern Europe implied that, in those the verge of World War I only a relatively small years, Yiddish was the almost exclusive lin- number of Jews in Eastern Europe embraced a guistic means in an additional field of cultural non-Jewish language. The process that pointed production — the theater. In all these aspects, in that direction was already unmistakable, when presenting this complex cultural pan- although its magnitude could still be ignored orama, it is crucial to keep in mind the fact in those years. This was the background for the that “language wars” were relevant primarily for rise of the Hebrew press and Modern Hebrew those individuals and groups that underwent literature in Eastern Europe. Somewhat later a secularization process. At that time, such Yiddish, the language spoken by millions of groups constituted only a tiny minority among Jews, experienced a similar growth, although Eastern European Jews. on a smaller scale. Both Jewish literatures were Due to the mass migration to the basically the result and the cause for a rapid United States, modern Yiddish culture experi- process of secularization. enced a significant geographical expansion as With the rise of national consciousness well, and it also started to function as a means among Eastern European Jews, the question of global Jewish communication. Could Yiddish of the “national” language became increasingly thus arise from its lowly status as the spoken relevant at the beginning of the 20th century. language of the folk? This was the basic question A peculiar and highly dynamic cultural hotly debated during a conference convened situation characterized Jewish Eastern Europe in 1908 in Czernowitz, a city that at that time at that time: two Jewish languages (Hebrew and belonged to the Hapsburg Empire. The resolu- Yiddish) began to compete for certain cultural tion adopted on that occasion proclaimed functions and, at the same time, to complement Yiddish as “a national language of the Jewish themselves in others. It is therefore important people.” Such a formulation left ample room for to understand the full range of factors that different approaches towards the importance affected the use of Jewish languages in speech of Hebrew. Nevertheless, the very possibility of and writing. In those years the visibility of proclaiming the “national” character of Yiddish Hebrew as a spoken language in Eastern Europe transformed the Czernowitz Yiddish Conference was utterly negligible, and only in Palestine into the symbolic beginning of a “language could the efforts in this direction show a war” between both Jewish languages. This “war” modest measure of success. The competition reached its peak in the next few decades. between Hebrew and Yiddish thus started to The years after World War I witnessed manifest itself first and foremost in the field efforts to implement Jewish utopias of different of written production, in literature, and in the kinds — political, social, and cultural. Those press. The switch from Hebrew to Yiddish was were the years when the efforts to revitalize particularly felt after the Russian revolution Hebrew as a spoken language achieved a signifi- of 1905, in the years when the Yiddish press cant success in Palestine. Its almost exclusive experienced significant growth and started to role in public life in the country was practically be a phenomenon of cultural mass production. uncontested, and the efforts to deny any place Jewish writers started to ponder whether to for Yiddish sometimes took ugly and even write in Hebrew or in Yiddish, and some of them violent forms. On the other hand, those were opted to embrace both languages in their work. also the years during which Yiddish cultural 22 activities reached an unprecedented magnitude notwithstanding the fact that it was the home in the Soviet Union; all manifestations of language of most of the children attending Hebrew culture were banned in that country, them. At the same time, Hebrew had no place in no small measure due to the active inter- in either in the official Yiddish school system in vention of the Jewish communists, who consid- the Soviet Union sponsored by the Communist ered Yiddish the only legitimate language of state, nor in those Yiddish schools in Poland the “Jewish working masses.” The linguistic sponsored by the Bund, the Jewish Socialist Party. strife between Hebrew and Yiddish in all the The underlying approach behind this geographical centers of modern Jewish culture educational philosophy was rather clear: the had indeed a clear ideological motivation new generation of modern Jews should embrace behind it. It involved “General” Zionists, Labor only one Jewish language. This ideological ap- Zionists, Jewish Socialists under the banner proach was also boosted by the practical need of the “Bund,” proponents of Jewish autonomy to master non-Jewish languages, making the in the Diaspora, and Jewish communists. The knowledge of two Jewish languages in addition Zionist commitment to implementing the to the co-territorial language a cultural luxury. universal use of Hebrew in Palestine proved The decline of Yiddish, the use of Hebrew in ultimately to be stronger and more successful Israel, and the erosion in the ideological com- than the commitment to Yiddish among the mitment to language maintenance in general, other ideological trends and political parties, gradually relegated this confrontation between even before the Holocaust and the suppression Jewish languages to the past. of Yiddish culture in the Soviet Union. The most visible manifestation of the suggested readings David Fishman. The Rise of Modern Yiddish Culture. conflict between Hebrew and Yiddish was in (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005). the area of modern Jewish education, where Joshua Fishman, ed. Never Say Die!: A Thousand Years of the drive towards Jewish monolingualism was Yiddish in Jewish Life and Letters. (The Hague: Mouton, 1981). particularly visible. The success in revitalizing Lewis Glinert, ed. Hebrew in Ashkenaz: A Language in Exile. Hebrew as a spoken language in Palestine can (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). largely be attributed to the relentless efforts Emanuel S. Goldsmith. Modern Yiddish Culture: The Story of of a determined group of teachers who placed the Yiddish Language Movement. (New York: Shapolsky, 1987). spoken Hebrew at the very center of the modern Jewish educational curriculum. This determi- nation was also pivotal in the only significant instance of a “language war” launched in modern times against a non-Jewish language: the successful campaign in 1913 against the plan to implement German as the language of instruction in the Technion, the higher institute for technology that was about to be founded in Haifa. This linguistic fervor was also pivotal in creating a network of Hebrew schools in the Russian Empire, in interwar Poland, and in some of its adjacent countries. Yiddish did not play any role in the curriculum of those schools, 23.
Recommended publications
  • The Suppression of Jewish Culture by the Soviet Union's Emigration
    \\server05\productn\B\BIN\23-1\BIN104.txt unknown Seq: 1 18-JUL-05 11:26 A STRUGGLE TO PRESERVE ETHNIC IDENTITY: THE SUPPRESSION OF JEWISH CULTURE BY THE SOVIET UNION’S EMIGRATION POLICY BETWEEN 1945-1985 I. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL STATUS OF JEWS IN THE SOVIET SOCIETY BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR .................. 159 R II. BEFORE THE BORDERS WERE CLOSED: SOVIET EMIGRATION POLICY UNDER STALIN (1945-1947) ......... 163 R III. CLOSING OF THE BORDER: CESSATION OF JEWISH EMIGRATION UNDER STALIN’S REGIME .................... 166 R IV. THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES: SOVIET EMIGRATION POLICY UNDER KHRUSHCHEV AND BREZHNEV .................... 168 R V. CONCLUSION .............................................. 174 R I. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL STATUS OF JEWS IN THE SOVIET SOCIETY BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR Despite undergoing numerous revisions, neither the Soviet Constitu- tion nor the Soviet Criminal Code ever adopted any laws or regulations that openly or implicitly permitted persecution of or discrimination against members of any minority group.1 On the surface, the laws were always structured to promote and protect equality of rights and status for more than one hundred different ethnic groups. Since November 15, 1917, a resolution issued by the Second All-Russia Congress of the Sovi- ets called for the “revoking of all and every national and national-relig- ious privilege and restriction.”2 The Congress also expressly recognized “the right of the peoples of Russia to free self-determination up to seces- sion and the formation of an independent state.” Identical resolutions were later adopted by each of the 15 Soviet Republics. Furthermore, Article 124 of the 1936 (Stalin-revised) Constitution stated that “[f]reedom of religious worship and freedom of anti-religious propaganda is recognized for all citizens.” 3 1 See generally W.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Aliyah and Settlement Process?
    Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel HBI SERIES ON JEWISH WOMEN Shulamit Reinharz, General Editor Joyce Antler, Associate Editor Sylvia Barack Fishman, Associate Editor The HBI Series on Jewish Women, created by the Hadassah-Brandeis Institute, pub- lishes a wide range of books by and about Jewish women in diverse contexts and time periods. Of interest to scholars and the educated public, the HBI Series on Jewish Women fills major gaps in Jewish Studies and in Women and Gender Studies as well as their intersection. For the complete list of books that are available in this series, please see www.upne.com and www.upne.com/series/BSJW.html. Ruth Kark, Margalit Shilo, and Galit Hasan-Rokem, editors, Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel: Life History, Politics, and Culture Tova Hartman, Feminism Encounters Traditional Judaism: Resistance and Accommodation Anne Lapidus Lerner, Eternally Eve: Images of Eve in the Hebrew Bible, Midrash, and Modern Jewish Poetry Margalit Shilo, Princess or Prisoner? Jewish Women in Jerusalem, 1840–1914 Marcia Falk, translator, The Song of Songs: Love Lyrics from the Bible Sylvia Barack Fishman, Double or Nothing? Jewish Families and Mixed Marriage Avraham Grossman, Pious and Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe Iris Parush, Reading Jewish Women: Marginality and Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Eastern European Jewish Society Shulamit Reinharz and Mark A. Raider, editors, American Jewish Women and the Zionist Enterprise Tamar Ross, Expanding the Palace of Torah: Orthodoxy and Feminism Farideh Goldin, Wedding Song: Memoirs of an Iranian Jewish Woman Elizabeth Wyner Mark, editor, The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite Rochelle L.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hebrew-Jewish Disconnection
    Bridgewater State University Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Master’s Theses and Projects College of Graduate Studies 5-2016 The eH brew-Jewish Disconnection Jacey Peers Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/theses Part of the Reading and Language Commons Recommended Citation Peers, Jacey. (2016). The eH brew-Jewish Disconnection. In BSU Master’s Theses and Projects. Item 32. Available at http://vc.bridgew.edu/theses/32 Copyright © 2016 Jacey Peers This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. THE HEBREW-JEWISH DISCONNECTION Submitted by Jacey Peers Department of Graduate Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages Bridgewater State University Spring 2016 Content and Style Approved By: ___________________________________________ _______________ Dr. Joyce Rain Anderson, Chair of Thesis Committee Date ___________________________________________ _______________ Dr. Anne Doyle, Committee Member Date ___________________________________________ _______________ Dr. Julia (Yulia) Stakhnevich, Committee Member Date 1 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my mom for her support throughout all of my academic endeavors; even when she was only half listening, she was always there for me. I truly could not have done any of this without you. To my dad, who converted to Judaism at 56, thank you for showing me that being Jewish is more than having a certain blood that runs through your veins, and that there is hope for me to feel like I belong in the community I was born into, but have always felt next to.
    [Show full text]
  • Courtesy of Theyood Family TABLE of CONTENTS
    Courtesy of TheYood Family TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 MIGRATIONS 4 Daniel Soyer: Goldene Medine, Treyfene Medine: Judaism Survives Migration to America 5 Deborah Dash Moore: The Meanings of Migration: American Jews, Eldridge Street and Neighborhoods 9 PRACTICE 13 Riv-Ellen Prell: A Culture of Order: Decorum and the Eldridge Street Synagogue 14 Jeffrey Gurock: Closing the Americanization Gap between the Eldridge Street Synagogue’s Leaders 19 and Downtown’s Rabbis ENCOUNTERS 23 Jeffrey Shandler: A Tale of Two Cantors: Pinhas Minkowski and Yosele Rosenblatt 24 Tony Michels: The Jewish Ghetto Meets its Neighbors 29 PRESERVATION 34 Samuel Gruber: The Choices We Make: The Eldridge Street Synagogue and Historic Preservation 35 Marilyn Chiat: Saving and Praising the Past 40 MUSEUM AT ELDRIDGE STREET | ACADEMICANGLES 3 he Eldridge Street Synagogue is a National Historic Landmark, the first major house of worship built by East European Jews in America. When it opened in September of 1887 it was an experiment, a response to the immigrants’desire to practice Orthodox Judaism, and to do so in America, their new Promised Land. Today the Eldridge Street Synagogue is Tthe only building on the Lower East Side—once the largest Jewish city in the world—earmarked for broad and public exploration of the American Jewish experience. The Museum at Eldridge Street researches the history of the building, uncovering new ways and stories to bring the building and its history to life. Learning about the congregants and their history ties us to broader trends on the Lower East Side and in American history. To help explore these trends, the Museum at Eldridge Street asks leading scholars to lend their expertise.
    [Show full text]
  • Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds an End to Antisemitism!
    Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds An End to Antisemitism! Edited by Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, and Lawrence H. Schiffman Volume 5 Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds Edited by Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, and Lawrence H. Schiffman ISBN 978-3-11-058243-7 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-067196-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-067203-9 DOI https://10.1515/9783110671964 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Library of Congress Control Number: 2021931477 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, Lawrence H. Schiffman, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com Cover image: Illustration by Tayler Culligan (https://dribbble.com/taylerculligan). With friendly permission of Chicago Booth Review. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com TableofContents Preface and Acknowledgements IX LisaJacobs, Armin Lange, and Kerstin Mayerhofer Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds: Introduction 1 Confronting Antisemitism through Critical Reflection/Approaches
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Culture in the Christian World James Jefferson White University of New Mexico - Main Campus
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fall 11-13-2017 Jewish Culture in the Christian World James Jefferson White University of New Mexico - Main Campus Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation White, James Jefferson. "Jewish Culture in the Christian World." (2017). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/207 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. James J White Candidate History Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: Sarah Davis-Secord, Chairperson Timothy Graham Michael Ryan i JEWISH CULTURE IN THE CHRISTIAN WORLD by JAMES J WHITE PREVIOUS DEGREES BACHELORS THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts History The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico December 2017 ii JEWISH CULTURE IN THE CHRISTIAN WORLD BY James White B.S., History, University of North Texas, 2013 M.A., History, University of New Mexico, 2017 ABSTRACT Christians constantly borrowed the culture of their Jewish neighbors and adapted it to Christianity. This adoption and appropriation of Jewish culture can be fit into three phases. The first phase regarded Jewish religion and philosophy. From the eighth century to the thirteenth century, Christians borrowed Jewish religious exegesis and beliefs in order to expand their own understanding of Christian religious texts.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovering the Other Judeo-Spanish Vernacular
    ḤAKETÍA: DISCOVERING THE OTHER JUDEO-SPANISH VERNACULAR ALICIA SISSO RAZ VOCES DE ḤAKETÍA “You speak Spanish very well, but why are there so many archaic Cervantes-like words in your vocabulary?” This is a question often heard from native Spanish speakers regarding Ḥaketía, the lesser known of the Judeo-Spanish vernacular dialects (also spelled Ḥakitía, Ḥaquetía, or Jaquetía). Although Judeo-Spanish vernacular is presently associated only with the communities of northern Morocco, in the past it has also been spoken in other Moroccan regions, Algeria, and Gibraltar. Similar to the Djudezmo of the Eastern Mediterranean, Ḥaketía has its roots in Spain, and likewise, it is composed of predominantly medieval Castilian as well as vocabulary adopted from other linguistic sources. The proximity to Spain, coupled with other prominent factors, has contributed to the constant modification and adaptation of Ḥaketía to contemporary Spanish. The impact of this “hispanization” is especially manifested in Haketía’s lexicon while it is less apparent in the expressions and aphorisms with which Ḥaketía is so richly infused.1 Ladino, the Judeo-Spanish calque language of Hebrew, has been common among all Sephardic communities, including the Moroccan one, and differs from the spoken ones.2 The Jews of Spain were in full command of the spoken Iberian dialects throughout their linguistic evolutionary stages; they also became well versed in the official Spanish dialect, Castilian, since its formation. They, however, have continually employed rabbinical Hebrew and Aramaic 1 Isaac B. Benharroch, Diccionario de Haquetía (Caracas: Centro de Estudios Sefardíes de Caracas, 2004), 49. 2 Haїm Vidal Séphiha, “Judeo-Spanish, Birth, Death and Re-birth,” in Yiddish and Judeo-Spanish, A European Heritage, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of Silent Voices: Women in the Syrian Jewish Musical Tradition
    © Ashgate Publishing Ltd Chapter 11 The Power of Silent Voices: Women in the Syrian Jewish Musical Tradition Kay Kaufman Shelemay Introduction In much of the Jewish and Islamic Middle East, women have been constrained by religious precept from participating publicly in musical performance. This chapter explores one such case study in detail – the Syrian Jewish paraliturgical hymn tradition known as the pizmonim (sing. pizmon) – and seeks to amplify women’s otherwise ‘silent voices’ in order to achieve awww.ashgate.com fuller understanding of power relations within that tradition.1 While the pizmonim, and the broader world of Syrian Jewish musical and ritual life which these songs anchor, are generally perceived as exclusively male domains, I will argue that women occupy roles vital to the processes of transmission and maintenance of tradition. My approach will draw in part on a theoretical framework forwww.ashgate.com evaluating power relations proposed by James P. Scott, who uses the term ‘public transcript’ as ‘a shorthand way of describing the open interaction between subordinates and those who dominate’ (Scott 1990:2). Alongside a public transcript, Scott suggests that there exists www.ashgate.com This chapter is dedicated to the memory of Adrienne Fried Block, pioneer in the study of women and music, and of Johanna Spector, pioneer of Jewish musical studies. 1 The research process for this project began as a collaborative one with my then graduate students at New York University in the mid-1980s. We worked closely in a team effort with musicians of the Syrian community, almost all amateur aficionados of the pizmon traditionwww.ashgate.com (See Shelemay 1988).
    [Show full text]
  • Yiddish Influences on Jewish English, 1920-2002
    Do American Jews Speak a ‘Jewish Language’? Sarah Bunin Benor Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion [email protected] Jewish Languages Around the World Some of the Jewish languages that have been discussed by scholars: Asia Africa Europe Judeo-Arabic(s) Judeo-Arabic(s) Judeo-Greek (Yevanic) Judeo-Aramaic Judeo-Berber Judeo-Provençal (Shuadit) Jewish Neo-Aramaic Jewish Amharic Judeo-French Judeo-Persian Hakitia (N. Afr. Jud.-Spanish) Yiddish (based on German/Slavic) Judeo-Georgian Judeo-Spanish/Judezmo/Ladino Judeo-Tat Judeo-Italian Judeo-Tadjik Judeo-Portuguese Judeo-Malayalam Judeo-Slavic (Kenaanic) Continuum of Jewish linguistic distinctiveness Non-distinct Distinct “ethnolects” “languages” e.g., Medieval Judeo-French, e.g., Yiddish in English among secular Ukraine, Ladino American Jews several in Turkey generations removed from immigration There is no clear dividing line between “language” and “dialect/ethnolect.” The concept “Jewish language” (or “Jewish language variety”) can be used as an umbrella term covering the entire continuum of Jewish linguistic distinctiveness. 1 Contemporary Jewish languages that likely exist but have (mostly) not been studied: Europe South America North America, Australia, Africa Jewish English Jewish Spanish Jewish English (Yinglish/Yeshivish) Jewish French Jewish Portuguese Jewish Russian Jewish German Jewish Hungarian Jewish Italian… Asia Israeli Hebrew Common characteristics of Jews throughout history and their linguistic manifestations 1. Some degree of interaction with local non-Jews a. co-territorial non-Jewish base language 2. Observance of religious laws and customs (ritual, prayer, lifecycle events, holidays), including a canon of biblical and rabbinic texts a. use of liturgical Hebrew/Aramaic: recitation of blessings and prayers, text study (especially men) b.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sephardim of the United States: an Exploratory Study
    The Sephardim of the United States: An Exploratory Study by MARC D. ANGEL WESTERN AND LEVANTINE SEPHARDIM • EARLY AMERICAN SETTLEMENT • DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN COMMUNITY • IMMIGRATION FROM LEVANT • JUDEO-SPANISH COMMUNITY • JUDEO-GREEK COMMUNITY • JUDEO-ARABIC COMMUNITY • SURVEY OF AMERICAN SEPHARDIM • BIRTHRATE • ECO- NOMIC STATUS • SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION • HISPANIC CHARACTER • SEPHARDI-ASHKENAZI INTERMARRIAGE • COMPARISON OF FOUR COMMUNITIES INTRODUCTION IN ITS MOST LITERAL SENSE the term Sephardi refers to Jews of Iberian origin. Sepharad is the Hebrew word for Spain. However, the term has generally come to include almost any Jew who is not Ashkenazi, who does not have a German- or Yiddish-language background.1 Although there are wide cultural divergences within the Note: It was necessary to consult many unpublished sources for this pioneering study. I am especially grateful to the Trustees of Congregation Shearith Israel, the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue in New York City, for permitting me to use minutes of meetings, letters, and other unpublished materials. I am also indebted to the Synagogue's Sisterhood for making available its minutes. I wish to express my profound appreciation to Professor Nathan Goldberg of Yeshiva University for his guidance throughout every phase of this study. My special thanks go also to Messrs. Edgar J. Nathan 3rd, Joseph Papo, and Victor Tarry for reading the historical part of this essay and offering valuable suggestions and corrections, and to my wife for her excellent cooperation and assistance. Cecil Roth, "On Sephardi Jewry," Kol Sepharad, September-October 1966, pp. 2-6; Solomon Sassoon, "The Spiritual Heritage of the Sephardim," in Richard Barnett, ed., The Sephardi Heritage (New York, 1971), pp.
    [Show full text]
  • THE IDEA of MODERN JEWISH CULTURE the Reference Library of Jewish Intellectual History the Idea of Modern Jewish Culture
    THE IDEA OF MODERN JEWISH CULTURE The Reference Library of Jewish Intellectual History The Idea of Modern Jewish Culture ELIEZER SCHWEID Translated by Amnon HADARY edited by Leonard LEVIN BOSTON 2008 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schweid, Eliezer. [Likrat tarbut Yehudit modernit. English] The idea of modern Jewish culture / Eliezer Schweid ; [translated by Amnon Hadary ; edited by Leonard Levin]. p. cm.—(Reference library of Jewish intellectual history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-934843-05-5 1. Judaism—History—Modern period, 1750–. 2. Jews—Intellectual life. 3. Jews—Identity. 4. Judaism—20th century. 5. Zionism—Philosophy. I. Hadary, Amnon. II. Levin, Leonard, 1946– III. Title. BM195.S3913 2008 296.09’03—dc22 2008015812 Copyright © 2008 Academic Studies Press All rights reserved ISBN 978-1-934843-05-5 On the cover: David Tartakover, Proclamation of Independence, 1988 (Detail) Book design by Yuri Alexandrov Published by Academic Studies Press in 2008 145 Lake Shore Road Brighton, MA 02135, USA [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com Contents Editor’s Preface . vii Foreword . xi Chapter One. Culture as a Concept and Culture as an Ideal . 1 Chapter Two. Tensions and Contradiction . 11 Chapter Three. Internalizing the Cultural Ideal . 15 Chapter Four. The Underlying Philosophy of Jewish Enlightenment . 18 Chapter Five. The Meaning of Being a Jewish-Hebrew Maskil . 24 Chapter Six. Crossroads: The Transition from Haskalah to the Science of Judaism . 35 Chapter Seven. The Dialectic between National Hebrew Culture and Jewish Idealistic Humanism . 37 Chapter Eight. The Philosophic Historic Formation of Jewish Humanism: a Modern Guide to the Perplexed .
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Dimensions in Modern Visual Culture: Antisemitism, Assimilation, Affirmation
    Fairfield University DigitalCommons@Fairfield History Faculty Book Gallery History Department 2009 Jewish Dimensions in Modern Visual Culture: Antisemitism, Assimilation, Affirmation Rose-Carol Washton Long Matthew Baigell Milly Heyd Gavriel D. Rosenfeld Fairfield University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/history-books Copyright 2009 Brandeis University Press Content archived her with permission from the copyright holder. Recommended Citation Washton Long, Rose-Carol; Baigell, Matthew; Heyd, Milly; and Rosenfeld, Gavriel D., "Jewish Dimensions in Modern Visual Culture: Antisemitism, Assimilation, Affirmation" (2009). History Faculty Book Gallery. 14. https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/history-books/14 This item has been accepted for inclusion in DigitalCommons@Fairfield by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Fairfield. It is brought to you by DigitalCommons@Fairfield with permission from the rights- holder(s) and is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 12 Gavriel D. Rosenfeld Postwar Jewish Architecture and the Memory of the Holocaust When Daniel Libeskind was named in early 2003 as the mas- ter planner in charge of redeveloping the former World Trade Center site in lower Manhattan, most observers saw it as a personal triumph that tes- tifi ed to his newfound status as one of the world’s most respected architects.
    [Show full text]