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C) Rail Transport EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT WORKING DOCUMENT LOGISTICS SYSTEMS IN COMBINED TRANSPORT 3743 EN 1-1998 This publication is available in the following languages: FR EN PUBLISHER: European Parliament Directorate-General for Research L-2929 Luxembourg AUTHOR: Ineco - Madrid SUPERVISOR: Franco Piodi Economic Affairs Division Tel.: (00352) 4300-24457 Fax : (00352) 434071 The views expressed in this document are those of the author.and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation are authorized, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is informed in advance and forwarded a copy. Manuscript completed in November 1997. Logistics systems in combined transport CONTENTS Page Chapter I INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1 Chapter I1 INFRASTRUCTURES FOR COMBINED TRANSPORT ........... 6 1. The European transport networks .............................. 6 2 . European Agreement on Important International Combined Transport Lines and related installations (AGTC) ................ 14 3 . Nodal infrastructures ....................................... 25 a) Freight villages ......................................... 25 b) Ports and port terminals ................................... 33 c) Rail/port and roadrail terminals ............................ 37 Chapter I11 COMBINED TRANSPORT TECHNIQUES AND PROBLEMS ARISING FROM THE DIMENSIONS OF INTERMODAL UNITS . 56 1. Definitions and characteristics of combined transport techniques .... 56 2 . Technical and logistic aspects of palletization and containerization . 68 3 . Impact of the introduction of IS0 series 2 containters on modes oftransport ............................................... 74 a) General aspects ......................................... 74 b) Sea transport ........................................... 76 c) Rail transport ........................................... 79 d) Road transport .......................................... 81 e) Transport by inland waterway .............................. 83 4. Impact of large intermodal units .............................. 84 a) Effects on railway infrastructure of the introduction of large containers ....................................... 84 b) Effects of large containers on terminals ....................... 97 c) Effects of large containers on rolling stock ................... 102 5. Technical innovations ...................................... 105 a) Infrastructures: "freightways" and the American experience ...... 105 b) Terminals ............................................ 111 c) Rolling stock .......................................... 119 Chapter IV ORGANIZATION OF THE COMBINED TRANSPORT MARKET INEUROPE ............................................. 132 ... .111 . PE 167.055 Logistics systems in combined transport Page Chapter V INTEROPERABILITY. MANAGEMENT AND DATA- PROCESSING SYSTEMS FOR COMBINED TRANSPORT ...... 155 1. Rail interoperability in Europe .............................. 155 a) Generic problems relating to rail interoperability ............... 156 b) Interoperability projects .................................. 165 1. Projects by the European Rail Research Institute (ERRI) ...... 165 2 . DG XI11 projects and fourth R+D framework programme ..... 171 3 . Telematics applications in road transport .................. 174 4. Interport project .................................... 176 2 . Organization and management of combined transport in Europe ... 177 a) Public and private management ............................ 180 b) Marketing ............................................ 180 c) Quality of services ...................................... 182 d) Documentation management in combined transport ............. 183 3 . Data-processing systems in combined transport ................. 185 a) The Hermes network in Europe's railways .................... 185 b) System based on "Electronic Data Interchange" (EDI) ........... 191 c) The Intercom project .................................... 194 d) Computer systems in terminals ............................ 203 Chapter VI COMMUNITY LEGISLATION AND NATIONAL POLICIES FOR DEVELOPING COMBINED TRANSPORT ............... 206 1 . Community legislation and the European Union's railways policy . 207 a) The White Paper ....................................... 207 b) Transport policy documents supporting combined transport ...... 209 c) Specific regulations on combined transport ................... 212 1. Competition rules ................................... 212 2 . Financial aid ....................................... 215 3 . Transport network ................................... 217 d) Community rules on road transport ......................... 218 e) Rules governing maritime transport ......................... 221 f) Rules governing inland waterways .......................... 222 .iv . PE 167.055 Logistics systems in combined transport 2. Directive 9 1/440/EEC ...................................... 222 3 . From road transport to combined transport .................... 233 4. National policies on combined transport ....................... 237 a) Importance of combined transport at national level ............. 237 b) Aid for combined transport ............................... 238 1. Investment aid ...................................... 239 2 . Operational aid ..................................... 240 3 . Fiscal aid .......................................... 241 4 . Other aid measures .................................. 242 5 . Other combined transport planning measures .............. 244 Chapter VI1 PASSENGER RAIWAIR INTERMODALITY AND THROUGH BOOKING OF JOURNEYS ................................. 246 1 . Distribution in the air transport sector ........................ 247 a) Computerized reservation systems .......................... 247 1. General applications of computerized reservations systems .... 247 2. GDS systems currently in operation ..................... 248 3 . GDS systems in Europe ............................... 249 b) Economic aspects of GDS distribution ....................... 253 c) Legal aspects .......................................... 254 d) Ticketing in air transport ................................. 255 e) Air transport distribution through travel agencies .............. 256 1. Characteristics of air transport distribution through travel agencies ...................................... 256 2 . Economic aspects ................................... 258 3. Legal aspects .code of conduct ......................... 258 2 . Distribution in the rail transport sector ........................ 259 a) Rail distribution ........................................ 259 1. The communications infrastructure linking the European railways ........................................... 260 2 . Characteristics of the rail CRS systems ................... 260 3 . Economic aspects of the CRS systems .................... 263 b) Marketing passenger rail transport .......................... 263 c) Ticketing in rail transport ................................ 265 -v- PE 167.055 Logistics systems in combined transport 3 . Intermodality in passenger transport .......................... 265 a) Rail/air intermodality in Europe ............................ 265 b) Distribution in intermodal transport ......................... 266 1. Technical aspects: connection methods ................... 266 2 . Economic aspects: the cost of connections ................. 269 3 . Connections between current systems .................... 270 c) Marketing intermodal tickets .............................. 271 1. Distribution of intermodal tickets by travel agencies ......... 271 2 . Economic aspects of marketing intermodal tickets .......... 273 4. Trends in distributing and booking tickets ..................... 274 a) Booking and sale of air. rail and intermodal tickets via the Internet ......................................... 274 1 . On-line sales ....................................... 276 2 . Economic aspects ................................... 277 3 . Technical aspects ................................... 278 b) Ticketing in the future: ticketless and chipcard systems .......... 279 1. Ticketless systems or electronic ticketing ................. 279 2 . Chipcards or smartcards .............................. 279 3. Technical aspects of the ticketless and chipcard systems ...... 280 4 . Legal aspects of the ticketless and chipcard systems ......... 280 5. Psychological aspects of the ticketless and chipcard systems ... 281 c) The future of GDS systems ............................... 282 d) The future of travel agencies .............................. 283 1. Technical aspects ................................... 285 2 . The European Union’s code of conduct ................... 285 3 . Economic aspects ................................... 285 Chapter VI11 GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED TRANSPORT ..... 287 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................... 306 .vi . PE 167.055 Logistics systems in combined transport Chapter I INTRODUCTION In the context of the European Union’s transport policy, the need is emerging to develop a system of transport which is compatible with the environment and with the concept of “sustainable” development. Intermodality seeks to include all the relevant elements so that each can collaborate in the transport system according to its special features, and in the most effective way. In intermodality, combined transport and interoperability are two basic stages in the
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