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Freshwater Fishes by EDWARD C

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Freshwater Fishes by EDWARD C Freshwater Fishes by EDWARD C. RANEY, Associate Professor of Zoology and Fishery Biology, Department of Conservation, Cornell University HISTORICAL REVIEW AND SOURCES OF DATA O SYSTEMATIC SURVEY has ever been made of the fish fauna N of the James River nor of any of the rivers of Virginia. Much of the available information on distribution is taken from studies com- pleted sixty or more years ago. Since that time various ichthyologists in a number of scattered papers have added to our knowledge of James River fishes. However, the study of the ecology, distribution, and habits of these fishes, especially the small non-commercial species, offers an interesting and fruitful field for local students. Since some of the upper reaches of the main James River as well as areas below large cities are now badly polluted the precise distribu- tion of the original fish fauna will never be known. Fortunately two early ichthyologists, Cope (1869) and Jordan (1890) collected in the mountains and in the upper Piedmont area. Their work was rather thorough especially when one considers the difficulties of transporta- tion in those days. For a period of almost fifty years little interest was shown in the distribution of the James River fishes. During this time Fowler (1918, 1923a and b, 1924) reported on several isolated collections made in the James, and on a re-examination of Cope's mate- rial. In the years 1933 to 1935 collecting was resumed by Dr. George S. Myers and assistants from the U. S. National Museum. These speci- mens are deposited in the collections of the National Museum and are available for study. However, they have not been reported on except incidentally in connection with several generic revisions and in the descriptions of new species. In 1937 and 1938 Dr. Leonard P. Schultz, Curator of Fishes, and Earl D. Reid, formerly Scientific Aid, in the U. S. National Museum, made fifty-two collections in the several river systems of Virginia. Seven of these were from the James or its tributaries. A short summary of these explorations was published by Schultz (1939). Dr. Schultz encouraged the writer, then embarking on a large treatise intended to cover the freshwater fishes of the eastern United States, to continue the field work with the purpose of ultimately writing a Fishes of Virginia. To secure fishes for these projects col- lections were made during ten day periods in late March and early April in 1940, 1941, 1947, and 1948 and during mid-June 1946. A 151 152 THE JAMES RIVER BASIN total of 108 collections were made in Virginia and 20 were from the James River system. Considerable help toward meeting the expense of these trips was obtained from research grants from the Trustee- Faculty Research Committee of Cornell University. My associates, then graduate students, on these trips were L. James Kezer, Ernest A. Lachner, Roman A. Pfeiffer, Robert D. Ross, and Royal D. Suttkus. Much credit is due them for their untiring efforts and thoughtful co- operation in the field. Others became interested in the distribution of the fishes of the state and furnished specimens. Among these are Dr. Lincoln C. Pettit, then on the biology staff of Washington and Lee University, who made 19 collections in 1940 and 1941 in Rockbridge Co. Dr. Horton H. Hobbs and Richard L. Hoffman, University of Virginia, made available 7 small collections taken during 1946 from the tribu- taries of the James and Appomattox rivers. Hoffman also made avail-. able 4 small collections taken in 1946 in Alleghany Co. These collections of Schultz, Raney, Pettit, Hobbs, and Hoffman total 57 and serve as the original source of distributional data men- tioned in the species accounts that follow. Other hitherto unreported material from the James River deposited in the U. S. National Museum, as well as many of Jordan's (1890) specimens have also been used in this study. Besides the literature sources mentioned above several other works have appeared. Burton and Odum (1945) made a study of the dis- tribution of fishes found in the headwater streams in the neighbor- hood of Mountain Lake Biological Station. Included in this study are 16 collections from Johns Creek and 12 collections from Craig Creek, both tributaries of the James River. This type of study is recom- mended as the kind that students of vertebrate animals can carry on with great profit once the local fauna is learned. To this end the writer is glad to offer his services in making identifications of fishes. In 1942 Dr. Carl L. Hubbs drew up and made available a manu- script check list of the fishes of the James River system which was very helpful especially in the early stages of this paper. Fowler's (1945) monograph of the southern Piedmont and Coastal Plain fishes lists the species known from the James River system in a distribution table. Little new material is included and various com- ments on his records are found below. The saltwater fishes of Chesapeake Bay have been studied for many years. Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928) give detailed descrip- tions, information on the life histories, and data on the distribution of the fishes of Chesapeake Bay. This fine work includes many fresh- water fishes that occasionally are found in brackish water. It also discusses saltwater fishes that occasionally wander into freshwater or that typically migrate into rivers during their spawning runs. Pearson FRESHWATER FISHES 153 (1941) also studied the young of marine fishes found in lower Chesa- peake Bay. The facilities of the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, of the Col- lege of William and Mary and the Virginia Commission of Fisheries, located at Williamsburg, with a field station at Yorktown, have been devoted to the study of the tidewater fisheries of the lower James. Most of the published material from this agency deals with com- mercially important mollusca and crustacea. However, lenzel's (1945) study of the catfish industry of Virginia was supported by this station. Studies of other fishes are now under way. For descriptions and keys to the various James River fishes the reader is referred to the general standard works such as Jordan and Evermann (1896), and Jordan (1929). Additional keys and illustra- tions to some of the species are given in Hubbs and .Lagler (1947). When available, references to more recent studies on the systematics and life histories are given under the species accounts. ANNOTATED LIST OF JAMES RIVER FRESHWATER FISHES The freshwater fish fauna of the James River is classified under 21 families, 52 genera and 73 species. One species, Boleosoma nigrum, is represented by two distinct subspecies making a total of 74 kinds of fishes. In addition 14 species are given on a hypothetical list of fishes that probably will be found in the drainage when an exhaustive survey is made. LAMPREY FAMILY PETROMYZON IDA E Sea Lamprey Petromyzon niarinus Linnaeus This parasitic species has recently been taken on fishes captured in the lower James River. Several such specimens are deposited in the U. S. National Museum. Although adults are normally found in salt water, it is an anadromous species. About May it migrates up- stream into small tributaries to deposit the eggs in a circular nest built by one or several males. The mature adults reach a large size and are upward of 18 inches long. It rasps circular holes in the side of its prey which sometimes result in death. The eastern brook lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera (Abbott), is a freshwater species that has been found in the Rappahannock and Patuxent River systems, two more northern tributaries of Chesapeake Bay, as well as to the south in the Neuse River system, North Carolina (Raney, 1941:318). Adults of this non-parasitic species should be looked for in small nests in riffles of brooks where they spawn in April and May. The larvae, like those of the sea lamprey, burrow 154 THE JAMES RIVER BASIN in the sand and silt of the stream bottom in quiet places for a period of about five years. Seldom exceed 8 inches in length. The larvae are of value as fish bait in some localities. STURGEON FAMILY ACIPENSERIDAE Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser sturio oxyrhyncbus (Mitchill) An anadromous species that enters Chesapeake Bay in April and May. They make their way up the larger rivers including the James and spawn in freshwater. At present they are not common especially in the larger size groups. They reach a weight of well over 100 pounds and 108,900 pounds were taken in the James River in 1880, but their numbers have seriously declined in recent years. They are valued chiefly for the roe from which caviar is made, but the flesh is eaten either fresh or smoked. Most are taken in pound nets. Hilde- brand and Schroeder (1928:72) give a detailed account of the Amer- ican sturgeon in Chesapeake Bay. Fowler (1945:21) records it from the James without listing a definite locality. The shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostris Le Sueur, has been recorded by Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928:76) from Chesapeake Bay but if present in the James River it is probably uncommon. GAR FAMILY LEPISOSTEIDAE Longnose Gar Lepisosteus osseus osseus (Linnaeus) Actual records of its occurrence in the lower James basin are rather nebulous but it is expected in the Coastal Plain area. It is known from Chesapeake Bay and other rivers tributary to the Bay. Hilde- brand and Schroeder (1928:78) have summarized the locality records. It has been reported from the "vicinity of Norfolk" and from Lynn- haven Roads. Jordan (1890:114) mentions that the longnose gar is found in Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp, although no specimens were taken there by him.
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