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Sacramento Mountains Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas Anicia Cloudcrofti) As a Threatened Or Endangered Species Under the Endangered Species Act

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Sacramento Mountains Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas Anicia Cloudcrofti) As a Threatened Or Endangered Species Under the Endangered Species Act BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR Petition to list the Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti) as a Threatened or Endangered Species under the Endangered Species Act Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly visiting its preferred nectar source, orange sneezeweed, Helenium hoopseii A. Gray. Photo credit: USFWS Center for Biological Diversity Petitioners March 1, 2021 i NOTICE OF PETITION Office of the Secretary U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C Street NW Washington, D.C. 20240 [email protected] Martha Williams, Principal Deputy Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1849 C Street NW Washington, DC 20240 [email protected] Gary Frazer, Assistant Director for Endangered Species U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1849 C Street NW Washington, D.C. 20240 [email protected] Amy Lueders, Director Region 2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service P.O. Box 1306, Room 4012 Albuquerque, NM 87102 [email protected] Pursuant to Section 4(b) of the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b); Section 553(e) of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 553(e); and 50 C.F.R. § 424.14(a), the Center for Biological Diversity hereby petitions the Secretary of the Interior, through the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS,” “Service”), to protect the Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti Ferris and Holland 1980) as a threatened or endangered species under the ESA. Petitioners further request emergency listing of the checkerspot due to the precipitous decline and lack of detection of the Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly in recent years. Petitioner also requests that critical habitat be designated concurrently with the listing, pursuant to 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a)(3)(A) and 50 C.F.R. § 424.12. FWS has jurisdiction over this petition. This petition sets in motion a specific process, placing definite response requirements on the FWS. Specifically, the Service must issue an initial finding as to whether the petition “presents substantial scientific or commercial information indicating that the petitioned action may be warranted.” 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(3)(A). FWS must make this initial finding “[t]o the maximum extent practicable, within 90 days after receiving the petition.” ii The Center for Biological Diversity (“Center”) is a nonprofit, public interest environmental organization dedicated to the protection of imperiled species as well as the habitat and climate they need to survive through science, policy, law, and creative media. The Center is supported by more than 1.7 million members and online activists throughout the country. The Center works to secure a future for all species, great or small, hovering on the brink of extinction. The Center submits this petition on behalf of our staff and our members who hold an interest in protecting the Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly and its habitat. Submitted this 1st day of March 2021 Tara Cornelisse, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, Endangered Species Program Center for Biological Diversity 1212 Broadway, Suite 800 Oakland, CA 94612 [email protected] 510-844-7154 iii Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction and History of the Federal Listing Effort ................................................................................. 2 Natural History.............................................................................................................................................. 3 Taxonomy ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Description ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Habitat and Host Plant .............................................................................................................................. 4 Life Cycle and Behavior ........................................................................................................................... 6 Population Structure and Dispersal ........................................................................................................... 6 Species Distribution and Population Status .................................................................................................. 7 Conservation Status .................................................................................................................................... 10 Present or Threatened Destruction, Curtailment, or Modification of Habitat or Range ............................. 11 Private Lands Development .................................................................................................................... 11 Livestock grazing .................................................................................................................................... 12 Off Highway Vehicles (OHVs)............................................................................................................... 13 Dispersed Camping ................................................................................................................................. 14 Invasive Species ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Fire Suppression...................................................................................................................................... 15 Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting the Continued Existence of the Species ............................. 16 Small Population and Inbreeding Depression ......................................................................................... 16 Climate Change ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Overutilization for Commercial, Recreation, Scientific, or Educational Purposes ..................................... 17 Disease or Predation ................................................................................................................................... 18 Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms ........................................................................................ 18 National Forest Management Act ........................................................................................................... 18 National Environmental Policy Act ........................................................................................................ 20 Conservation Plan of 2005 and Current USFS Plans .............................................................................. 21 New Mexico State Regulations ............................................................................................................... 22 County Regulations ................................................................................................................................. 22 Request for critical habitat .......................................................................................................................... 22 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 23 References ................................................................................................................................................... 23 iv Executive Summary The Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas chalcedona cloudcrofti) is a rare butterfly found only in high elevation mountain meadows of the Sacramento Mountains in southern New Mexico. Despite checkerspot butterflies being easily observed and frequently collected historically, the Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly was first documented in 1963 and is only found within a 33 mi2 (85 km2) area around the Village of Cloudcroft in the Sacramento Mountains on the Lincoln National Forest. The Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly inhabits mountain meadows within mixed-conifer forest at high elevations between 8,000 and 9,000 feet. The red, orange, brown, and white checkered adult butterfly pollinates and feeds on a variety of plants, but favors orange sneezeweed, and is found associated with its larval host plant, the New Mexico penstemon, which itself is only found in the Sacramento and Capitan Mountains. The United States Forest Service began surveying regularly for both larvae and adults in the late 1990s and has documented its precipitous decline throughout the following decades and today, the butterfly is virtually undetected in its former range. In response to a 1999 petition from the Center for Biological Diversity, FWS proposed to list the Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly as endangered on September 6, 2001 due to threats from habitat loss, fragmentation, degradation, drought, wildfire, and over-collection. Unfortunately, FWS withdrew the proposal in 2004 and denied a subsequent listing petition in 2009, allowing threats to the butterfly to continue unabated. Despite recent and extensive surveys, no larvae and very few adults have been observed. In a 2020 report, the USFS concluded that the Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly is “almost certainly the most endangered butterfly in the
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