International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences (IJMPS) ISSN(P): 2250-0049; ISSN(E): 2321-0095 Vol. 3, Issue 5, Dec 2013, 21-32 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIDOTE MEDICINAL AGAINST SNAKE VENOM - A FIELD SURVEY

VIJAYA P1, RANJANI R2, RAO M R3 & SUDARSANAM G4 1Department of Botany, Government Degree College for Women, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 2Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India 3Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India 4Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT

Snake bites in India cause loss of many precious lives. Snakes are considered as harmful to human and to avoid them many snakes are killed by human. About thousands of people reportedly die of snakebite in India every year and however, the unreported cases also even more, mostly in rural India. There are two important aspects of snakebite Management, one is the management of victim of snakebite and then the timely medical management - antivenom serum therapy. products have many pharmaceutical agents and are used as traditional medicine to cure disorders from ancient days. There was place for plant medicines, with proven biologically activity particularly for chronic diseases that were not cured effectively with synthetic medicines. It was very strenuous to generate, unbiased, objective, scientific data on such plant medicines used in India either directly as folk remedies or medicaments of different indigenous systems of medicine like Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha, India has nearly 400,000 practitioners of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani etc. whose services were not appropriately used in the health care services. About 80% of the raw materials for drugs used in the Indian systems of Medicine and homeopathy is based on plant products. Field survey focuses mainly on alternative uses of plants for protection against poisonous bites, especially Naja naja - snake venom and identified many antidote plants.

KEYWORDS: Antidote, Antivenom, Medicinal Plants, Traditional Medicine, Naja naja

INTRODUCTION

Nature has bestowed India with enormous wealth of medicinal flora. Keeping in view of the vastness of the area and richness of vegetation, systematic efforts to explore and exploit this valuable potential has been lacking with the exception of some sporadic attempts by a handful of reputed investigators (Satapathy and Panda, 1992; Jain, 1992). The real progress in this field can only be achieved through intensive interdisciplinary work involving pharmacologists, botanists, organic chemists and physicians of various systems of medicine such as Allopathy, Homeopathys, practitioners of Ayurveda, Unani and indigeneous systems of medicine.

There is a feeling in many quarters that tribal medicine is not based on any pharmacological experiment or scientific testing. Such a notion is largely erroneous because the aims and objectives of the pharmacological experiments or other means of scientific testing of drugs are achieved in a large measure in tribal medicine through the study and analysis of properties, therapy and actual experience over long periods. Tribal medicine did have pharmacological principles though without systematic, experimental or analytical basis.In recent years importance of plant products or herbal drugs are receiving great attention through pharmacological and clinical experimentation on the herbal drugs used in traditional medicine is in progress throughout the globe in order to establish their effectiveness and safety. 22 Vijaya P, Ranjani R, Rao M R & Sudarsanam G

Snakebite is an important medical problem in both developing and developed countries (Williams et al., 2010; Omale James et al.,(2013). The snake bites exceeding 5,000,000 per year in many countries, globally (Mariane et al., 2011). Snakebite cause approximately 50,000 – 60,000 people die each year globally. And one of the best practice is identifying herbal medicines for their antivenom activity (Atul Kaushik iet al., 2013). From several studies of plant extracts and their isolated active principles, Isolated inhibitors, such as steroids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds, are able to inhibit phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) from different snake venoms when used against crude snake venoms or their toxic fractions (Carvalho, et al., 2013).

A concrete steps on these lines was taken in 1954, when the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) tried to give a new dimension to research on Indian Medicinal plants by initiating to different disciplines such as botany, chemistry, pharmacology, etc., were brought together on to the same platform to study the efficacy of medicinal plants as an integrated and coordinated endeavour. As cited in the introduction part of this are very many investigators contributions by way of field survey, data collection helped to identify number of medicinal plants in and around the world including India. In view of this, the author has conducted intensive field work in selected mandal areas of Chittoor district of A.P., to explore the antidote plants used against snake-bite and the data obtained was presented.

RESULTS

Field survey undertaken in 12 mandal areas out of 62 mandals of Chittoor district revealed the occurence of 31 medicinal plants especially used as antidote ones against snake-bite. The data presented in table:1 confir the prevalence of the following families of antidote plants.

Acanthaceae 1, Alangiaceae 1, Amaranthaceae 1, Annonaceae 1, 1, Aristolochiaceae 2, Asclepiadaceae 1, Asteraceae 5, Convalvulaceae 1, Cucurbitaceae 2, Dioscoriaceae 1, Fabaceae 1, Labiatae 1, Liliaceae 1, Loganiaceae 1, Menispermaceae 2, Mimosaceae 1, Plumbaginaceae 1, Rubiaceae 1, Sapotaceae 1, Scrophulariaceae 1, Solanaceae 1, Sterculiaceae 1. in each mandal required information was collected from 10 tribal doctor and the possible number of tribal doctors that prefer the individual plant species for treating snake-bite was shown in table 1. Of all the plants 3 plant species like cymosa, Corallocarpus epigaeus and Randia dumetorum were found to be preferred by more than 70% of tribal doctors to treat snake-bites. The classification, part used, mode of administration of individual plants and their related information were presented (table -1). The information collected with regard to the indentification, use and dose of antidote plants collected from tribal doctors in the field survey was compared with the reports of earlier authors and was presented in table: 1.

DISCUSSIONS

Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in India. The present study was undertaken in this district area which lies geographically in the South-eastern part of the A.P., India. The district is located at the common borders of the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka with Andhra Pradesh. The district is situated between 1230 and 1405 of the north latitude and 7805 and 8008 of the East longitude and is bounded on the north by Anantapur, Cuddapah and Nellore districts of A.P., and on the east and south by the districts of Tamil Nadu state and on the west by Karnataka state. The soils of this district are red loamy and red sandy types with varying thickness from a few centimeters to a few meters. The elevation generally varies from 40 m to 1800 m above the mean sea level. The climate of the district as a whole is dry and salubrious with a maximum temperature of 40C and a minimum of 24C.

The ethno-medico-botanical survey carriedout by the author in 12 mandal areas of Chittoor district of A.P. Identification of Antidote Medicinal Plants against Snake Venom - A Field Survey 23 revealed the existence of 31 antidote plants especially used by various aboriginal tribes against snake bites alone and the photographs 1-31 of individual plants collected were presented

The flora of Chittoor district has received much attention by Gamble, (1957); Naidu and Rao, (1967), (1969) and Naidu et al., (1971); Rao and Raja Reddy, (1983 a,b); and Rangacharyulu, (1991) have also made significant contributions to identify the flora of Chittoor district. Vedavathy et al., (1992); Narayana Rao et al., (1991); Sudarsanam and Siva Prasad, (1995); Madhava Chetti et al., (1998) have described the ethnobotanical uses of number of medicinal plants from Chittoor district. Amongst these the reports of Sudarsanam and Sivaprasad (1995) explored the occurrence of nearly 21 antidote plants in different areas of Chittoor district especially used for various poisonous bites. Compared to the reports of various authors as shown in table:1 against individual plant species the field survey results presented in table:1 are in agreement with reports of earlier authors, in relation to their classification, locality, part used, mode of administration, etc. One of the new aspects choosen by the author in the field survey data collection was that of the number of tribal doctors, i.e., as 10 and the number of tribal doctors that prefer the individual plants for treating the snake-bite was also presented.

Table 1: Traditional Antidote Plants of Snake Poison in Chittoor District Botanical Name of No. of Part Used No. of the Plant Followed Tribals {Private} as Locality Tribals Mode of Administration by Family and Local Prepared Antidote Enquired Name as Antidote 1. Andrographis Whole Chandrag 10 6 Leaf powder as antidote paniculata (Bourm.f) plant iri (Sudarsaname, 1987) root ex Ness decoction as antidote (Nagaraju, (Acanthaceae) L.N. 1992) root powder and paste as Nelavemu antidote (Sivaprasad, 1993) plant decoction used as antidote (Hemambara Reddy et al., 1996) plant used as antidote (Annie Bright et al., 2001); (Martz, 1992).

Dry root powder (5 g) made into paste with hot water and smeared over bite : one spoonful leaf powder administered internally (Sudarsanam & Sivaprasad, 1995).

Leaves poultice on the affected area (Siddigui & Husain, 1990).

Plant is the prominent ethnobotanical antidote (Garg, 2001).

Methanolic extract used as antidote (Alam, 2001).

Plant used to snake bite (Jain & Sahu, 1993; Selvanayagam 1994). Root powder or extract taken Aganosma cymosa internally as antidote for cobra bite (Roxb.)G. Don. Changrag (Sudarsanam, 1987); (Reddy et al., 2. Root 10 8 Apocynaceae, L.N. iri 1989); (Basireddy, 1991); Peddanagammale (Vedavathy, 1992); Sudarsanam & Sivaprasad, 1995). Alangium salvifolium Stem bark Juice of the bark is given to drink Veduru 3. (L.f.) Wang. and root 10 4 (Vedavathy, 1992). Kuppam Alangiaceae L.N. bark Plant as an antidote (Joshi, 1993); 24 Vijaya P, Ranjani R, Rao M R & Sudarsanam G

Botanical Name of No. of Part Used No. of the Plant Followed Tribals {Private} as Locality Tribals Mode of Administration by Family and Local Prepared Antidote Enquired Name as Antidote Ooduga (Pullaiah & Dharma Chandra Kumar, 1996). Aquious extract of the plant is used as antidote - (Singh & Maheswari, Allium sativum L. Karveti 1992); (Sallal & Aljada, 1996). 4. Liliaceae L.N. Bulb 10 5 Nagaram Tellagaddalu Plant is used as antidote (Singh et al., 2001). Root paste was used as an antidote to snake bites (Pullaiah & Dharmachandra Kunar, 1996).

The decoction of the root mixed with black pepper gives as an antidote to snake bite (Singh & Rao, 1997).

The flowering spikes (or) the seeds (dried) ground and made into paste with water, used as an external Achyrathes aspera L. Whole application for bites of poisonous 5. Amaranthaceae L.N. K.V.Palli 10 4 plant snakes (Hemambara Reddy, 1996). Uttareni The tablets prepared from the roots of A. aspera with 20 black peppers (Piper nigrum) raw rice and 20 leaves of Cynodon doctylon gives with cold water for 5 days to poisonous effect of snake bite (Sataphy and Panda, 1992) Plant as antidote (Otero et al., 2000).

Root powder mixed with water and given to the snake bite victim (Siddiqui & Husain, 1990). Decoction used as antidote (Hemambara Reddy, et al., 1996); (Basi Reddy, 1991).

Aristolochia Root infusion for snake bite bracteolata Lam. Whole (Nagaraju, 1992) leaf, root paste as 6. Pileru 10 5 Aristolochiaceae L.N. plant antidote (Siva Prasad, 1993); Gadidhagadapa (Sudarsanam & Sivaprasad et al., 1995).

Plant is a prominent antidote (Garg, 2001). Root paste made with neem oil is applied to eye as an antidote to snake poison and powder of the root about a teaspoonsful is given Aristolochia indica L. internally for 3 days (Vedavathy, Root & 7. Aristolochiaceae Kuppam 10 6 1992); (Basi Reddy, 1991); leaves L.N.Nalla eswari (Nagaraju, 1992); (Siva Prasad, 1993).

Methanolic extract of the plant used as antidote to viper venom Identification of Antidote Medicinal Plants against Snake Venom - A Field Survey 25

Botanical Name of No. of Part Used No. of the Plant Followed Tribals {Private} as Locality Tribals Mode of Administration by Family and Local Prepared Antidote Enquired Name as Antidote (Alam, 2000).

Plant used as a popular antidote to snake venom (Selvanayagam et al., 1994).

Fresh root juice (50 g) is given orally 2 times with a gap of 2 h and the paste of leaves is applied on affected part (Imam et al., 1997).

Plant is a prominent ethno antidote Garg 2001. Bacopa monnieri (L.) pennell Whole Changrag Plant decoction used in snake bite 8. Scrophulariaceae 10 4 plant iri (Jain & Sahu, 1993). L.N.Neerisambrani mokka Plant as antidote (Nadakarni, 1954) leaf as antidote (Vedavathy, 1987); (Siva Prasad, 1993). Cissampelos Pareira

L. Whole G.D. Plant root are pounded and mixed 9. Menispermaceae 10 5 plant Nellore with water used as antidote (Jain & L.N.Adivi banka Sahu, 1993). teega

Plant is a prominent antidote (Garg, 2001). Root powder as antidote (Vedavathy, 1992). Dried tuber pounded with pepper, turmeric and garlic and taken orally for Corallocarpus poisonous bite (Sudarsanam & epigaeus (Rottle.) Siva Prasad, 1995). Tuberous S.R.Pura 10. Clarke 10 8 root m Cucurbitaceae Root tuber sliced, dried, powdered L.N. Nagadonda / eaten or drunk with water (Hemambara Reddy et al., 1996).

Plant is a prominent antidote (Garg, 2001). Root paste mixed with turmeric Calotropis gigantea powder is given (Vedavathy, 1992; (L.) R.Br. Singh & Maheswari, 1992). 11. Root Irala 10 3 Asclepiadaceae L.N. Erra gilledu Root is applied on snakebite (Jain & Sahu, 1993). Datura metal L. Leaf & Chandrag Root bark for snakebite (Basi 12. Solanaceae 10 4 Root iri Reddy, 1991). L.N. - Ummetha Dioscorea oppositifolia L. Tuberous Tirupati Infusion / drunk (Hemambara 13. 10 2 Dioscoreaceae root rural Reddy, 1996). L.N. - Yella gadda Diplocyclos Palmatus Bitter tuberous root paste taken Tuberous 14. (L.) Jeffrey. V.Kota 10 3 internally for snake bite root Cucurbitaceae (Sudarsanam & Siva Prasad 1995). 26 Vijaya P, Ranjani R, Rao M R & Sudarsanam G

Botanical Name of No. of Part Used No. of the Plant Followed Tribals {Private} as Locality Tribals Mode of Administration by Family and Local Prepared Antidote Enquired Name as Antidote L.N. - Lingadonda Plant is used as antidote (Garg, 2001). Ethanolic and aqueous extract of the aerial parts used as antidote to rattle snake (Mors et al., 1989); (Selvanayagam et al., 1994).

Plant is used as antidote (Martz, Eclipta prostrata L. Aerial S.R.Pura 1992). 15. Asteraeceae 10 5 parts m L.N. - Plant is used against crotalid venoms (Melo et al., 1994).

Leaf juice with butter milk taken as an antidote for snake bite (Sudarsanam & Sivaprasad, 1995). Evolvulus alsinoides Leaves used as antidote in (L.) 16. Leaves K.V.Palli 10 4 poisonous bites (Sudarsanam & Convolvuaceae Sivaprasad, 1995). L.N. - Vishnu Kantha Plant as antidote (Nad Karni, 1954).

Root powder administered internally for poisonous bites (Sudarsanam & Siva Prasad, 1995). Leaf is an antidote (Nagaraju, Gymnema sylvestre 1992), tuberous root infusion / (Reetz.) R.Br. Whole Chandrag drunk (Hemambara Reddy, 1996). 17. 10 5 Asclepiadaceae plant iri L.N. - Podapathri Potassium gymnemate extracted from Gymnema sylvestre used as snake bite neutralizing agent (Manjunatha Kini and Veerabasappa Gowda, 1982).

Root is antidote (Selvanayagam et al., 1994). Root paste is applied on snake bite (Jain & Sahu, 1993); (Maheswari Hemidesmus indicus & Singh, 1984); (Maheswari et al., (L.) R.Br. 18. Root Kuppam 10 4 1986); (Khanna et al., 1996); Asclepiadaceae (Alam et al., 1994); (Alam and L.N. - Sugandhapala Gomes, 1998); (Singh and Rao 1997). Leaf juice is dropped into the eyes Leucas aspera L. as antidote (Vedavathy, 1992). Whole 19. Labiatae V.Kota 10 5 Plant L.N. - Thummi Plant juice is given internally (Kannappa Reddy et al., 1993). Seed protein extract acts as an Mucuna pruriens (L.) antidote (Aguiyi et al., 1997; DC. Chandrag 1999). 20. Fabaceae Seeds 10 3 iri L.N. - Pilliadugu (or) Aqueous leaf extract used as Dulagondi antidote (Houghton & Skari, 1994). Identification of Antidote Medicinal Plants against Snake Venom - A Field Survey 27

Botanical Name of No. of Part Used No. of the Plant Followed Tribals {Private} as Locality Tribals Mode of Administration by Family and Local Prepared Antidote Enquired Name as Antidote

Seed extract used against snake venom (Guerranti et al., 1999; 2001). Mimosa Pudica L. Leaf extract used as antidote to 21. Mimosaceae Leaves K.V.Palli 10 2 snake bite (Mahanta & Mukherjee, L.N. - Atiipathi 2001). Marsdenia volubilis (or) Wattakaka Plant as antidote (Nagaraju, 1992) Whole 22. volubilis (L.F.) staff Pileru 10 2 Leaf decoction / drunk plant Ascepiadaceae (Hemambara Reddy, 1996). L.N - Teegapala Plumbago zeylanica L. Chandrag Root decoction / drunk 23. Root 10 4 Plumbaginaceae iri (Hemambara Reddy, 1996). L.N. - Chitramoolam Plant is an antidote (Nadkarni, 1954) stembark chewed in krait poisoning (Sudarsanam, 1987); (Sivaprasad, 1993); (Sudarsanam Strychnos nux vomica & Sivaprasad, 1995). Root Root, L. decoction used as an antidote 24. stembark, K.V.Palli 10 5 Loganiaceae (Hemambara Reddy et al., 1996). seed L.N. - Musti Seed extract used as an antidote (Chatterjee & Gomes, 2001). Stembark mixed with blackpepper is pounded and given (Vedavathy, 1992). Plant extract mixed with black pepper powder was made into Tinospora cordifolia decoction and is given immediately (Willd.) Miens. Whole Chandrag 3 to 4 teaspoons, as antidote 25. 10 3 Menispermaceae Plant iri (Sudarsanam, 1987); (Vedavathy, L.N. - Tippa Teega 1992). Leaf as antidote stem infusion/drunk (Hemambara Reddy et al., 1996). Tylophora indica Leaf juice mixed in butter milk, is (Burm. F) Veduru given to drink, which induces 26. Leaves 10 4 Asclepiadaceae Kippam vomitings and cure (Sudarsanam, L.N. - Mustipala 1987); (Vedavathy, 1992). Randia dumetorum Root extract given internally Lamk. 27. Root Tirupati 10 7 against cobra bites (Sudarsanam & Rubiaceae Siva Prasad, 1995). L.N. - Manga chettu Root bark as antidote (SivaPrasad, Wrightia tinctoria 1993; Joshi, 1993) Decoction of (Roxb.) R.Br. Root & Karveti 28. 10 2 leaves applied externally for snake Apocynaceae stem Nagaram bite Swati Samwatsar & Diwanji L.N.Reppala (1996). Madhuca indica J. Gmelin Sapotaceae Chandrag Decoction / drunk (Hemambara 29. Seed 10 4 iri Reddy et al., 1996) L.N.Ippa Chettu Helicteres isora L. Sterculiaceae Infusion / drunk (Hemambara 30. Seed Kuppam 10 3 Reddy et al., 1996) L.N.Gubathada 28 Vijaya P, Ranjani R, Rao M R & Sudarsanam G

Botanical Name of No. of Part Used No. of the Plant Followed Tribals {Private} as Locality Tribals Mode of Administration by Family and Local Prepared Antidote Enquired Name as Antidote Annona squamosa (L.) Diels G.D.Nell Bark juice is given as antidote 31. Stem bark 10 3 Annonaceae ore (Vedavathy, 1992) L.N.Seethapalam

CONCLUSIONS

From the data obtained from field survey, observed 31 medicinal plants have antidote property. Interestingly 3 antidote plants namely Aganosma cymosa, Corallocarpus epigeous and Randia dumetorum found to be preferred more than 70% of tribal doctors and since that objective of the author is to test the selected antidote plants for their neutralizing capacities of Naja naja venom (lethal dose), the above three plants alone were chosen for the experimental studies and related data was analysed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank John Hopkins Institute, Bombay, Tribal doctors of Chittoor, Districts, Dr. Madhava Chetty, Department of Botany, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University for providing facility for completion of research.

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