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Newsletter of the Alaska Entomological Society Volume 10, Issue 1, May 2017 In this issue: DNA barcoding Alaska’s butterflies . 10 Notes on using LifeScanner for DNA-based iden- Upcoming Events . .1 tification of non-marine macroinvertebrates . 18 Western Flower Thrips and Alaska . .3 Highlights of the 10th annual meeting of the Orthosia hibisci (Guenée), the speckled green fruit- Alaska Entomological Society . 27 worm: confirmed causing extensive hardwood defoliation in Southcentral and Western Alaska5 Upcoming Events Figure 1: Graphic from Kluane Bioblitz flyer. Kluane BioBlitz, June 23–25, 2017 tional Park and Reserve. If you’d like more informa- tion, contact Bruce Bennett at [email protected]. Come join us for the Yukon’s BioBlitz in the Kluane re- Project website: http://www.inaturalist.org/projects/ gion. All are welcome to participate for the event which is kluane-bioblitz-2017-bioblitz-de-kluane-2017. part of Canada’s 150th anniversary celebrations. BioBlitz Canada and the Canadian Wildlife Federation are sup- porting a series of public BioBlitz’s across the nation and Eleventh Annual Meeting, January 2018 the Yukon Conservation Data Centre and Parks Canada in partnership with the Kluane First Nation and Cham- The eleventh annual meeting of the Alaska Entomologi- pagne and Aishihik First Nations are hosting the Yukon’s cal Society will take place in Anchorage in January 2018. 150BioBlitz in the Kluane area, including the Kluane Na- Check for updates on our events page as the meeting date approaches. Volume 10, Issue 1, May 2017 2 Western Flower Thrips and Alaska doi:10.7299/X7ST7Q01 of obligate diapause, and cryptic habit (Kirk and Terry, 2003). WFT feeds on over 240 host species in over 60 fam- by Jacquelyn Schade1 ilies. Hosts include peony, pea, tomato, pepper, straw- berry, rose, cucumber, bean, carrot, onion, and lettuce (Tommasini and Maini, 1995). They cause rasping feed- ing damage and oviposition scars that permanently mark the plant. In addition to feeding and oviposition damage, WFT is also capable of vectoring tospoviruses, ilarviruses, and carmoviruses. WFT is a major vector for Tomato spot- ted wilt virus (Jones, 2005). It is believed that they have two ecotypes: one thrives in hot/dry environments and the other thrives in cool/moist environments (Brunner and Frey, 2010). This adaptation allows the WFT to establish in almost any environment. They have a haplo-diploid breeding system which means unfertilized eggs develop into males and fertilized eggs develop into females (Cloyd, 2010). WFT goes through several developmental stages in its lifecycle. The length of each stage is influenced by the tem- perature. In ideal conditions (80-85°F), WFT will develop in less than 10 days. Eggs are laid in plant tissue. WFT has Figure 1: Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) by two larval stages and two pupal stages. WFT are voracious Jack T. Reed, Mississippi State University (https://www. feeders during the larval stage. The larvae develop beneath invasive.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5370035). terminal foliage or at the petal attachment. In the first lar- val stage, WFT are small and white. WFT move to the soil Western flower thrips (Pergande, 1895) (WFT, Franklin- for the pupal stages and are fairly inactive. Pupal WFT are iella occidentalis) is a highly destructive pest of green- soft bodied and develop wings. Adult WFT are generally house crops around the world (Cloyd, 2010). It origi- 1–2 mm long. They have unusual wings that are sparsely nated in western North America and spread worldwide covered in long hairs, short, straight antennae, two dark via horticultural material in the 1970’s and 1980’s (Kirk eyes, and are light yellowish to brown in coloring (Swier, and Terry, 2003). The presence of WFT poses challenges 2016). Thrips often overwinter as pupae or adults under to farmers who wish to export their crops internation- leaf litter (Cloyd, 2010). ally. Some importing countries may restrict or prohibit Little is known about the WFT lifecycle in Alaska. In from entry imported commercial crops which contain 2015, Holloway and Gerdeman (2016) conducted research WFT. Depending upon the importing country, growers to determine the impact and management of thrips in may need to officially certify their crop prior to export Alaska peony production. They found that thrips over- and take proper safeguarding measures to ensure com- wintered inside and outside of the fields, concentrating in modities remain free from WFT. The first recorded occur- soil near trees. In Fairbanks, thrips had one full genera- rence of WFT in Alaska was in 1956 (Bryan and Smith, tion and a partial second generation in one season. On the 1956). In recent surveys, including Cooperative Agricul- Kenai Peninsula, they observed two full generations and tural Pest Surveys (CAPS), WFT has been found through- a partial third generation in one season. The number of out Alaska. The majority of the surveys that found WFT generations can increase or decrease each year depending were conducted in peony fields, but they have also been on the weather. Longer, warmer summers may result in found in botanical gardens (Curtis Knight, unpublished increased generations per year (Holloway and Gerdeman, data and Arctos saved search http://arctos.database. 2016). museum/saved/AlaskaFrankliniellaoccidentalis). There are several options for managing WFT in a field WFT is considered a highly destructive pest because and greenhouse. Creating and utilizing an integrated pest of its wide host range, damage to crops, ability to vec- management plan will help prevent new WFT introduc- tor disease, various environmental and physical adapta- tions to the crops and manage current WFT infestations tions, parthenogenesis, high reproductive potential, lack to keep them at manageable levels. Following are some 1State Survey Coordinator, Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Palmer, Alaska, [email protected] AKES Newsletter http://www.akentsoc.org/newsletter.php Volume 10, Issue 1, May 2017 3 management practices to consider adding to an integrated material entering the state, and whether or not imported management plan: plant material is acting as a vector to bring in harmful ex- otic pests. The survey will focus on searching for a variety • Buy stock from WFT free locations or nurseries to pre- of pests, including WFT, Asian Longhorned Beetle, Euro- vent introducing WFT to your fields (McDougall and pean Black Arion Slug, Vineyard Snail, Sudden oak death, Tesoriero, 2011). stubby root nematode, Tomato spotted wilt virus, and To- • Inspect plants for WFT before bringing them into your bacco rattle virus. greenhouse (Swier, 2016). • Maintain a high level of farm hygiene (Plant Health References Australia, 2012). Brunner, P. C., and J. E. Frey. 2010. Habitat-specific • Control weeds (Plant Health Australia, 2012). population structure in native western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Insecta, Thysanoptera). Journal • Use mesh and double door entries to greenhouses of Evolutionary Biology 23:797–804. doi:10.1111/j.1420- (Plant Health Australia, 2012). 9101.2010.01946.x. • Monitor crops routinely for presence of pests. Yel- low sticky traps are an excellent monitoring tool for Bryan, D. E., and R. F. Smith. 1956. The Frankliniella occi- dentalis (Pergande) complex in California (Thysanoptera, WFT (Plant Health Australia, 2012). Recommended times for setting yellow sticky cards for monitoring Thripidae). University of California Publications in En- thrips in the Fairbanks region are late April/early tomology 10:359–410. May (Holloway and Gerdeman, 2016). Cloyd, R. A., 2010. Western Flower Thrips: Manage- • Foliar insecticide spray to control WFT (Plant Health ment on Greenhouse-Grown Crops. Publication MF- Australia, 2012). WFT develop resistance to pesticides 2922, Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment easily, so there are few chemical control options avail- Station and Cooperative Extension Service, Manhattan, able. Consult a professional to develop a chemical Kansas. URL https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/ control plan (McDougall and Tesoriero, 2011). pubs/MF2922.pdf. Holloway, P., and B. Gerdeman, 2016. Impact and Manage- ment of Thrips in Alaska Peony Production. Research final report, University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Natural Resources and Washington State University, De- partment of Entomology. Jones, D. R. 2005. Plant viruses transmitted by thrips. European Journal of Plant Pathology 113:119–157. doi:10.1007/s10658-005-2334-1. Kirk, W. D. J., and L. I. Terry. 2003. The spread of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Per- gande). Agricultural and Forest Entomology 5:301–310. doi:10.1046/j.1461-9563.2003.00192.x. McDougall, S., and L. Tesoriero, 2011. West- ern flower thrips and tomato spotted wilt virus. Primefact 713, Second edition, Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales Govern- Figure 2: Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) ment, New South Wales, Australia. URL http: by David Cappaert (https://www.invasive.org/browse/ //www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/ detail.cfm?imgnum=5422728). 0011/205130/Western-Flower-Thrips-and-TSWV.pdf. The Alaska CAPS program is beginning a three year Plant Health Australia, 2012. Western flower thrips. nursery survey in Alaska in summer 2017. The goal of Fact sheet, Plant Health Australia. URL http: this survey is to identify what harmful exotic pests are be- //www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/wp-content/ ing brought into the state, determine the origin of plant uploads/2013/01/Western-flower-thrips-FS.pdf. AKES Newsletter http://www.akentsoc.org/newsletter.php Volume 10, Issue 1, May 2017 4 Swier, S. R., 2016. Thrips in Greenhouses (Western Flower Tommasini, M. G., and S. Maini, 1995. Frankliniella occiden- Thrips). Pest Fact Sheet 9, University of New Hamp- talis and other thrips harmful to vegetable and ornamen- shire Cooperative Extension, Durham, New Hamp- tal crops in Europe. Pp. 1–42 in A. J. M. Loomans, J. C. shire. URL https://extension.unh.edu/resources/ van Lenteren, M. G. Tommasini, S.
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  • Gut Content Metabarcoding Unveils the Diet of a Flower‐Associated Coastal

    Gut Content Metabarcoding Unveils the Diet of a Flower‐Associated Coastal

    ECOSPHERE NATURALIST No guts, no glory: Gut content metabarcoding unveils the diet of a flower-associated coastal sage scrub predator PAUL MASONICK , MADISON HERNANDEZ, AND CHRISTIANE WEIRAUCH Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521 USA Citation: Masonick, P., M. Hernandez, and C. Weirauch. 2019. No guts, no glory: Gut content metabarcoding unveils the diet of a flower-associated coastal sage scrub predator. Ecosphere 10(5):e02712. 10.1002/ecs2.2712 Abstract. Invertebrate generalist predators are ubiquitous and play a major role in food-web dynamics. Molecular gut content analysis (MGCA) has become a popular means to assess prey ranges and specificity of cryptic arthropods in the absence of direct observation. While this approach has been widely used to study predation on economically important taxa (i.e., pests) in agroecosystems, it is less frequently used to study the broader trophic interactions involving generalist predators in natural communities such as the diverse and threatened coastal sage scrub communities of Southern California. Here, we employ DNA metabarcoding-based MGCA and survey the taxonomically and ecologically diverse prey range of Phymata pacifica Evans, a generalist flower-associated ambush bug (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). We detected predation on a wide array of taxa including beneficial pollinators, potential pests, and other predatory arthropods. The success of this study demonstrates the utility of MGCA in natural ecosystems and can serve as a model for future diet investigations into other cryptic and underrepresented communities. Key words: biodiversity; blocking primers; DNA detectability half-life; Eriogonum fasciculatum; food webs; intraguild predation; natural enemies. Received 24 January 2019; accepted 11 February 2019.