diversity Article Long-Term Changes in the Composition, Ecology, and Structure of Pinus mugo Scrubs in the Apennines (Italy) Valentina Calabrese 1, Maria Laura Carranza 1,* ID , Alberto Evangelista 1, Marco Marchetti 2 ID , Adriano Stinca 3 ID and Angela Stanisci 1 ID 1 Envix-Lab, Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy;
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[email protected] (A.S.) 2 Centro ArIA, Università degli Studi del Molise Via F. De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
[email protected] 3 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
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[email protected]; Tel.: +39-320-479-3882 Received: 4 June 2018; Accepted: 17 July 2018; Published: 20 July 2018 Abstract: Mountain ecosystems are vulnerable because of land-use and climate change. In this study, we performed a re-visitation study using historical and newly collected vegetation plots to explore the primary trends in the floristic, ecological, and structural features of Mediterranean Pinus mugo krummholz over past decades. The plant community composition over time (1992 vs. 2016–17) was analyzed by a detrended correspondence analysis followed by a statistical comparison of time steps and an analysis of the contribution of each species to temporal differences. Ecological and structural changes were analyzed by a permutational multivariate analysis of variance followed by a post hoc comparison. We observed relevant changes in the floristic composition, structure, and ecological characteristics of Pinus mugo scrub.