Baseline Analysis Report Integrated Tourism Master Plan for Lombok Vol.1 Task a – Draft Site Management Plan of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark

Baseline Analysis Report Integrated Tourism Master Plan for Lombok Vol.1 Task A – Draft Site Management Plan of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark

PT. AECOM Indonesia

Ver.02 – 12 July 2019

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Project Name : Integrated Tourism Master Plan for Lombok Project No. : JKTD18082 Document Name : Baseline Analysis Report Vol.1

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Ver. 01 13 Dec 2018 AR Dep. TL Ver. 02 12 July 2019 AR Dep. TL

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Table of Contents

Quality Information ...... 2 Disclaimer ...... 3 Table of Contents ...... 5 Table of Figures ...... 6 Table of Tables ...... 7 1. Overview ...... 8 1.1. General Project Information ...... 9 1.2. Introductions ...... 12 2. Assessment of the site ...... 13 2.1. Working procedures ...... 13 2.2. Research results ...... 14 2.3. Cultural historic and archaeological data identification ...... 15 2.4. Risk assessment ...... 16 2.5. Cultural Evaluation of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark ...... 16 2.6. Artefacts ...... 17 2.7. Quality of archaeological information ...... 17 2.8. Significance of information ...... 17 2.9. Safeguarding ...... 18

Table of Figures

Figure 1 Boundary of Rinjani – Lombok Geopark Area ...... 10

Table of Tables

No table of figures entries found.

1. Overview

The formulation of Management Plan for Rinjani-Lombok Geopark is based on the Application Dossier for Membership to UNESCO Global Geopark document that was prepared on January 2016. This Draft Management Plan is formulated referring to the UNESCO Site Management Plan formulation1. Based on the guideline, a site management plan should contain:

• The Definition of The Site, • The Administrative Details, • The Relevant Organizational Structure of Who Is Responsible for What, and Most Importantly, • A Discussion of The Site, Including: - An Assessment of Its Significance, - A Report on Its Status, - Its Potential And - Any Relevant Threats And - Opportunities. The elements of a site management plan: 1. Executive summary 2. Site definition

• Description and significance • Delimitation • Ownership structure and responsible bodies • Inventories • Access 3. Management structure

• Legal status of the bodies • Competencies and responsibilities • Coordination mechanism between bodies 4. Principles for planning and actions

• Objectives, targets, strategies • Masterplan of action 5. Provisions for science and research preservation mechanism

• Status report • Current and possible threats • Preventive protection • Monitoring: planned control action 6. Awareness 7. Resources

1 The UNESCO site management plan http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/underwater- cultural-heritage/unesco-manual-for-activities-directed-at-underwater-cultural-heritage/unesco- manual/conservation-management/site-management-plan/

• Staff • Budget 8. Sustainable use and vision for the future This draft management plan can be used as the starting point of the discussion and formulation of the Management Plan that need to be discussed with UNESCO and the Authority of Global Geopark Rinjani under NTB Province Government.

1.1. General Project Information

1. Site Name, Registration Number The official site name is Rinjani-Lombok Geopark and Mount Rinjani is the central point for the geopark. Mount Rinjani is one of the highest volcano mountains in Indonesia. The area of Rinjani Mountain includes more than half of Lombok Island. There is currently no official registration number for the site. 2. Site location and Coordinates Rinjani-Lombok Geopark is located at coordinate longitude 116o 0’ 29” - 116o 45’ 58” in the east and latitude 8o 12’ 10” – 8o 38’ 20” in the south. This site is including more than half of Lombok Island, but UNESCO and other stakeholders consider expanding the geopark area into the whole Lombok Island. Rinjani-Lombok Geopark area encompasses five kabupaten/kota which are Kabupaten Lombok Utara (North Lombok), Kabupaten Lombok Timur (East Lombok), Kabupaten Lombok Tengah (Central Lombok), Kabupaten Lombok Barat (West Lombok), and Kota Mataram. Lombok Island is one of the main islands besides Sumbawa Island in Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, Indonesia.

Figure 1 Boundary of Rinjani – Lombok Geopark Area 3. Geology The geology of Lombok Island is generally dominated by cal-alkaline voncano from Quarternary time and covered the Neogene clastic sedimentary rocks, Oligo-Miosen volcanic and Tertiary- aged breakthrough. There are 2 mountain cones before 13th century, Samalas and Rinjani and Samalas eruption in 1257 resulted in the formation of huge caldera. The eruption also caused part of Rinjani's cone collapsed to the caldera of Samalas.

4. Climate Lombok Island has tropical climate with wet and dry seasons. 5. Flora and fauna Lombok Island has epidemic flora and fauna transition between Asian and Australian fauna and flora including epidemic orchid, bald durian, Javan Rusa, Cucak Timor, corals, langur and monkeys. 6. Human impact Around Mount Rinjani area, there are many activities such as tourism especially mountain trekking and landscape view, agriculture, farm, and other activities. Because the eruption of Mount Rinjani, this area is very fertile for agriculture and it supported by water supply from the mountain. in this area can also be found many cultural villages and historical heritages. Because of its attractions, Mount Rinjani become one of main tourism destination in Lombok Island, 7. Size of research area Rinjani-Lombok Geopark has an area of 2,800 Km2. Lombok Island itself has an area of 4,514 Km2. 8. Height Mount Rinjani become the second highest volcano mountain in Indonesia with the height of 3,726 meters above sea level. 9. Owner of terrain Indonesia Government 10. Periods of research The research for Rinjani geopark submission has been made since 2012 when Rinjani proposed to be a national geopark and has been made some research and dossier. On 7 October 2013 Rinjani Geopark became National Geopark. In 2014, Geopark Facilitation Team has been formed to compile dossier for UNESCO Global Geopark. In 2017, Rinjani-Lombok Geopark became UNESCO Global Geopark. 11. Site definition Mount Rinjani, 3,726 meters high above sea level, dominates the island’s topography. Rinjani Eruption in 1257 became one of the largest eruptions in modern time. Mount Rinjani has highest caldera in Indonesia and has many waterfalls impacts from geological activity in Mount Rinjani. Because of its ecosystem and natural habitat, there are many epidemic flora and fauna, and also become cultural activities center in Lombok Island because its heritage and traditional sites. 12. Legal status The Mount Rinjani area is Designated as a conservation area by a Decree of the Ministry of Forestry Number 280/Kpts-VI/1997 dated May 23, 1997, this conservation area has an area of 41,330 Hectares. It also supported by Presidential Decree No. 9 of 2019 about Geopark Development. In 2014 and 2017, Mount Rinjani received national and UNESCO Global Geopark certificate for geopark determination but the legal basis for geopark has not yet too been set. 13. Recognized threats

The main threats to Mount Rinjani area is because of increasing tourism activities. The conditions of development and management for tourism activities is very limited and cause many issues and problems such as waste, environmental damage, and endangered flora-fauna. Development of Rinjani area become other threats because it impacts the carrying capacity and environmental sustainability

1.2. Introductions

1. Historical context The old volcano complex is consisted of two complexes which are Punikan Mountain and Nangi Mountain on the west and Sembalun mountain on the east. Punikan Mountain is estimated to be among Neogene–Pleistocene age, while Sembalun complex aged 0,45 million years. The youngest volcanic complex is Rinjani Volcano with its volcanic cone to be formed approximately 12.000–6.000 years ago. There are 2 mountain cones, Samalas and Rinjani and Samalas eruption in 1257 resulted in the formation of huge caldera. The eruption also caused part of Rinjani's cone collapsed to the caldera of Samalas. Samalas' caldera, which is filled with water, a combination of meteoric water and hydrothermal, formed a warm water pond named Segara Anak. In the middle of the caldera emerges a young volcanic cone called Rombongan Mountain and Barujari Mountain.

2. Assessment of the site

1. Description of research assignment The main objectives in carrying out research is to assess the site’s significance for the management plan. 2. Research objectives this research has some objectives:

• Completing the requirement of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark application as UNESCO Global geopark • Identification the issues and problems of development and management in Rinjani- Lombok Geopark so that Rinjani-Lombok Geopark can be developed efficiently and effectively • Integration all the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark’s potential to support increased welfare of community and region and it can develop well. 3. Aims and wishes of the sponsor Using only non-intrusive methods to:

• Assess the significance of the site • Investigate the site formation process • Determine the function of the ship • Collect information and record for future studies in the protection of underwater cultural heritage 4. Evaluation in between There would be periodic monitoring of the area to this activity

2.1. Working procedures

1. Research methods Non-intrusive survey at the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark using direct observation:

• Measurements • Geological survey • Mapping • Photo and video documentations • Interviews • Observation and identification of activities Survey method is using direct observation where several maps was produced. As the central point of Rinjani-Lombok's Geopark, Mount Rinjani has a lot of influence in the geo- heritage formation on Lombok Island. In the process of forming Mount Rinjani, there are also many unique relics and geological structures that are characteristic. Samalas eruption became one of the biggest eruptions in the modern era. As a result, the geological structure of Lombok Island originates from Mount Rinjani. Quaternary-Recent volcano in the northern part of the

island, lowland in the middle, stretches west-to-east and is also sedimentary basin, and undulating lands from Tertiary rocks formation in the south. Based on survey dan research, The old volcano complex is consisted of two complexes which are Punikan Mountain and Nangi Mountain on the west and Sembalun mountain on the east. Punikan Mountain is estimated to be among Neogene–Pleistocene age, while Sembalun complex aged 0,45 million years (Pleistocene-Holocene) with the remaining caldera composed of andesite lava and pyroclastic. Surveys and research are carried out with direct observation and also based on the results of studies, history, and interviews with various parties. The basis of the profile of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark is based on satellite imagery and also mapping the face of the earth. From the basic maps that have been made, an explanation of the potential, conditions, and analysis of Geopark Rinjani-Lombok is carried out such as mapping geological structures, mapping of heritage sites and geology sites, mapping the potential of geology tourism destinations, and other mapping. 2. Imposed work conditions Each surveyor conducts surveys directly by taking certain rock and soil samples. After that, the age, type, characteristics and other information will be examined. The survey was conducted at each potential point that was spread evenly on Lombok Island, especially at points that were considered to have their own geological characteristics. 3. Modus operandi Only non-intrusive methods were used. Only objects that are seen are surveyed. In addition, sampling and photographs were carried out to support the research results. 4. Natural science, applied sciences, and other research Geological survey, biological survey, cultural survey, biodiversity survey, and environment assessment.

2.2. Research results

1. Environmental research The research was not comprehensive, but the observations were carried out in sufficient detail and included several other aspects related to the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark. There were no significant changes to the survey results. However, with the earthquake at the end of 2018, no re-surveys have been conducted that have allowed changes in the geology structure which has a bearing on the assessment of the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark The threat of geological change also occurs if tourism activities take place on irresponsible geology sites, resulting in damage and impacts on geological structures. Moreover, the waste problems also affect the geological structure of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark. 2. Physical condition The results of the earthquake made Mount Rinjani temporarily closed due to landslides and potential liquefaction. There are also some new faults and cracks in the cliffs between the walls of the lake. However, the overall shape and structure of Mount Rinjani is still preserved. 3. Finds visible on ground level

Mount Rinjani especially at its peak will be seen from any location on the island of Lombok as long as it has sunny weather. In contrast to its hilly area which tends to have dense forests, peak of Mount Rinjani will have a distinctive rock structure. 4. Completeness Due to the development that still adopts the principle of sustainability as well as the impact of human activities that are not yet massive, the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark tends to be more secure even though many threats are risk for the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark 5. Stratigraphy intact Rinjani Mountain is stratigraphically standing on Neogene clastic rock sediment (including limestone) and in the same location of volcanic rock from Oligo-Miocene. The Quaternary volcano itself mostly produces pyroclastic and is some places mixed with lava. 6. Stability of natural environment Although the natural environment tends to change - but it does not have much impact on the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark because Mount Rinjani and the surrounding area serve as environmental conservation areas on the island of Lombok. 7. State of preservation The condition of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark is still in good condition even though there are impacts from tourism activities, earthquake disasters and other potential disasters. Waste management is one of the issues that must be managed because it is the most threatening thing from the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark.

2.3. Cultural historic and archaeological data identification

1. Cultural context Samalas eruption in 1257 resulted in the formation of huge caldera and became Mount Rinjani with Segara Anak lake. 2. Century in 13th century 3. Exact dating Mount Samalas eruption in 1257. Mount Rinjani (another mountain cones/peak) became the highest peak in Lombok Island. 4. Type Two complexes of mountains and Mount Rinjani is one of active volcano in Indonesia 5. Size Rinjani-Lombok Geopark has area of 2,800 Km2 6. Material Generally dominated by cal-alkaline volcano from Quarternary time and covered the Neogen clastic sedimentary rocks, Oligo-Miosen volcanic and Tertiary-aged breakthrough

7. Building tradition Traditional culture and heritage sites

2.4. Risk assessment

1. Natural impact Forest fire, earthquake, landslide, liquefaction, and extinct of flora and fauna. 2. Human impact Waste, human activities, urban development, and environmental destruction.

2.5. Cultural Evaluation of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark

A. Visible 1. Visible as a landscape element Mount Rinjani offers many beautiful landscapes. Not only mountain landscape, but other activities around Mount Rinjani become the potential of Rinjani Geopark. besides that, the Rinjani geopark is also considered to be one of the most beautiful mountaintops. Not only mountain tourism, in the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark area there are also several heritage sites, submarine potential, and other geological tours. This means that in the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark area there are many geological potentials and attractions that cannot be found in other locations. This is the advantage of Rinjani-Lombok Geopark compared to other geopark in the world. 2. Visible as exposition element Mount Rinjani is one proof of the enormity of volcanic eruptions that have occurred in Indonesia. This is also supported by many heritage sites and traditions native of Lombok native. This means that with good story telling, the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark is not only an attractive attraction but also has the potential to become for educational activities 3. Memory value Mount Rinjani is a culture center on Lombok island. Many histories and traditions originated and developed in the Mount Rinjani area. 4. Historic value Mount Rinjani is one proof that the development of the indigenous people of Lombok Island began. An example is the development of the Islamic religion on the island of Lombok which is characterized by the existence of cultural heritage that still exists today 5. Physical quality Nature preservation in Gunung Rinjani is still in good category even though there are many threats and it is needed to reduce the risk of damage. B. Structural integrity 1. Presence of the mountain Lombok island is formed Quaternary time with The Pleistocene-Holocene volcanic complex emerged in Lombok Island due to the subducting process of Australia Continental plate under

Eurasia plate. The Quaternary volcano could further be categorized into old and young volcanoes complex. 2. Stratigraphical conditions Rinjani Mountain is stratigraphically standing on Neogene clastic rock sediment (including limestone) and in the same location of volcanic rock from Oligo-Miocene. The Quaternary volcano itself mostly produces pyroclastic and is some places mixed with lava. 3. Stability of the natural environment Although the natural environment tends to change, but it does not have much impact on the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark because Mount Rinjani and the surrounding area serve as environmental conservation areas on the island of Lombok.

2.6. Artefacts

1. Organic material Many other geological and biological attractions are found in the area of Mount Rinjani or in the whole area of Lombok Island. 2. An-organic Many historical heritage and heritage sites in the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark area.

2.7. Quality of archaeological information

1. Representative value Mount Rinjani offers geological wealth not only in the form of geological structures but also in tourism and it all can be found in the same area. 2. Chronological Has its own uniqueness even at the world level, especially with the presence of lakes on the caldera on the mountain. 3. Regional Even though in Indonesia and Southeast Asia there are many mountains, but information and natural resources are not like on Mount Rinjani and Lombok Island.

2.8. Significance of information

1. Geographical significance Mount Rinjani provides a lot of information about the history of the formation of the island of Lombok and the first population on the island of Lombok. Mount Rinjani also provides important information regarding the many geological tourism potentials on the island of Lombok. 2. Historical or archaeological significance Mount Rinjani is the gateway to the spread of Islam on Lombok Island. This is marked by the establishment of the ancient Bayan Beleq Mosque which is the most popular mosque on the

Lombok Island and became a heritage site. There are many heritage sites and traditions that have developed in the Gunung Rinjani area. 3. Conclusion The results of the survey and mapping, that the influence of the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark not only affects the surrounding Mount Rinjani, but also strongly related to the overall geological development of the island of Lombok. Therefore, Mount Rinjani also not only affects the overall geology of the island of Lombok but also affects the traditions and culture, activities, and heritage inheritance on the island of Lombok.

2.9. Safeguarding

1. Legal The Mount Rinjani area is Designated as a conservation area by a Decree of the Ministry of Forestry Number 280/Kpts-VI/1997 dated May 23, 1997, this conservation area has an area of 41,330 hectares. It also supported by Presidential Decree no 9 of 2019 about Geopark Development. In 2014 and 2017, Mount Rinjani has receive national and UNESCO global geopark certificate for geopark determination but the legal basis for geopark has not yet to been set. 2. Physical Nature preservation in Gunung Rinjani is still in good category even though there are many threats and it is needed to reduce the risk of damage. 3. Monitoring A follow-up survey on the addition of the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark area is being carried out in 2018-2019 based on a study conducted in 2014. With the establishment of the Rinjani-Lombok Geopark management agency, the monitoring process can be scheduled in the future. 4. Visualizing • Dossier for Rinjani-Lombok Geopark was produced but it will be added with new delineation • Site plan was produced • Masterplan for Rinjani-Lombok Geopark was produced it will be added with new delineation • Presentation of the project’s results was given to UNESCO • Digital photo and video records of the site were taken for UNESCO website and other promotional materials.