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Ornamentos-Musicais.Pdf JEAN RICARDO MARQUES ORNAMENTOS Musicais SALVADOR 2014 1 SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO ...............................................................................................3 2. TIPOS DE ORNAMENTOS NA MÚSICA ERUDITA ......................................3 3. TIPOS DE ORNAMENTOS NA MÚSICA POPULAR ....................................8 4. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ..........................................................................12 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................ 13 2 1. INTRODUÇÃO Este estudo trata dos ornamentos na música erudita, também chamados de “efeitos” na música popular. Em música, são chamados ornamentos os embelezamentos e decorações de uma melodia, expressos através de pequenas notas ou sinais especiais. A ornamentação fazia muito sentido nos séculos XIV até XVI devido ao amplo uso do Cravo. Este instrumento por sua vez, não segurava uma nota por tanto tempo quanto o Piano, deixando assim lacunas entre uma nota e outra ou o término de um tema e o início de um desenvolvimento/cadência. Desta forma os ornamentos tornaram-se amplamente utilizados neste período. Na musica Erudita, os ornamentos possuem características próprias sobre as notas que englobam e as notas que acrescentam. São eles o: Trinado (ou Trilo), Mordente, Grupetto (ou Gruppeto, Gruppetto, Grupeto), Appoggiatura (ou Apogiatura, Apojatura), Floreio, Portamento, Cadência (ou Cadenza), Arpeggio (ou Arpejo, Harpejo) e Glissando. Ornamentos na música popular consistem em extrair sonoridades e interpretações diferentes que incidem sobre determinado trecho musical, mediante a utilização de diversos sistemas de execução. Esses efeitos tem origem na guitarra elétrica e foram adaptados e usados nos baixos elétrico e são, em parte, aquilo que define a peculiaridade do músico. 2. TIPOS DE ORNAMENTOS NA MÚSICA ERUDITA Segue abaixo os ornamentos mais usados na música erudita: a) Trinado Esta representado por um tr colocado sempre acima da nota independente se ela tem a haste virada para cima ou para baixo. Quando há duas vozes na pauta, o trinado é posto sempre acima da haste. A função do trinado é acrescentar mais uma nota à nota principal, sendo que o valor do trinado é sempre igual ao valor da nota principal. Existem quatro casos de trinados: Trinado Simples, Trinado Alterado , trinado precedido de appoggiatura ou floreio e trinado sucedido de appoggiatura ou floreio. 3 Figura 1 – Símbolo do trinado e execução b) Mordente Ornamento representado por uma pequena linha curva, parecida com um M. Como o trinado, o mordente engloba a nota principal e uma segunda, que pode estar a um semitom ou tom de distância. Porém, há duas diferenças: o trinado usa uma quantidade incerta de repetições nas duas notas e o intervalo é sempre superior. Já o mordente usa, no total, apenas três notas e pode ser superior ou inferior às vezes chamado invertido. Figura 2 - Mordente superior e inferior Figura 3 – Execução das Mordentes superior e inferior c) Grupeto É um ornamento bastante comum representado por o que se parece com um S deitado. É como uma junção de um mordente superior com um inferior, ou vice-versa. Tanto como mordentes, o grupeto possui um número determinado de notas que abrange, e pode ser superior ou inferior (invertido). O grupeto pode abranger 3, 4 ou 5 notas, dependendo de sua localização em relação à nota principal e dependendo da próxima nota após a principal. Figura 4 – Exemplos de grupetos Figura 5 – Execução dos grupetos escritos na figura 4. 4 d) Apogiatura Um dos ornamentos mais usados. Sempre consiste em uma ou duas notas, que estão sempre antecedendo a principal. Quando de uma única nota, é representada por uma pequena figura, que pode estar cortada por um traço diagonal ou não. Quando de duas notas, é sempre representada por pequenas semicolcheias. Existem dois tipos de apogiaturas: a simples e a dupla (ou sucessiva). Para as apogiaturas simples, existem mais dois tipos: a breve e a longa. As apogiaturas podem ser superiores ou inferiores. Para as simples, será superior se a apogiatura estiver num intervalo acima da nota principal e inferior se estiver num intervalo abaixo. Para as duplas, será superior se a primeira nota estiver acima e inferior se estiver abaixo. Todas as apogiaturas sempre estão ligadas à nota principal por uma ligadura de legato. A apogiatura breve é, por muitas vezes, chamada de "acciaccatura” Figura 6 – Representação escrita de Figura 7 – Execução de apogiatura. apogiatura Figura 8 – Exemplo de uma Acciaccatura e sua execução. e) Floreio Ornamento semelhante à apogiatura, representado por pequenas figuras antecedendo uma nota. Podemos dividir os casos dos floreios em dois: Floreio de 1 nota e Floreio de 2 notas ou mais. Figura 9 – Floreio. Figura 10 – Exemplos de Floreios. 5 f) Portamento Este ornamento não é tão usado como os outros. Muitos confundem o portamento com o portato. Porém, são duas coisas extremamente diferentes. O portato é o sinal de acentuação que consiste em um grupo de notas em staccato, todas ligadas por uma ligadura de legato. Já o portamento é um ornamento derivado da appoggiatura e do floreio. Há apenas um tipo de Portamento. Figura 11 – Exemplos de Portamento Figura 12 – Execução de Portamento em La donna è mobile de Verdi. g) Cadenza É muito usada em improvisações. Também é comum em andamentos lentos, codas e codettas. A cadenza é formada por um número ilimitado de pequenas notas que sempre ultrapassam o valor de tempos do compasso. As notas sempre possuem uma relativa proporção na duração dos valores de seus tempos. Quase sempre estão após uma fermata ou suspensão. Em outras palavras, a cadenza é a execução livre de um grupo de várias notas. Muitos confundem a Cadenza com a Cadência (sucessão de intervalos de acordes que finalizam uma frase musical). Figura 13 – Execução de Cadenza 6 h) Arpegio Ornamento usado para embelezar um acorde de, pelo menos, duas notas simultâneas (intervalo harmônico). É representado por uma linha curva vertical que percorre o lado esquerdo das notas que serão arpejadas. As notas de um acorde em arpegio devem ser executadas uma de cada vez, rapidamente, mas não devem ser descontinuadas. Figura 14 – O Arpegio e sua Execução i) Glissando É um ornamento representado por uma linha ondulada ligando uma nota à outra. Geralmente as notas têm um intervalo relativamente grande entre elas e a linha do glissando fica na diagonal. O glissando é, por vezes, abreviado por "Gliss.". Além da linha ondulada, ele pode ser representado pela abreviação entre duas notas. A execução do glissando é tocar rapidamente todas as notas entre as duas escritas, da primeira a segunda. Se a segunda nota está abaixo da primeira, o glissando será inferior. Se a segunda estiver acima, o glissando será superior. Um bom exemplo de execução do glissando é deslizar os dedos pelas teclas brancas do piano ou pelas cordas da harpa, começando na primeira nota escrita e terminando na segunda. Figura 15 – Representações do Glissando Figura 16 – Execução cromática do glissando 7 3. TIPOS DE ORNAMENTOS NA MÚSICA POPULAR Segue abaixo alguns dos ornamentos usados na música popular. As figuras são trechos dos exercícios retirados da revista Bass Player. a) Slide Consiste em escorregar os dedos pelas casas mantendo a corda pressionada, em outras palavras, o mesmo glissando da musica erudita com uma representação parecida. É aconselhável que se treine com todos os dedos escala. Figura 17 – Execução de Slide b) Bend Também chamado de técnica da torção, no qual se levanta a corda até a tonalidade desejada as representações são feitas por meio de uma seta ascendente representando a entonação da torção. Na figura abaixo temos dois exemplos; o Bend e o Reverse Bend quando se ataca a nota "Bendeada" fazendo-a retornar ao ponto original. Figura 18 – Bend e Reverse Bend 8 c) Hammer-on Representado pela letra H acima da nota, consiste em tocar notas nas quais o ataque é dado na primeira nota e a segunda e percutida pelos outros dedos da mão. Figura 19 – Exemplos de Hammer-on d) Pull-off Trata-se do movimento inverso do hammer-on, quando se ataca a nota e a próxima deve ser tocada por meio de uma leve puxada para baixo, com o dedo fazendo soar a nota descendente previamente pressionada. Os movimentos de hammer-on e pull-off costumam se fazer presentes principalmente em apogiaturas e frases nas quais se quer obter uma sonoridade diferente. O Pull- off é simbolizado pela Letra P. Figura 20 – No segundo compasso Pull-off em tercinas e) Vibrato Efeito produzido pela vibração da nota em repouso, consiste em fazer vibrar a nota em repouso. Na Figura 21 temos o vibrato vertical, em que se movimenta a corda para cima e para baixo, o impulso inicial é para cima, aos poucos, em movimentos constantes e deixe a corda voltar ao ponto de origem controlando a sua volta. O simbolo usado para representar o vibrato é parecido com um M em forma de linha horizontal. 9 Figura 21 – No primeiro compasso um vibrato com duração de semibreve f) Shake É o vibrato horizontal. Se dá pelo posicionamento dos dedos próximos ao traste da frente e retornando ao ponto inicial e movimentos repetitivos, silmulando uma especie de trêmulo exemplificado na figura 22. Normalmente esse tipo de vibrato vem como resolução de frase. Como no vibrato o simbolo usado para sua representação e o M em linha horizontal acrecentado um tr no inicio. Figura 22 – Shake o vibrato horizontal g) Trill Uma espécie de vibrato execultado com hammer-on e pull-off em intervalos de segunda menor, em uma velocidade extremamente rapida, fazendo com que soasse como vibratos. Assim como o shake a representação do Trill é o M em linha horizontal com o tr acima da nota. Este ornamento pode ser considerado o mesmo usado na música Erudita. 10 Figura 23 – Representação do Trill h) Legato slide Funciona como uma espécie de pedal point em slide, funcionando como uma base. O indicador se move para frente e para trás, com os outros dedos formando intervalos, na Fig.
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