DOCSLIB.ORG

Assessment of Water Quality Index for Groundwater of Valsad District of South Gujarat (India)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assessment of Water Quality Index for Groundwater of Valsad District of South Gujarat (India) Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences ISSN 1112-9867 Available online at http://www.jfas.info ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY INDEX FOR GROUNDWATER OF VALSAD DISTRICT OF SOUTH GUJARAT (INDIA) P. Shroff and R. T. Vashi* Department of Chemistry, Navyug Science College, Rander Road, Surat, (Gujarat), India Received: 24 July 2013 / Accepted: 05 December 2013 / Published online: 31 December 2013 ABSTRACT The present study aims the assessment of the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of Valsad district of South Gujarat. Total fifteen sampling stations from five talukas of Valsad district were selected and groundwater samples were collected for two years (from August 2007 to July 2009). In this present study, WQI created by Canadian Council of Minister of the Environment (CCME) was used. For calculating the WQI, groundwater samples were analyzed for seventeen physico-chemical parameters like pH, Colour, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Total Alkalinity (TA), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Silica, Chloride, Sulphate, Fluoride, Sodium, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and metals like Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Manganese (Mn). The WQI for Valsad district suggests that the groundwater quality is marginal. Key Words: Ground Water, Water quality index, Valsad District, Gujarat 1. INTRODUCTION Water is essential for the survival of any forms of life. Water accounts for about 70% of the weight of a human body. Author Correspondence, e-mail: [email protected] ICID: 1078186 R. T. Vashi et al. J. Fundam Appl Sci. 2013, 5(2), 202-209 203 Even though 80% of the earth’s surface is covered by water, but 97% of earth’s water is saline to drink. 2.14% water is trapped in the giant glaciers and polar ice caps. Thus not even 1% quantity of water is available for drinking, agriculture, domestic and industrial consumption1. According to WHO, about 80% of all the diseases in human beings are caused by water [1]. Groundwater is the major source of water supply for domestic purpose in urban as well as rural parts of India. Once the groundwater is contaminated, its quality cannot be restored by stopping the pollutants from the source. It therefore becomes imperative to regularly monitor the quality of groundwater and to device ways and means to protect it. [2] The physical and chemical parameters of groundwater play a significant role in classifying and assessing water quality. Water quality index is one of the most effective tools [3-6] to communicate information on the quality of water to the concerned citizens and policy makers. It, thus, becomes an important parameter for the assessment and management of groundwater. WQI is defined as a rating reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters. WQI is calculated from the point of view of the suitability of groundwater for human consumption. The advantages of an index include its ability to represent measurements of a variety of variables in a single number, its ability to combine various measurements in a variety of different measurement units in a single metric and its effectiveness as a communication tool. In this present study, WQI created by Canadian Council of Minister of the Environment (CCME) was used. In India, WQI of ground water was studied by Singh D.K. et al. [7] at Hasanpur, Uttar Pradesh, by Rajankar et al. [8] at Nagpur region, Maharastra, by Ramakrishnaiah C.R. et al. [9] at Tumkar Taluk, Karnataka and by Dhakad N.K. et al.[10] at Jhabua Town, Madhya Pradesh.The present study was carried out to study water quality index of at Valsad District of South Gujarat,India. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Valsad district is laid between 200 8’ to 210 9’ N latitudes, and 620 39’ to 730 30’ E longitudes. The area is 2947.59 sq.km. It has main four rivers named Auranga, Par, Damanganga and kolak. Average rain fall in the area was 90 -110 inch. The district has five talukas namely Valsad, Pardi, Umargam, Kaprada and Dharampur. It would be useful to assess the groundwater quality of the district by deriving WQI. Three sampling stations from each taluka were selected on the basis of R. T. Vashi et al. J. Fundam Appl Sci. 2013, 5(2), 202-209 204 the location demand. Total fifteen sampling stations were selected for assessment of WQI for groundwater of Valsad district. The sampling stations designated S1 to S15. The location of sampling stations is shown in Fig. 1. Fig.1. Location of sampling stations The groundwater samples were collected in 2L polythene bottles which were thoroughly washed twice with the water to be analyzed. The physico-chemical parameters like pH, EC, color, Total R. T. Vashi et al. J. Fundam Appl Sci. 2013, 5(2), 202-209 205 hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Total Alkalinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Silica, Chloride, Sulphate, Fluoride, Sodium, COD and metals like Copper, Lead and Manganese were estimated as per APHA [11] .All the reagents and Standards were prepared freshly at the time of analysis. The CCME water quality index has also been adopted by the UNEP for evaluating the quality of water in different countries around the globe [12]. The CCME Water Quality Index (CWQI) takes the form [13] 2 2 2 1/2 WQI = 100 – {[F1 + F2 + F3 ] / 1.732} Where; Scope (F1) is number of variables not met. Frequency (F2) is the number of times the objectives are not met. Amplitude (F3) is the extent to which objectives exceeded. The computed CWQI values are classified meeting water quality objectives. into five types, “excellent” to “Poor”, shown in Table 1. Table 1. CWQI rating for Water quality [13] WQI Rating Significance 95-100 Excellent Water quality is protected with a virtual absence of threat or impairment; conditions very close to natural or pristine levels. These index values can only be obtained if all measurements are within objectives virtually all of the time 80-94 Good Water quality is protected with only a minor degree of threat or impairment; conditions rarely depart from natural or desirable levels. 65-79 Fair Water quality is usually protected but occasionally threatened or impaired; conditions sometimes depart from natural or desirable levels. 45-64 Marginal Water quality is frequently threatened or impaired; conditions often depart from natural or desirable levels. 0-44 Poor Water quality is almost always threatened or impaired; conditions usually depart from natural or desirable levels. R. T. Vashi et al. J. Fundam Appl Sci. 2013, 5(2), 202-209 206 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The result of groundwater analysis for study period Aug 2007 – July 2009 was shown in Table 2 with min., max. and average values. The IS standard [14] values are described in Table 3. pH is a method of expressing hydrogen ion concentration. In present study, the pH of the water samples were found to be in range of 6.4 to 8.3 indicating the presence of very weak basic salts. Color in water may result from the presence of natural metallic ions (iron and manganese), humus and peat materials, plankton, weeds, and industrial wastes. Value of color ranges from BDL to 28 hazen. Electrical Conductivity (EC) value is an index to represent the total concentration of soluble salts in water.Results indicate,, EC was ranges from 0.169 to 3.63 mmho/cm. The term ‘hardness’ is one of the oldest terms used to describe characteristics of water. Total hardness (TH) was varied from 70 to 1060 mg/l at various locations. Calcium concentrations at various sampling locations ranges between 18 to 269 mg/l, while magnesium concentration ranged between 3.7 to 132.4 mg/l. Alkalinity is a measure of capacity of water to neutralize acids. In present study, total alkalinity is varied from 65 to 570 mg/l, which is within the limit.Total dissolved solids (TDS) in water varied from 149 to 3200 mg/l at various locations, indicating the variation is very high. Degradation of silica containing rocks results in the presence of silica in natural waters as suspended particles, in a colloidal or polymeric state, and as silisic acids or silicate ions [11]. Silica was found between 5 to 50 mg/l. Chloride ion is one of the major inorganic anions in water. The concentration of chloride ranged from 7.1 to 1180 mg./l. Sulfate is widely distributed in nature and may be present in natural waters in concentrations ranging from a few to several thousand milligrams per liter [11]. In present study, the sulphate concentration is also found within limit. Accurate determination of fluoride has increased in importance with the growth of practice of fluoridation of water supplies as a public health measures. Fluoride is more common in groundwater than surface water. The main sources of fluoride in groundwater are the fluorine bearing minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks [15]. Result indicate the fluoride concentration was found within limit. The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is used as a measure of the oxygen equivalent of the organic matter content of a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant [11]. In present study, the COD value was ranges from ND to 28 mg/l. Metals with specific R. T. Vashi et al. J. Fundam Appl Sci. 2013, 5(2), 202-209 207 gravity greater than 5 or often more are termed as heavy metals. The term simply used to denote metals that are toxic [15]. Overall the concentration of Copper, Lead and Manganese was found within limit. Sodium is the dominant cation in most mineralized groundwater with the exception of gypsiferous and many Ca-HCO3 waters [16] . In the present study, sodium concentration ranges from 7.8 to 837 mg/l.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Groundwater Brochure the Dang District Gujarat
    For Official Use Technical Report Series GROUNDWATER BROCHURE THE DANG DISTRICT GUJARAT Compiled by B.K.Gupta Scientist – C Government of India Ministry of Water Resources Central Ground Water Board West Central Region Ahmedabad March, 2014 THE DANG DISTRICT AT A GLANCE Sl.No. Items Statistics 1 GENERAL INFORMATION i) Geographical area as per state territory/as per village papers 1764 (Sq. Km) ii) Administrative Divisions (As on 3/2010) : Number of Talukas/ One / Number of villages/ No of villages having drinking water facility as on 1.04.2009 311/311 iii) Populations (As on 2011 census) 227000 Population density 126/sq.km iv) Average Annual Rainfall (mm) (1951to 1980) 1928, normal annual rain fall (mm), 2011 1635 2 GEOMORPHOLOGY Major Physiographic Units: Deccan Trap country, terraced topography with flat topped conical hills, Small plateau and steep sided narrow valleys. ( RL between 105 to 1317 m above sea level) Major Drainages: Purna, Ambika, Khapri , Gira and Ghogha 3 MAJOR SOIL TYPES: Lateritic soils, deep black clayey and loamy soils and red sandy soils. 4 NUMBERS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS CGWB (As on 31-03-2012) No of Dug Wells 25 No of Piezometers 2 5 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS: Deccan trap basalt with dykes. 6 HYDROGEOLOGY Major Water Bearing Formations: Deccan trap basalt with dikes and alluvium. Pre- monsoon depth to water level ( May 2012) 2.89m (Jakhana) to 12.38 m ( Mheskatri) Post- monsoon depth to water level (November 2012) 0.50m (Jakhana/ChinchPada/Ghubita) to 9.55m (Mhesktri) The seasonal ( Pre-Post
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of Coastal Areas of Valsad, South Gujarat
    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426 Biodiversity of Coastal Areas of Valsad, South Gujarat Ayantika Das1, Jigna Desai2 1, 2Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Department of Biosciences, Surat, India Abstract: The present study documents the diversity and quantitative assessment of fringing mangroves in these nine different estuarine regions of Valsad district of South Gujarat. The most outstanding feature of our study is that we observed four species of mangrove and sixspecies of mangrove associate namely Avicennia marina, Sonneratia apetala, Salvadora persica, Acanthus illicifolius, Ipomoea pes caprae, Sesuviarum portulacastrum, Clerodendrum inerme, Derris heterophylla, Cressa cretica,and Aeluropus lagopoides.The dominant mangroves in these areas are Avicennia species and Acanthus illicifolius.Earlier works included Rhizophora mucronata which was not found during this study in any of the nine spots of mangrove forests.We have used the Jaccardian similarity index to analysis the floral diversity of our mangrove sites. Our studyhighlighted the relation between water quality parameters, environmental and anthropogenic stress and speciescomposition and structures of mangrove. Keywords: Quantitative assessment, anthropogenic pressures,water quality parameter 1. Introduction indicates that mangroves can change over from C3 to C4 photosynthesis under salt stress. Mangroves are prolific seed According to Chapman. 1976 coastal vegetation in India is producer that has higher viability as compared to other types categorized as – (1) marine algae(seagrasses) of littoral and of plants, also they are quick to attain height and biomass sublittoral zone, (2) algal vegetation of brackish and (Alongi. 2002). saltwater marshes, (3) vegetation of sand dunes, (4) vegetation of drift lines, (5) vegetation of shingle beach, (6) Though they breed sand flies and mosquitoes their benefits vegetation of coastal cliffs, rocky shores and coral reefs exceed their few disadvantages.
    [Show full text]
  • Bank of India Staff Union Surat & South Gujarat Branches
    Bank of India Staff Union Surat & South Gujarat Branches C /o. Bank of India,Surat (Main) Branch, 1st Floor, P.B.No.226,Lalgate, Surat-395003 .Regd. No.700 BRIEF HISTORY Bank of India Staff Union Surat & South Gujarat Branches is one of the oldest constituent of our esteem Federation of Bank of India Staff Unions. It was formed on 6th June 1949. Late com. Amratlal Desai was the first General Secretary and founder member of the unit. He was a very simple man with high moral. Com. Amratlal had the distinction of participating as member from union in the discussion which led to promulgation of Desai Award. Our unit showed its militancy by going for All India Strike for 40 days along with Kolkata union in the year 1951 under the leadership of late Com H. T. Ghadiali and late Com. Amratlal Desai. After the All India Strike, our unit continued its Strike for more days as the Bank was reluctant to take back clerks those were on probation or on temporary employment. Our leaders showed their commitment, conviction and the exemplary leadership quality to stand against bank’s vindictive attitude. Ultimately after 52 days, good sense prevailed upon management and strike was called off after all the clerks were reinstated in the Bank. Subsequently Late Com. Yogesh Desai and Com. Suman Desai, consolidated the union activities in the State organization as well as in Surat city union activities. They also lead from the front and had contributed immensely towards the movements of Federation . Present General Secretary Com. Jayesh Desai and President Com Anil Dubey are leading the unit with their young team of office bearers since 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • D. Cash Crops Sr
    JUNAGADH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, JUNAGADH D. Cash crops Sr. No. Variety/ Hybrid 9. Cotton 9.1 Gujarat Junagadh Cotton 101 (GJC 101) 9.2 Gujarat Junagadh Cotton 102 (GJ. Cot 102) 9.3 Gujarat Cotton Hybrid 22 (G. Cot. Hy 22) 10. Sugarcane 10.1 Gujarat Sugarcane 5 (GS 5) 9. Cotton 9.1 Gujarat Junagadh Cotton 101 (GJC 101) 1 Name of crop Cotton 2 Botanical name Gossypium hirsutum L. 3 Name of variety Gujarat Junagadh Cotton 101 (GJC 101) 4 Parentage with details of its Deviraj x Bikaneri Narma pedigree 5 Breeding method Hybridization followed by pedigree method of selection. 6 Year of release 2012-13 7 Gazette notification S. O. 3540 (E) & Date: 22.11.2016 8 Acknowledge particulars about GJC 101 (GJHV-460) IC: 611324 the submission of germplasm samples with NBPGR 9 Potential yield (kg/ha) Seed cotton 2372 and Lint 757 10 Average yield (kg/ha) Seed cotton 2107 and Lint 676 11 Recommended regions/areas of Irrigated conditions during kharif season in adoption Saurashtra, North Gujarat and South Gujarat. 12 Characteristics/Distinguishing morphological in brief: Plant height (cm) 100-120 Days to flowering 75-85 Locules/boll 4 Lint index 4.2 Seed index (g) 9.1 Monopodia per plant 3-5 Sympodia per plant 15-18 Plant growth habit Semi open Colour of the Plant Green Hairiness Short hair Leaf shape Palmate Flower colour Cream Pollen colour Yellow Petal spot Absent Boll shape Ovate and pointed Boll opening Good Lint colour White 13 Agronomical Practices Condition of sowing: Irrigated kharif condition Time of sowing: 15th June to 10th July Sowing distance: 120 x 45 cm.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversification of Agroforestry Systems in Navsari District of South Gujarat
    Content list available at http://epubs.icar.org.in, www.kiran.nic.in; ISSN: 0970-6429 Indian Journal of Hill Farming June 2017, Volume 30, Issue 1, Page 70-72 Diversification of Agroforestry Systems in Navsari District of South Gujarat N.R. Singh1* . A. Arunachalam2 . J.B. Bhusara1 . M. J. Dobryal1 . R.P. Gunaga1 1College of Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, NAU, Navsari 396450, Gujarat 2Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi 110001 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Agroforestry have the potential to meet the ever increasing demand for diversified Received 15 June 2016 products such as food, fiber, fodder, fruit, fuel and timber. Challenges in Revision Received 4 October 2016 Accepted 13 December 2016 diversification of existing farming systems warrants development of suitable ----------------------------------------------- agroforestry models for popularization and further adoption by the farmers. A Key words: agroforestry diversification Gujarat livelihoods survey taken in five talukas of Navsari district (Navsari, Gandevi, Jalalpore, Chikhli ---------------------------------------------- and Vansda) during 2015-16 to document the prevailing agroforestry systems revealed that the farmers prominently adopted five types of agroforestry systems viz., Agri-silvi-horticulture (ASH), Agri-silviculture (AS), Agri-horticulture (AH), Homegardens (HG) and Horti-pasture (HP) according to household requirements and livelihood security. The common systems recorded in these villages were mango+rice, sugarcane+teak
    [Show full text]
  • Brief Industrial Profile of NAVSARI District
    Government of India Ministry of MSME Brief Industrial Profile of NAVSARI District MSME – DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE Govt. of India Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises Harsiddh Chambers, 4th Floor, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad-380 014 Tel.No. 079-27543147 & 27544248, Fax No.079-27540619 E-mail : [email protected] Website: www.msmediahmedabad.gov.in CONTENTS -1- Brief Industrial Profile of Navsari District 1. General Characteristics of the District: 1.1 Location & Geographical Area : Navsari district is located between 20.07’- 21.00’ North Latitude and 72.43’-73.00’ East Longtitude.The district is located in the South Eastern part of Gujarat state in the coastal low land along Purna river. The total geographical areas of Navsari district is 2657.56 Sq.Kms. It is a coastal district open to the Arabian Sea from West and is bounded by Valsad disrict on the North. On the East, it is contiguous to Dand district in Gujarat. 1.1.2 Topography : Navsari district was craved out on the erstwhile – unified Valsad district with effect from 2nd October, 1997. The district can be distinctly divided into three Agro-climatically divisons 1) Forest and hilly tracts of the Eastern parts comprising Vansda bloct. 2) Saline Soils due to inundation by sea of Western parts comprising parts in Gandevi and Jalalpore blocks. 3) Black Fertile soils of the central parts comprising Navsari, Gandevi and Chikhl Blocks. The area between East and West of Navsari District is known as “Green Belt” which is suitable for gardening and nuserries. # Navsari district offers good scope for entrepreneurs to establish new industrial units for manufacturing various products.
    [Show full text]
  • Amreli Volume-2 2017
    `````` 1 District-Amreli Volume-2 2017 Amreli Volume-2 [ DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN-AMRELI ] Emergency Operatiion Centre, Collllectorate, Amrellii. Incorporate wiith Gujjarat State Diisaster Management Authoriity District Emergency Operation Centre Collector Office, Disaster Management Branch, Amreli. 2 District-Amreli Volume-2 Emergency Operation Centre, Collectorate, Amreli. Incorporate with Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority . District Emergency Operation Centre Collector Office, Disaster Management Branch, Amreli . 3 District-Amreli Volume-2 District Emergency Operation Centre Collector Office, Disaster Management Branch, Amreli. 4 District-Amreli Volume-2 List Of Abbreviation AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome APMC Agricultural Produce Market Committee AE Assistant Engineer AH Animal Husbandry ATI Administrative Training Institute ATS Anti Terrorist Squad ATVT Apno Taluko Vibrant Taluko BPL Below Poverty Line BRC Block Resource Centre CBO Community Based Organization CDHO Chief District Health Officer CDPO Child Development Project Officer CHC Community Health Center CRC Community Resource Centre CRF Calamity Relief Fund CSO Civil Society Organization DCMG District Crisis Management Group DDMA District Disaster Management Authority DDMP District Disaster Management Plan DDO District Development Officer DEOC District Emergency Operation Centre DGVCL Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Limited DISH Directorate of Industrial Safety and Health DM Disaster Management DPO District Project Officer DRM Disaster Risk Management
    [Show full text]
  • Navsari INDEX
    Navsari INDEX 1 Navsari: A Snapshot 2 Economy and Industry Profile 3 Industrial Locations/ Infrastructure 4 Support Infrastructure 5 Social Infrastructure 6 Tourism Investment Opportunities 7 8 Annexure 2 1 Navsari: A Snapshot 3 Introduction: Navsari Map 1: District Map of Navsari with talukas § Navsari district is located in the south eastern part of Gujarat state in the coastal lowland along Purna river § The district has 5 talukas of which Navsari, Gandevi, and Chikhli are major talukas § The district abounds in sugarcane fields, chikoo plantations, and mango trees § Navsari is known for its floriculture activities and sugar business § The focus sectors of the district are agro & food • Jalalpor processing industries, textiles, drugs & pharmaceuticals, • Navsari mineral related industries, and marine based industries • Gandevi § Famous historical place Dandi and Vansda National • Chikhli Park are located in Navsari • Vansda Source: Navsari District Profile Booklet 2006-07 4 Fact File 72.43° to 73.00 ° East (Longitude) Geographical Location 20.07° to 21.00 ° North (Latitude) 40 ° Centigrade (Maximum) Temperature 10 ° Centigrade (Minimum) Avg. Rainfall 2000 mm Rivers Kaveri, Mindhola, Purna, Khareraand Ambica Area 2,196 sq. km District Headquarter Navsari Talukas 5 Population 12,29,463 (As per Census 2001) Population Density 556 Persons per sq. km Sex Ratio 955 Females per 1000 Males Literacy Rate 75.99% Language Gujarati, Hindi, and English Seismic Zone Zone III Source: Navsari District Profile Booklet 2006-07 5 2 Economy and Industry Profile 6 Economy and Industry Profile § Textiles, diamond business, sugar industry, agro & food processing, paper, engineering and chemicals are some of the key business sectors in Navsari § The district has well developed floriculture and horticulture activities owing to its suitable climate and presence of a major player Best Roses Biotech Pvt.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastline of Gujarat 2012
    INTRODUCTION India has a coastline of about 7,500 km , with nearly 250 million people living within 50 km of the coast. The coastal area accounts for 130 cities and a very significant share of India's economic infrastructure. Maritime facilities, petroleum industries, and import-based industries are located in the coastal zone, in addition to a large number of poor villages that depend on fishing for livelihood. The coastal areas are also subject to recurrent natural disasters such as cyclones and floods, and the 2005 tsunami devastated large areas especially along the eastern coastal states. India's coastal zone is endowed with a wide range of mangroves, coral reefs, sea grasses, salt marshes, sand dunes, estuaries, lagoons, and unique marine and terrestrial flora and fauna. Due to increasing human population, urbanization and accelerated developmental activities, including industrial and maritime development, the coastal areas have been assuming greater importance in recent years. 1 India is home to numerous beaches as a result of its extensive coastline. Whether it is a secluded beach in Andamans or a party beach of Goa, beaches in India attract thousands of tourists every year. Kerala, Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Lakshwadeep, Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu offer spectacular beaches. The most popular ones in India are Anjuna, Dona Paula, Baga and Calangute Beaches in Goa; Juhu Beach in Maharashtra; Marari and Kovalam Beaches in Kerala and Marina Beach in Chennai. Gujarat in particular has great potential for Somnath Digha developing beach tourism. At about 1600 km, Gujarat Porbandar Chandipur Konark Diu Daman Bubhaneswar Dahanu on the west coast has the longest coastline amongst Puri Manori Gopalpur Kihim the Indian states and is bestowed with several good Bheemunipatnam Alibagh Waltair Hamai Vishakhapatnam beaches.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 State of Water Environment
    1 State of Water Environment 1.1 Availability of Water Resources Nature has endowed Gujarat with limited fresh water. The total renewable fresh water available, including the annual runoff from within the state and that allocated from the neighbouring states, and all the natural recharge of groundwater, is 54,593 MCM (IRMA, 2001). This gives a per capita renewable fresh water availability of 1137 m3 per annum for the year 2001 (IRMA 2001) and 830 m3 per annum for the year 2011 (Nawlawala 2011). Therefore, as per water stress index1, the state reached the status of “water stressed” in the year 2001 itself and over the decade per capita availability has decreased significantly. It is also predicted that the availability will be 738 M3 in 2015 and 601 M3 in 2025. But it need to be noted that the availability of water is heavily skewed towards south and central Gujarat, which has 69.5% of the total renewable fresh water. 1932 2000 1839 2001 2011 1500 1137 1000 876 830 734 526 465 427 500 247 0 Kutch Saurashtra North Gujarat South Gujarta Total Figure 3-1 Changing Per Capita Availability of Water (in M3 per Annum) 1 The Falkenmark water stress index measures per capita water availability and considers that a per capita water availability of between 1000 and 1600 m3 indicates water stress, 500–1000 m3 indicates chronic water scarcity, while a per capita water availability below 500 m3 indicates a country or region beyond the ‘water barrier’ of manageable capability (Falkenmark and Widstrand, 1992) The study by Amarasinghe et.al.(2005) confirms these observations.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversification of Agriculture in Gujarat: a Spatio-Temporal Analysis
    Ind. Jo. qf Agri. Econ. Vol. 53, No. 4. Oct.-Dee. /998 RESEARCH NOTES Diversification of Agriculture in Gujarat: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis R.L. Shiyani and H.R. Pandya* INTRODUCTION Indian rural economy is tiasically considered to be crop economy. The level of diversi- fication of crop enterprises reflects the extent of economic development in the rural sector. The omnipresent problem facing the farmers lies in the decision-making about the profitable levels of diversification of crop farming. For the rural economy, in general and, small and marginal farmers in particular, the crop diversification has been largely considered as a ray of hope for their economic uplift. The diversification in agriculture is also practised with a view to avoiding risk and uncertainty clue to climatic and biological vagaries. In the early stage of development, the farmers generally grow subsistence crops. With the increase in human population, they try to produce more to maximise total farm output. In the third stage, they again diversify their agriculture to strengthen the existiing level of development (Chand and Singh, 1985). The introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) and new technology not only leads to intensification of farming but also results in the growth of diversified farming leading to spill-over benefits to the whole farming community. The levels of crop diversification vary for different regions because of varied agro-climatic conditions and resource endowments of the farmers. The present study is, therefore, aimed at examining the levels of crop diversification in different agro-climatic zones of Gujarat over a period of time. METHODOLOGY Gujarat Plains and Hills Region (zone 13) encompasses the state of Gujarat.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance of Mango in South Gujarat Region
    Agriculture Update | August & November, 2010 | Vol. 5 | Issue 3 & 4| 480-482 | RESEARCH ARTICLE Performance of mango in South Gujarat region G.S. JAYPATRE, K.S. PATEL, S.B. GAJBHIYE AND P.R. AWAGHAD See end of the article for ABSTRACT authors’ affiliations The trends in area, production and productivity of mango crop in South Gujarat Region were estimated in the present study. The district wise time series data on area, production and productivity of mango crop Correspondence to : were collected from General Statistical Information of Agricultural Department published by Govt. of G.S.JAYPATRE Gujarat. The entire study was split into two sub periods, i.e. period I (1990-91 to 1997-98) and period II Department of (1998-99 to 2007-08). Different districts of South Gujarat region were classified into two different periods. Agricultural Economics Period I included Bharuch, Surat and Valsad districts and period II included Bharuch, Surat, Valsad, Dang, and Statistics, Navsari and Narmada districts. The results revealed that Linear Growth Rate for mango was non-significant in both the periods, but Compound Growth Rate for mango was significant in both the periods. For Valsad Navsari Agricultural district, the production and productivity of mango was highly significant in 2nd period as compared to 1st University, NAVSARI period of South Gujarat region. The results for the instability index for area, production and productivity (GUJARAT) INDIA were found higher in period II as compare to period I. INTRODUCTION i.e. period I- (1990-9 to 1997-98) and period he mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the II- (1998-99 to 2007-08).
    [Show full text]