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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Biopolitics and Sexuality In UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Biopolitics and Sexuality in 20th Century Latin American Dictatorships DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Spanish by Rose M. Phillips Dissertation Committee: Professor Horacio Legrás, Chair Professor Gonzalo Navajas Professor Kristen Hatch 2016 © 2016 Rose M. Phillips DEDICATION To Irving, Noah, and Vincent: who loved me even when I didn’t love myself. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv CURRICULUM VITAE v ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION vi INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: Psychosis as Resistance in Bio-Politics 6 Historical Background of Chile 13 Bio-politics: A Campaign of Terror and Fear 18 The Role of Literature: Allegory 31 Post-Dictatorship and Neoliberalism 57 CHAPTER 2: Argentina: Sexuality and Political Discourse Historical Background of Argentina 74 Sexual Politics: Luisa Valenzuela and 98 Garage Olimpo. CHAPTER 3: Peru: Death and Bio-politics in the Andes Historical Background of Peru 129 Biopolitics and Neoliberalism in Peru 155 Literature and Film 166 CHAPTER 4: Conclusion 191 BIBLIOGRAPHY 193 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the unflagging support of my family and friends. I want to thank my father, even though he is no longer here, he was my most ardent advocate. You taught me to love books: you would take me to the small bookstores in Arequipa, where I would read in a corner while you talked for hours with the owner. From you I learned to be kind and patient, even if no one appreciated it. Mamita, thank you for teaching me how to fight for my beliefs, you showed me how to be strong, not matter what life throws at me. I finally understand that to survive I have to be unbreakable. Noah and Irving, you are my childhood friends; we grew up together in la Urb. Dolores; played in the park, went to Yumina, and attended church three times a week. I still remember the hard times we experienced when we immigrated to the US, I can’t believe we made it (thanks to Irving’s financial aid). Irving, you have always protected me, your kindness makes the world a better place. Your unconditional love gives me hope in the darkest hours; I know I always have you. Noah, I admire your tenacity, you never give up even when the odds are completely against you. You always looked out for the downtrodden, even when we were little you made sure to defend me or those that needed help. To my husband Vince, somebody made you perfect. You are my raison d'ê·tre, without you life would be colorless. Your ability to change, to adapt to the circumstances, and your openness to new ideas makes you a truly unique individual. When I met you all my sadness faded away; that’s why I’m always smiling. Your intellectual curiosity, work ethic, and compassion have strongly influenced my career path; your encouragement and unfaltering faith in my intellectual abilities helped me finish the PhD!! We’ll be together forever even when death do us part, I will find you in some meadow, waiting for me. My deepest appreciation to my faculty committee; thank you Pr. Legras for helping me articulate my incoherent ideas. You always knew how much to push me; helping me find my voice. Your irreverent attitude demystified academia, your jocularity helped ease the constant fear of failure. Pr. Navajas I will always be grateful for taking an interest in me when I was barely starting the program; you have influenced my interest in film. Pr. Hatch I admire you for your brilliance and your elegance; you have shown me how to maneuver academia as a female. Thank you Jerome for being my intellectual shaman, your pathological anger against neoliberalism made me realize that we can’t afford to become complacent. Sandy, this dissertation would not have been possible without your organizational skills and monetary support. To my best friend Adriana, you are too sweet for this world; but I promise you that while I live no one will ever hurt you. Thank you to all my girlfriends Adriana, Grace, Nalei, Anita, Jennifer, Carlota, Sus, Erica and Ava, your sisterhood encouraged me to pursue my dreams. Noah, Irving, and Vince: your sense of justice has influenced profoundly my work; I know we can make this world a better place. iv CURRICULUM VITAE Rose M. Phillips EDUCATION 2016 PhD in Spanish, University of California, Irvine 2008 MA in Spanish, California State University, Long Beach 2005 BA in Spanish and Minor in English, University of California, Los Angeles CONFERENCES and PUBLICATIONS “¿Reivindicación del conde Julián o reafirmación de los valores tradicionales españoles?” Political Dreams & Nightmares in Iberian and Latin-American Literatures Conference. University of Chicago. April 2011. “Escribiendo la orgía en Carmen de Vicente Arana y en Justine de Sade.” Simposio Internacional de Literatura Hispana. California State University, Dominguez Hills. March 2011. “Positioning Art as Psychoanalysis: Lucaks and Adorno Debate” 19th Colloquium on Hispanic and Luso-Brazilian Literatures and Linguistics. University of Texas, Austin. February 2011. “La evolución en el pensamiento existencialista a partir del advenimiento de la Posmodernidad” Displacing Boundaries in the Romance World Conference. University of Oregon. November, 2010. “Entre la espada y el tintero: la escritura de Catalina Erauso y Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.” Pacific Coast Council on Latin American Studies Conference. Claremont McKenna College. November 2007. “Ana Caro y su propuesta feminista en la obra de teatro Valor, Agravio y Mujer.” Feria del Libro en Lima, Perú. Feria del libro. July 2007. “El metateatro como proponente de la educación en Valor, Agravio y Mujer de Ana Caro.” Reflections of Society in Literature and Linguistics. California State University, Long Beach. March 2006. “Entre la espada y el tintero: la escritura de Catalina de Erauso y Sor Juana.” El Cid: Sigma Pi Delta Journal. Edición XX, Primavera 2008. Online link: http://www3.citadel.edu/mlng/elcid/ v ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Biopolitics and Sexuality in 20th Century Latin American Dictatorships By Rose M. Phillips Doctor of Philosophy in Spanish University of California, Irvine, 2016 Professor Horacio Legrás, Chair The dictatorships of the Southern Cone implemented egregious neoliberal states in the late 20th century; the military regimes resorted to practices of torture, disappearance, and death to eliminate the political opposition. Drawing from Michel Foucault’s definition of biopolitics, which establishes that modernity places the biological at the center of the political realm, I analyze how the new modalities of power excluded political activists, women, indigenous, and the indigent. Through the dissertation I demonstrate that the dictatorships and post-dictatorships were both guided by the same principles of biopolitics. An important element in the development of biopolitics was the deployment of sexuality; therefore I explore the relationship of patriarchy and authoritarianism in an effort to find forms of resistance. I develop my analysis through the works of Damiela Eltit, Luisa Valenzuela, Marco Bechis, Alonso Cueto, and Claudia Llosa; their representations trespass the boundaries of normative behaviors providing new forms of subjectivity. vi INTRODUCTION My dissertation compares the political, economic, and social transformations that Chile, Argentina, and Peru experienced during the authoritarian governments of the late 20th century. In varying degrees the Pinochet dictatorship, the Argentine Proceso, and the Fujimori regime dismantled social programs, eliminated the labor movement and unions, gave unrestricted power to the corporate sector, and invited international investors to plunder the countries’ natural resources. To implement an egregious neoliberal state each authoritarian regime resorted to practices of torture, disappearances, and murders; suspended basic human rights, and promoted a discourse of fear and oppression. The dictatorships of the southern cone justified the violation of human rights under the rationale of national security and the protection of the nation. Once the opposition was eliminated the regimes transitioned to democracies; the newly elected governments insisted in keeping the same neoliberal economic model. The population was placated by the astute democracies that emphasized the difference between the dictatorships and their political system, by stressing the protection of human rights. I examine the dictatorships and post-dictatorships to demonstrate that both were guided by the same principles of biopolitics. The paradox of biopolitics is that two models of power coexist, one that promotes the health of the population, and the other that eliminates threats that endanger the population. In Society must be Defended Michel Foucault was the first to explore the relationship between modern governments and biological life. Following Foucault, the philosopher Giorgio Agamben proposed that western politics do not make the classical distinction between zoe—natural life—and bios—a particular form of life, “the importance of this distinction in Aristotle is that it 1 allows for the relegation of natural life to the domain of the household (oikos), while also allowing for the specificity of the good life characteristic of participation in the polis—bios politikos” (20). Agamben draws from ancient Roman law the concept of the homo sacer; who cannot be sacrificed to the gods, yet whoever kills him will go unpunished. Biopolitics finds a new way to eliminate the opposition,
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