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Archaeological Assessment of Three City Point Lots, City of Hopewell, Virginia

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Archaeological Assessment of Three City Point Lots, City of Hopewell, Virginia WWINDOWS INTO THE PPAST ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THREE CITY POINT LOTS, CITY OF HOPEWELL, VIRGINIA PREPARED FOR: The City of Hopewell PREPARED BY: William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research WINDOWS INTO THE PAST ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THREE CITY POINT LOTS, CITY OF HOPEWELL, VIRGINIA WMCAR Project No. 02-23 PREPARED FOR: The City of Hopewell 300 North Main Street Hopewell, Virginia 23860 (804) 541-2270 PREPARED BY: William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research The College of William and Mary Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795 (757) 221-2580 AUTHORS: David W. Lewes John R. Underwood Todd L. Jensen Dennis B. Blanton WITH A CONTRIBUTION BY: Susan Trevarthen Andrews PROJECT DIRECTOR: Dennis B. Blanton MAY 20, 2003 i ABSTRACT From July through October 2002, the William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research investigated three properties within the City Point section of the City of Hopewell. This research was performed at the request of Hopewell’s city government to partly fulfill long-term goals of improving historical interpretation and enhancing the city’s planning abilities. A 0.5-acre study area along Prince Henry Avenue was subjected to systematic shovel test survey, evaluation through seven hand-excavated test units and two machine trenches, and data recovery excavation of selected features. Evidence of activity in the study area ranged from the earliest prehistoric periods through the present. The primary prehistoric occupations date to the Late Archaic (3000–1000 BC) and Late Woodland/protohistoric (AD 900–1600) periods. An abun- dance of nineteenth-century artifacts was found, but the Civil War occupation yielded the most significant results. A cellar/trash pit that was filled at the end of the war included military artifacts and large quantities of animal bone from food refuse. These faunal remains were analyzed by a zooarchaeologist and the results are reported in an appendix. Intensive excavations on the significant resources at the Prince Avenue property limited the work at the two other study areas to survey-level investigations. Systematic shovel testing of a 2.3- acre study area at the intersection of Pierce and Spruance streets also revealed numerous occupations spanning the prehistoric and historic eras. The primary prehistoric occupation dates to the Late Woodland period. Historic-period evidence includes the remains a possible nineteenth-/twenti- eth-century African-American church and the foundation of an early twentieth-century structure that became the first Patrick Copeland School. A 3.3-acre municipal park that contains a Civil War earthwork was also subjected to system- atic shovel testing. Principal occupations include Archaic-stage activity areas, a light scatter of Woodland-stage ceramics, and remains of a Union army camp associated with the earthwork. Suggestions for more focused historical interpretation at City Point and Hopewell are also presented in an appendix. These recommendations are based on a limited review of archival resources, consideration of existing interpretive venues in Hopewell and the surrounding region, and the results of the current archaeological investigations. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research is thankful for this exciting opportu- nity. We commend Hopewell’s city council for their vision to protect and interpret City Point’s matchless heritage. Councilor Steve Taylor deserves much of the credit for spearheading the initiative and bringing it to fruition. His enthusiasm for the project has been inspiring to us all. We are also grateful for his willingness to help coordinate logistics and for some important tips on local history sources. We also would like to especially thank councilors Taylor, Paul Karnes, and Vanessa Justice for serving on the council’s archaeology oversight committee. Herbert Bragg, of the City’s Public Information/Research Office, also deserves our gratitude for quickly finding answers to many questions about the city, both past and present. Encouragement has also come from a core of local history enthusiasts, in particular Jim Micklem and Mary Calos of the His- torical Hopewell Foundation. Mary kindly gave us a special tour of the foundation’s properties during their off-season. We are gratified that so many local residents showed interest in the project. Some made regular site visits to follow our progress, while others responded positively to our project website. After all, one of the most important objectives of public archaeology is to engage the citizens who support our work. Before crediting our current staff, we would like to thank a former colleague. While co- director of the Center, Donald Linebaugh earned a well-deserved reputation for archaeology in Hopewell with his excavations on the Kippax Plantation Site. Now a professor at the University of Kentucky, Don declined Hopewell’s invitation to do the current project but kindly recom- mended the Center in his place. The Center’s current director, Dennis Blanton, oversaw all aspects of the project and shaped the research goals. Todd Jensen and John Underwood led the daily field operations and reported on those results. The archaeological field crew included Kelly Arford, Jack Aube, Courtney Birkett, Evan Leavitt, Feliza Madrigal, Kristie Martin, Chrissie Schlegel, Troy Valos, Mike Webb, and Danielle Wheeler. In the laboratory, Debbie Davenport was respon- sible for processing artifacts, analysis of historic-period material, and preparing the artifact inventory; Dennis Blanton analyzed all prehistoric artifacts. David Lewes conducted archival research, wrote sections of the report, and drafted preliminary suggestions for public interpreta- tion at City Point. With Dennis Blanton, he also designed and maintained the project website. Eric Agin applied his expertise with GIS to create the interpretive overlays of historic maps and prepared most of the final illustrations for the report. Finally, Susan Trevarthan Andrews of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation analyzed the faunal remains from Feature 8 and contributed a thoughtful discussion of her findings. iii CONTENTS Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... iii Contents .................................................................................................................................... iv Figures ........................................................................................................................................ v Tables ........................................................................................................................................ vi 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 2: Cultural Contexts ...................................................................................................................... 9 3: Prince Henry Avenue Lot ........................................................................................................ 35 4: Pierce Street Lots ..................................................................................................................... 69 5: Fort Park ................................................................................................................................. 81 6: Conclusions and Future Directions ......................................................................................... 93 References Cited...................................................................................................................... 99 Appendix A: Artifact Inventory Appendix B: Faunal Analysis Appendix C: Interpretive Planning Recommendations iv FIGURES 1 Location of City Point and the three study areas ........................................................................ 2 2 Hallmarks of prehistoric periods in Virginia ............................................................................ 10 3 Portion of Captain John Smith’s (1612) map of Virginia showing native settlements near City Point ........................................................................... 12 4 Portion of Vingboons’ (1639 [1617]) chart of the James River showing the location of “Bermotho Citie” at City Point ........................................................ 15 5 Sketch of first train leaving City Point in 1838 ........................................................................ 19 6 Portion of “A map and profile of the City Point Railroad,” 1837 ............................................ 20 7 Current street plan of City Point overlaid with features from Couty’s (1837) map ................................................................................. 21 8 Map of City Point, 1844 ......................................................................................................... 22 9 Plat of Eppes plantation, 1856 ................................................................................................ 23 10 Dr. Richard Eppes’ landholdings in 1860 ............................................................................... 24 11 Painting of military activity along the James River waterfront, 1864........................................ 25 12 Military locomotive at the City Point depot, 1865 .................................................................
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