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D Bracteate Designs on the Back Side of a Relief Brooch from Hällan, Jättendal Parish, Hälsingland Rundkvist, Martin Fornvännen 2004(99):3, S

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D Bracteate Designs on the Back Side of a Relief Brooch from Hällan, Jättendal Parish, Hälsingland Rundkvist, Martin Fornvännen 2004(99):3, S D bracteate designs on the back side of a relief brooch from Hällan, Jättendal parish, Hälsingland Rundkvist, Martin Fornvännen 2004(99):3, s. [177]-182 http://kulturarvsdata.se/raa/fornvannen/html/2004_177 Ingår i: samla.raa.se D bracteate designs on the back side of a relief brooch from Hällan, Jättendal parish, Hälsingland By Martin Rundkvist Rundkvist, M. 2004. D bracteate designs 011 lhe back side of a relief brooch from Hällan, jättendal parish, Hälsingland. (D-braktealfigurer på baksidan av ett re­ liefspänne från Hällan i Jättendal sn, Hälsingland). Fornvännen gg. Stockholm. In 1841 and 1851 two Late Migration Period relief brooches (SHM 934 & 1774) were found at the farmstead of Hällan in Jättendal parish on the coast of Häl­ singland in central Sweden. These brooches have been discussed, illustrated, or at least mentioned in most major studies of Scandinavian animal art. Onh in 1971 did Birgit Arrhenius note that there is animal art 011 the back side of the larger brooch too. She identified lhe motif as similar to that of certain gold brac­ teates of Monlelius's type D. This paper aims lo publish and discuss this link between late relief brooches and late gold bracteates. Marlin Rundkvisl. Lakegatan 12. .S7-.-/J j 41 Saltsjöbaden, Sweden [email protected] The farmstead of Hällan is situated in Jättendal bdieved to have been a »churchyard». The parish on the coast of Hälsingland in central smaller brooch was found in 1851 at the aban­ Sweden, near the 62nd paralld. Hällan is loca­ doned site (Raä Jättendal 33) by farmer Erik ted at the foot of Hällansberget Hill, 011 the nor­ Johansson, eight inches (c. 20 cm) beneath the thern shore ofT.akeJättendalssjön (Brink 1990, ground surface.Judging from numerous other pp. 292, 293, 298). This lake was a sheltered in- finds in the immediate vicinity, both sites ap­ let of the Baltic Sea until the mid-lst millenni­ pear to be part of a si ring of prehistoric ceme­ um AD, but post-glacial shore displacement teries and settlements along the southern bas since lifted its surface to 15 m above sea le­ flanks of Hällansberget Hill (Hildebrand 1869, vel. The name Hällan is bdieved to incorporate pp. 284-286). the same linguistic root as e.g. Hdgö, meaning Both brooches have cast decoration in Salitfs »holy» or indicating a place where violence is for- (1935, pp. 233-234, 242) Style I, Haseloffs bidden (Calissendorf 1964; Brink 1984, p. 68). (1981, pp. 204—205) phase D, and are gilded. In the mid-i 9th century two relief brooches In terms of their outline shape, both belong to (SHM 934 & 1774) were found at Hällan. In Sj0vold's (1993, pp. 32-35) type A-2a. Both have 1841 the farmstead was moved to a new site discs on their bows. The larger brooch (fig. 1, 400 ells (c. 240 m) east of the former one. The SHM 934) is made of silver wilh fine garnet cloi­ larger brooch was found at the new site in 1841 sonné and gold filigree decoration. It has löst its by nämndeman]ohA\\ Persson, an ell (c. 60 cm) head plate and pin and is visibly worn. Arr­ beneath the ground surface. The spöt (registe­ henius (1971, p. 110) has suggested that its cloi­ red ancient monument Raä Jättendal 221) was sonné discs may bave been taken from Frankish Fornvännen gg (2004) 17 8 Martin Rundkvist -». • " _tl v>\*>- ;*$ ' V, * SV • 'v4V * J^ . M^^M \ t^; Fig. i. The larger relief brooch from Hällan, Jätten­ Rg. 2. The larger relief brooch Ironi Hällan. Back dal parish, Hälsingland, central Sweden. Front side. side. Photograph by Gabriel Hildebrand. Gilded silver. Preserved length 148.1 mm. Early (ith cenlury AD. Museum of National Antiquities, Stock­ holm, inv. no. 934. Photograph by Gabriel Hilde­ brand. disc brooches and re-used. All five inlay piéces Hoilund Nielsen 2002; Rundkvist 2003 pp. on the brooch's foot are secondarily attached, SO-SO- with disused primary rivet holes visible on the These brooches were found and published back-side. The pin catch is broken but has rivet very early (Montelius 18(19, pl. 6 fig. 2; 1874, holes that indicate that it has once been repai- fig. 442; Hildebrand 1869, fig. 10) and have red. The smaller brooch (SHM 1774) is made been discussed, illustrated, or at least mentio­ of bronze and lacks only its pin. ned in most major studies of Scandinavian ani­ Judging from their Style I:D decoration, mal art. That is, their outline shape and the de- both brooches were made during the Iinal pha­ coration of their front sides have been discus­ se of lhe Migration Period (as established alrea­ sed. Only in 1971 did Arrhenius (1971, pp. dy by Montelius 1912, p. 14; cf. Äberg 1953, 101, 110) publish a photograph of part of the pp. 45-46), c. J\D 500—540, and may be con­ larger brooch's back side, noting that there is temporaneous with the earliest finds of the animal art to be found ihere too, but of a mo­ Vendel Period in south-eastern Seandinavia re unusual kind (fig. 2). She suggested that il (cf. Näsnian 1984, p. 62 wilh refs; Magnus 199g; bad been made with copper or brass hamme- Fomvännen gg (2004) D bracteate designs 179 red into grooves cut in the brooch's surface. Arrhenius identified the motif as similar to that of certain gold bracteates of Montdius's (1869) type D. There is no decoration on the back-side of the smaller brooch from Hällan. Technique The larger brooch has three animals on its back side, one on each of the foot plate's disc-shaped protrusions. In November 2000 the goldsmith and metal conservalor Hubert Hydman of the Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm Fig. 3. The animal on the left-hand disc of the larger kindly studied the brooch at my request and re­ brooch from Hällan. Diameter 25.3 mm. Traced by ported the following conclusions. The brooch the author after a photograph by Gabriel Hilde­ brand. consists of an alloy with 80—90% silver, most of the remainder being copper. The outlines of the three animals have been incised into the back surface of the brooch with a knife or si­ milar edged tool. The surfaces inside these out­ lines have been roughened in a criss-cross pat­ tern with a chisel of little more than a millimet- re's width. The roughened surfaces have then been covered with an amalgam of powdered gold and mercury, and the brooch heated un­ til the mercury evaporated, leaving a gilded surface. The artisan has not managed to apply the amalgam perfectly within the incised outli­ nes. On one hand, the animals have not been completely gilded; on the other, gilding has be­ en smudged outside the lines but has then Fig. 4. The animal on the middle disc of the larger been carefully removed. brooch from Hällan. Diameter 32.1 mm. Traced by It is possible to apply gilding to an object re- the author after a photograph by Gabriel Hilde­ peatedly in this männer without damaging ear­ brand. lier work. Thus it cannot be ruled out that the de­ signs on the back-side were added to the brooch by a second artisan. They were, however, added be­ fore the holes for the secondary garnet fittings were drilled. Thus the simplest interpretation is that both sides of the brooch were decorated by the same artisan within a short interval. Animal designs The designs of the three animals (figs 3—5) are, as Arrhenius observed, copied from Montelius (1869) type D gold bracteates. All three are si­ milar to Axboe et al.'s (1989, pp. 29—31,53—55) Fig. 5. The animal on lhe right-hand disc of the lar­ basic design 5, »the bizarre version of the qu­ ger brooch from Hällan. Diameter 26.9 mm. Traced adruped monster with head hanging forward» by lhe author after a photograph by Gabriel Hilde­ (fig. 6). Thirteen gold bracteates with this de brand. Fornvännen gg (2004) 18o Martin Rundkvisl Discussion Haseloff (1970) and Bakka (1973, p. 73) have shown that early Style I relief brooches and ear­ ly gold bracteates (third quarter of the Sth cen­ tury AD, cf. Näsnian 1984, Axboe 1999) share stylistic traits and motifs. This indicates con- temporaneity and that the same artisans made both classes of objects (cf. Arrhenius 1975, p. 102). The larger brooch from Hällan, perhaps unsurprisingly, shows the same for the late brooches and bracteates (first half of the 6th century AD). The combination of three slightly different D bracteate designs on the brooch give a uni­ que insight into the repertoire of a bracteate master at one point in time. Such knowledge cannot be had from the bracteate hoards, who­ se contents may have been collected during long time spans, nor from punch linked brac­ Fig. 6. Type D gold bracteate, Axboe et al. 198g ba­ teates, which may have been made several sic design 5. Unknown provenance. National Museum decades apart. of Denmark, inv. no. 8661. IK 551. Diameter 26.6 mm. Drawing by M. Lange (Axboe et al. 198g, p. 29, The gcographic distribution of the closest fig. 21). bracteate parallels to the designs on the brooch underline the intimate connections between central Sweden and Norway in the Migration sign are known: eight from southernmost Nor­ Period (cf. Ramqvist 1991, pp. 66—69 with refs; way, one from northern Jutland, and four with­ 1992, pp. 225—226). No gold bracteates have out provenance. been found in Hälsingland or adjoining pro­ All three animals on the brooch possess the vinces (Gästrikland, Dalarna, Härjedalen, Me­ same anatomical parts: upper and lower jaw, a delpad).
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