CVMP Assessment Report for Innovax-ND-IBD to Add a New Route

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

CVMP Assessment Report for Innovax-ND-IBD to Add a New Route 21 March 2019 EMA/193705/2019 Veterinary Medicines Division Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use CVMP assessment report for Innovax-ND-IBD to add a new route of administration (in ovo) for chicken embryonated eggs (EMEA/V/C/004422/X/0001) Vaccine common name: Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease and Marek's disease vaccine (live recombinant) Assessment report as adopted by the CVMP with all information of a commercially confidential nature deleted Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2019. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Introduction ................................................................................................ 4 Marketing authorisation under exceptional circumstances ................................................ 4 Scientific advice .......................................................................................................... 4 MUMS/limited market status ........................................................................................ 4 Part 1 - Administrative particulars .............................................................. 4 Detailed description of the pharmacovigilance system ..................................................... 4 Manufacturing authorisations and inspection status ......................................................... 5 Overall conclusions on administrative particulars ............................................................ 5 Part 2 – Quality ........................................................................................... 5 Chemical, pharmaceutical and biological/microbiological information (quality) .................... 5 Qualitative and quantitative particulars of the constituents............................................... 5 Qualitative and quantitative particulars .......................................................................... 5 Containers and closures ............................................................................................... 6 Product development ................................................................................................... 6 Description of the manufacturing method....................................................................... 6 Production and control of starting materials ................................................................... 7 Starting materials listed in pharmacopoeias ................................................................... 7 Specific materials not listed in a pharmacopoeia ............................................................. 7 Starting materials of biological origin ............................................................................. 7 Starting materials of non-biological origin ...................................................................... 8 In-house preparation of media and solutions consisting of several components .................. 8 Control tests during the manufacturing process .............................................................. 8 Control tests on the finished product ............................................................................. 8 Batch-to-batch consistency .......................................................................................... 9 Stability ..................................................................................................................... 9 Overall conclusions on quality ..................................................................................... 10 Part 3 – Safety .......................................................................................... 10 Introduction and general requirements ........................................................................ 10 Safety documentation ............................................................................................... 11 Laboratory tests ....................................................................................................... 12 Safety of the administration of one dose ...................................................................... 12 Safety of one administration of an overdose ................................................................. 12 Safety of the repeated administration of one dose ........................................................ 13 Examination of reproductive performance .................................................................... 13 Examination of immunological functions ...................................................................... 13 Special requirements for live vaccines ......................................................................... 14 Spread of the vaccine strain ....................................................................................... 14 Dissemination in the vaccinated animal ....................................................................... 15 Reversion to virulence of attenuated vaccines .............................................................. 15 Biological properties of the vaccine strain..................................................................... 15 Recombination or genomic re-assortment of the strains ................................................. 15 CVMP assessment report for Innovax-ND-IBD to add a new route of administration (in ovo) for chicken embryonated eggs (EMEA/V/C/004422/X/0001) EMA/193705/2019 Page 2/40 User safety .............................................................................................................. 16 MRLs ....................................................................................................................... 16 Withdrawal period ..................................................................................................... 16 Interactions ............................................................................................................. 16 Field studies ............................................................................................................. 17 Environmental risk assessment ................................................................................... 19 Considerations for the environmental risk assessment ................................................... 19 Environmental risk assessment for products containing or consisting of genetically modified organisms ................................................................................................................ 19 Overall conclusions on the safety documentation .......................................................... 20 Part 4 – Efficacy ........................................................................................ 21 Introduction and general requirements ........................................................................ 21 Challenge model: ...................................................................................................... 21 Efficacy parameters and tests: ................................................................................... 21 Efficacy documentation .............................................................................................. 21 Laboratory trials ....................................................................................................... 23 Dose determination ................................................................................................... 23 Onset of immunity .................................................................................................... 23 Duration of immunity ................................................................................................ 29 Maternally derived antibodies (MDA) ........................................................................... 31 Interactions ............................................................................................................. 32 Field trials ................................................................................................................ 36 Overall conclusion on efficacy ..................................................................................... 37 Part 5 – Benefit-risk assessment ............................................................... 38 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 38 Benefit assessment ................................................................................................... 39 Direct therapeutic benefit .......................................................................................... 39 Additional benefits .................................................................................................... 39 Risk assessment ....................................................................................................... 39 Risk management or mitigation measures .................................................................... 40 Evaluation of the benefit-risk balance .......................................................................... 40 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 40 CVMP assessment report for Innovax-ND-IBD to add a new route of administration (in
Recommended publications
  • Puzzling Inefficiency of H5N1 Influenza
    Puzzling inefficiency of H5N1 influenza vaccines in Egyptian poultry Jeong-Ki Kima,b, Ghazi Kayalia, David Walkera, Heather L. Forresta, Ali H. Ellebedya, Yolanda S. Griffina, Adam Rubruma, Mahmoud M. Bahgatc, M. A. Kutkatd, M. A. A. Alie, Jerry R. Aldridgea, Nicholas J. Negoveticha, Scott Kraussa, Richard J. Webbya,f, and Robert G. Webstera,f,1 aDivision of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; bKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; cDepartment of Infection Genetics, the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany; dVeterinary Research Division, and eCenter of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, 12311 Dokki, Giza, Egypt; and fDepartment of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38106 Contributed by Robert G. Webster, May 10, 2010 (sent for review March 1, 2010) In Egypt, efforts to control highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus emulsion H5N1 vaccines imported from China and Europe) virus in poultry and in humans have failed despite increased have failed to provide the expected level of protection against the biosecurity, quarantine, and vaccination at poultry farms. The ongo- currently circulating clade 2.2.1 H5N1 viruses (21). Despite the ing circulation of HP H5N1 avian influenza in Egypt has caused >100 attempted implementation of these measures, the current strat- human infections and remains an unresolved threat to veterinary and egies have limitations (22). public health. Here, we describe that the failure of commercially avail- Antibodies to the circulating virus strain had been detected in able H5 poultry vaccines in Egypt may be caused in part by the passive day-old chicks in Egypt (see below).
    [Show full text]
  • RNA Viruses As Tools in Gene Therapy and Vaccine Development
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review RNA Viruses as Tools in Gene Therapy and Vaccine Development Kenneth Lundstrom PanTherapeutics, Rte de Lavaux 49, CH1095 Lutry, Switzerland; [email protected]; Tel.: +41-79-776-6351 Received: 31 January 2019; Accepted: 21 February 2019; Published: 1 March 2019 Abstract: RNA viruses have been subjected to substantial engineering efforts to support gene therapy applications and vaccine development. Typically, retroviruses, lentiviruses, alphaviruses, flaviviruses rhabdoviruses, measles viruses, Newcastle disease viruses, and picornaviruses have been employed as expression vectors for treatment of various diseases including different types of cancers, hemophilia, and infectious diseases. Moreover, vaccination with viral vectors has evaluated immunogenicity against infectious agents and protection against challenges with pathogenic organisms. Several preclinical studies in animal models have confirmed both immune responses and protection against lethal challenges. Similarly, administration of RNA viral vectors in animals implanted with tumor xenografts resulted in tumor regression and prolonged survival, and in some cases complete tumor clearance. Based on preclinical results, clinical trials have been conducted to establish the safety of RNA virus delivery. Moreover, stem cell-based lentiviral therapy provided life-long production of factor VIII potentially generating a cure for hemophilia A. Several clinical trials on cancer patients have generated anti-tumor activity, prolonged survival, and
    [Show full text]
  • Study Toward the Development of Advanced
    STUDY TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED INFLUENZA VACCINES DISSERTATION Presented in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Leyi Wang B.S.,M.S. Graduate Program in Veterinary Preventive Medicine The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: Professor Chang-Won Lee, advisor Professor Y.M. Saif, Professor Daral J. Jackwood Professor Jeffrey T. LeJeune Copyright by Leyi Wang 2009 ABSTRACT Avian influenza is one of the most economically important diseases in poultry. Since it was found in Italy in 1878, avian influenza virus has caused numerous outbreaks around the world, resulting in considerable economic losses in poultry industry. In addition to affecting poultry, different subtypes of avian influenza viruses can infect many other species, thus complicating prevention and control. Killed and fowlpox virus vectored HA vaccines have been used in the field as one of effective strategies in a comprehensive control program to prevent and control avian influenza. Live attenuated vaccines for poultry are still under development. Live attenuated vaccines can closely mimic natural infection inducing long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity. In addition, they may be used for mass vaccination. However, concerns with spread of live vaccine viruses, mutation into virulent strains from live attenuated viruses, and reassortment of vaccine and field strains prevent recommending live vaccines as poultry vaccines in the field. For this reason, there are increasing interests in the development of in ovo vaccines that can reduce the risk of spreading the vaccine virus. Therefore, in the first three parts of our study, we have explored several strategies (NS1 truncation, temperature sensitive (ts) mutations, HA substitution, and non-coding region (NCR) mutations) to attenuate viruses to reach this goal.
    [Show full text]
  • Vaccines: Past, Present and Future
    HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Vaccines: past, present and future Stanley A Plotkin The vaccines developed over the first two hundred years since Jenner’s lifetime have accomplished striking reductions of infection and disease wherever applied. Pasteur’s early approaches to vaccine development, attenuation and inactivation, are even now the two poles of vaccine technology. Today, purification of microbial elements, genetic engineering and improved knowledge of immune protection allow direct creation of attenuated mutants, expression of vaccine proteins in live vectors, purification and even synthesis of microbial antigens, and induction of a variety of immune responses through manipulation of DNA, RNA, proteins and polysaccharides. Both noninfectious and infectious diseases are now within the realm of vaccinology. The profusion of new vaccines enables new populations to be targeted for vaccination, and requires the development of routes of administration additional to injection. With all this come new problems in the production, regulation and distribution of vaccines. http://www.nature.com/naturemedicine “The Circassians [a Middle Eastern people] perceived that of a thou- mild illness in humans, could prevent smallpox. This discovery not sand persons hardly one was attacked twice by full blown smallpox; only led to the eradication of smallpox in the twentieth century, but that in truth one sees three or four mild cases but never two that are also gave cachet to the idea of deliberate protection against exposure serious and dangerous; that in a word one never truly has that illness to infectious diseases. twice in life.” The history of vaccination as a deliberate endeavor began in the Voltaire, “On Variolation,” Philosophical Letters, 1734 laboratory of Louis Pasteur.
    [Show full text]
  • The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series
    The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series Module 23: Influenza Vaccines Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals The immunological basis for immunization series: module 23: influenza vaccines (Immunological basis for immunization series; module 23) ISBN 978-92-4-151305-0 © World Health Organization 2017 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non- commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. The immunological basis for immunization series: module 23: influenza vaccines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (Immunological basis for immunization series; module 23). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
    [Show full text]
  • Reported on January 27, 2020
    Introduction 3 Executive Summary 5 Chapter 1 Second Round of Survey : Data Analysis 10 Chapter 2 Comparative Analysis (2020 and 2021) 37 Chapter 3 A Discourse on Pandemic Viruses and Vaccines -PVS Kumar 60 Chapter 4 Persisting Socio-economic Crisis: COVID-19 Lays Bare the Social Fault Lines1 - Prof. Arun Kumar 96 Annexure 1 113 Annexure 2 120 Annexure 2a 129 Index 1 The Second Pulse of the Pandemic : A Sudden Surge in Scientic Temper during the Covid-19 Crisis © Anhad 2021 Acknowledgement : PM Bhargava Foundation We are thankful to the following for helping us collect the data : Bhavesh Bariya Bhavna Sharma Deshdeep Dhankar Dev Desai Farida Khan Farhat Khan Jagori Rural Manish Kumar Ray Manisha Trivedi Mukhtar Shaikh Nazneen Shaikh Published by : Printed by : Pullshoppe 9810213737 2 Introduction Scientific community rises to the occasion Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), after mutation, found a new host, the human cell, and comfortably multiplied itself. Used human cells as copying machines and made millions of copies in nasal cavities, throats and lungs at times in human eyes, which could survive in aerosols and various surfaces for more than 72 hours. The human bodies proved to be secured habitable housing colonies, which not only offered environment for its multiplication within the body at an exponential rate but also helped it to travel all over the globe. Within human cells it also mutated, changed in shape and content, and became extra virulent, which made it extremely difficult to suppress or impede its propagation. Evidently, the virus showed no signs of leaving the newfound housing complexes in a hurry.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of in Ovo Vaccination of DNA Vaccines for Campylobacter Control in Broiler Chickens ⇑ Xiang Liu, Lindsay Jones Adams, Ximin Zeng, Jun Lin
    Vaccine 37 (2019) 3785–3792 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Vaccine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/vaccine Evaluation of in ovo vaccination of DNA vaccines for Campylobacter control in broiler chickens ⇑ Xiang Liu, Lindsay Jones Adams, Ximin Zeng, Jun Lin Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, 2506 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA article info abstract Article history: Campylobacter is the leading bacterial cause of human enteritis in developed countries. Chicken is a major Received 7 August 2018 natural host of Campylobacter. Thus, on-farm control of Campylobacter load in poultry would reduce the Received in revised form 13 May 2019 risk of human exposure to this pathogen. Vaccination is an attractive intervention measure to mitigate Accepted 20 May 2019 Campylobacter in poultry. Our previous studies have demonstrated that Campylobacter outer membrane Available online 3 June 2019 proteins CmeC (a component of multidrug efflux pump) and CfrA (ferric enterobactin receptor) are fea- sible and promising candidates for vaccine development. In this study, by targeting these two attractive Keywords: vaccine candidates, we explored and evaluated a new vaccination strategy, which combines the in ovo Campylobacter jejuni vaccination route and novel DNA vaccine formulation, for Campylobacter control in broilers. We observed DNA vaccine In ovo vaccination that direct cloning of cfrA or cmeC gene into the eukaryotic expression vector pCAGGS did not lead to suf- Poultry ficient level of production of the target proteins in the eukaryotic HEK-293 cell line. However, introduc- Kozak sequence tion of the Kozak consensus sequence (ACCATGG) in the cloned bacterial genes greatly enhanced production of inserted gene in eukaryotic cells, creating desired DNA vaccines.
    [Show full text]
  • Instituto Finlay
    Resumen de la información publicada por la OMS sobre los candidatos vacunales contra la COVID-19 en desarrollo a nivel mundial Última actualización por la OMS: 9 de abril de 2021. Fuente de información utilizada: 87 candidatos vacunales en evaluación clínica y 186 en evaluación preclínica. Candidatos vacunales en evaluación clínica por plataforma Candidatos vacunales más avanzados a nivel global Desarrollador de la vacuna/fabricante/país Plataforma de la vacuna Fase Sinovac/China Virus Inactivado 4 Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm/China Virus Inactivado 3 Beijing Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm/China Virus Inactivado 3 University of Oxford/AstraZeneca/Reino Unido Vector viral no replicativo 4 CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute Biotechnology/China Vector viral no replicativo 3 Gamaleya Research Institute/Rusia Vector viral no replicativo 3 Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies/Estados Unidos Vector viral no replicativo 3 Novavax/Estados Unidos Subunidad proteica 3 Moderna/NIAID/Estados Unidos ARN 4 BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer/Estados Unidos ARN 4 Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmac./Inst. Microbiology, Chinese Academy Sciences Subunidad proteica 3 CureVac AG/Alemania ARN 3 Institute of Medical Biology/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Virus inactivado 3 Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Kazakhstan Virus inactivado 3 Zydus Cadila Healthcare Ltd./India ADN 3 Bharat Biotech/India Virus Inactivado 3 Sanofi Pasteur + GSK/Francia/Gran Bretaña Subunidad proteica 3 Instituto Finlay de Vacunas/Cuba
    [Show full text]
  • Frequently Asked Questions on Viral Tumor Diseases Compiled by the AAAP Tumor Virus Committee (2012)
    Frequently Asked Questions on Viral Tumor Diseases Compiled by the AAAP Tumor Virus Committee (2012) 1. Can you expect 100% protection against MDV field challenge in vaccinated birds? No. As with all other vaccines, achieving 100% protection under field conditions is not possible from a biological viewpoint. In chicken flocks with healthy immune system and that are properly vaccinated and raised under adequate management, the losses are low without a significant impact on livability and/or performance. In cases of severe field challenge at an early age in vaccinated layers and breeders, mortality around 2-5% and broiler condemnations due to MD at ~0.05 % have been observed. 2. Which vaccine or vaccine combination may offer the best protection against field challenge in broilers, broiler breeders, or commercial layers? Broilers are vaccinated with HVT or HVT+SB1. HVT+SB1 is used in locations where very virulent (vv)MDVs are prevalent and the HVT vaccine alone does not provide an optimal protection. In some cases, particularly in heavy birds (e.g. roosters), HVT+SB1 may not provide adequate protection due to the prevalence of vv+MDV. In these circumstances, the bivalent HVT+CVI988(Rispens) or the trivalent HVT+SB1+CVI988(Rispens) vaccine has been used. Using below recommended dose of plaque forming units (PFU) is a common practice in broiler vaccination, however, it should be noted that this practice can lead to MD breaks in the face of severe field challenge and may play a role in accelerating MD virus evolution towards greater virulence. Breeders and Layers are commonly vaccinated with the HVT+CVI988(Rispens) vaccine using the full dose providing these long-lived birds with the broadest protection against MD.
    [Show full text]
  • Intranasal Powder Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Is
    www.nature.com/npjvaccines ARTICLE OPEN Intranasal powder live attenuated influenza vaccine is thermostable, immunogenic, and protective against homologous challenge in ferrets Jasmina M. Luczo 1,2, Tatiana Bousse3, Scott K. Johnson1, Cheryl A. Jones1, Nicholas Pearce3, Carlie A. Neiswanger1, Min-Xuan Wang4, ✉ Erin A. Miller4, Nikolai Petrovsky 5,6, David E. Wentworth 3, Victor Bronshtein4, Mark Papania7 and Stephen M. Tompkins 1,2,8 Influenza viruses cause annual seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics; vaccination is the most effective countermeasure. Intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) are needle-free, mimic the natural route of infection, and elicit robust immunity. However, some LAIVs require reconstitution and cold-chain requirements restrict storage and distribution of all influenza vaccines. We generated a dry-powder, thermostable LAIV (T-LAIV) using Preservation by Vaporization technology and assessed the stability, immunogenicity, and efficacy of T-LAIV alone or combined with delta inulin adjuvant (Advax™) in ferrets. Stability assays demonstrated minimal loss of T-LAIV titer when stored at 25 °C for 1 year. Vaccination of ferrets with T-LAIV alone or with delta inulin adjuvant elicited mucosal antibody and robust serum HI responses in ferrets, and was protective against homologous challenge. These results suggest that the Preservation by Vaporization-generated dry-powder vaccines could be distributed without refrigeration and administered without reconstitution or injection. Given these significant advantages for vaccine distribution and delivery, further research is warranted. 1234567890():,; npj Vaccines (2021) 6:59 ; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-021-00320-9 INTRODUCTION cellular immune responses12. Although some LAIVs require Influenza viruses pose a dual threat to global human health— healthcare workers (HCWs) to mix the dry vaccine with a diluent, annual seasonal epidemics and sporadic global pandemics.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on In-Ovo Vaccination by Needle-Free Injection
    Proceedings of the 6th World Congress on New Technologies (NewTech'20) Prague, Czech Republic Virtual Conference – August, 2020 Paper No. ICBB 115 DOI: 10.11159/icbb20.115 Study on In-Ovo Vaccination by Needle-Free Injection Ko-Jung Huang1, Wei-Chih Chen1, Ching-Wei Cheng2 1 Department of Bio-industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University No.145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan (R.O.C.) First. [email protected] 2 College of Intelligence, National Taichung University of Science and Technology No.129, Sec.3, Sanmin Rd, North Dist., Taichung City 404, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Third. [email protected] Extended Abstract Chick immunization in Taiwan in the current stage is done in the traditional artificial way via chick subcutaneous injection, eye drops, spray vaccine, or getting the vaccine mixed with feed and other methods for epidemic prevention. In addition to the traditional artificial way, in 1982, Sharma and Burmester proved the success of egg injection via Marek's vaccine immunization under normal laboratory conditions for the first time [1]. Eighty-five percent of the US chicken industry deployed egg injection as an important method of chicken embryo immunization. Presently, many countries have developed the automated egg syringe system. Due to congenital biological differences of individual eggs, the vaccine cannot be accurately injected; there is lack of control of the needle-hit position. This may affect the growth of the chicken embryo. Wakenell et al. Published the Marek's vaccine in 2002 and the efficacy of the vaccine. Sparring time at embryonic age of 18 days, vaccines in the amniotic cavity can be absorbed with other nutrients together with chicken embryo.
    [Show full text]
  • Puzzling Inefficiency of H5N1 Influenza Vaccines In
    Puzzling inefficiency of H5N1 influenza vaccines in Egyptian poultry Jeong-Ki Kima,b, Ghazi Kayalia, David Walkera, Heather L. Forresta, Ali H. Ellebedya, Yolanda S. Griffina, Adam Rubruma, Mahmoud M. Bahgatc, M. A. Kutkatd, M. A. A. Alie, Jerry R. Aldridgea, Nicholas J. Negoveticha, Scott Kraussa, Richard J. Webbya,f, and Robert G. Webstera,f,1 aDivision of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; bKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; cDepartment of Infection Genetics, the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany; dVeterinary Research Division, and eCenter of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, 12311 Dokki, Giza, Egypt; and fDepartment of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38106 Contributed by Robert G. Webster, May 10, 2010 (sent for review March 1, 2010) In Egypt, efforts to control highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus emulsion H5N1 vaccines imported from China and Europe) virus in poultry and in humans have failed despite increased have failed to provide the expected level of protection against the biosecurity, quarantine, and vaccination at poultry farms. The ongo- currently circulating clade 2.2.1 H5N1 viruses (21). Despite the ing circulation of HP H5N1 avian influenza in Egypt has caused >100 attempted implementation of these measures, the current strat- human infections and remains an unresolved threat to veterinary and egies have limitations (22). public health. Here, we describe that the failure of commercially avail- Antibodies to the circulating virus strain had been detected in able H5 poultry vaccines in Egypt may be caused in part by the passive day-old chicks in Egypt (see below).
    [Show full text]