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Repellency and Fumigant Toxicity of Aloe Vera, Astragalus Sarcocolla

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Repellency and Fumigant Toxicity of Aloe Vera, Astragalus Sarcocolla AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGY JOURNAL OF NORTH AMERICA ISSN Print: 2151-7517, ISSN Online: 2151-7525, doi:10.5251/abjna.2017.8.5.202.213 © 2017, ScienceHuβ, http://www.scihub.org/ABJNA Repellency and Fumigant Toxicity of Aloe vera, Astragalus sarcocolla , Commiphora myrrha and Ferula assa-foetida L Gum Resin Powders and Methanol Extracts against Trogoderma granarium Everts Al-Fuhaid, Nawalabdulaziz Department of Biology, Sattam Bin Abdul-Aziz University College of Science and Humanities, Kharj, Saudi Arabia, Phone: +966506437231 For Correspondence:[email protected] ABSTRACT The biological activity of Ferula assa-foetida, Aloe vera, Astragalus sarcocolla and Commiphora myrrha gum resin powders and their methanol extracts were tested on 5th, fifth instar larvae of the Trogoderma granarium beetle. This evaluation was conducted using bioassays of the repellency effect of the gum resin powders at concentrations of 0.5,0.9,2 and 4%and the fumigants toxicity of the methanol extracts at concentrations of0.2,0.4,0.6 and 0.8%at exposure periods of 24, 48 and 72 hours. The descending order of effective powders starts with the repellency effect at applied concentrations: F.assa-foetida >A.vera >A.sarcocolla >C.myrrha. The F.assa-foetida gum resin powder lead in repellency by providing 100% repellency at all concentrations after 24 hours of exposure. A.vera, A.sarcocolla and C.myrrha (µ1/L air) of the methanol extracts had a descending rating for effectiveness: 0.99, 0.99, 0.98 and 8.33 µ1/L air for F.assa-foetida >A. vera >C. myrrha >A. sarcocolla, respectively, after 72 hours of exposure to the fumigants. This study discussed the potential biological activity of some chemical compounds that possess plant gum resin. Keywords: monoterpenoids, neurotoxicity, polysulfides, sarcocolla, hing INTRODUCTION products, oilseeds, dried fruits and dry animal products including milk powder and meat and fat The pests that afflict stored grains are considered an powder and dry fish. Chemical control for this pest is economic hindrance for both developed and complicated because the larvae can starve for a long developing countries. The most dangerous of these time, and they infect food for a long duration(Banks, pests is the beetle Trogoderma granarium Everts, 1977; Benz, 1987). which belongs to Coleoptera class and the Dermestidae family. The presence of this beetle has been recorded in Southern Europe, Western Africa, The use of chemical pesticides as well as fumigants Asia and South America. for the control of the discovered species of this insect are methyl bromide and phosphine (OEPP/ EPPO, Control measures for Trogoderma granarium Everts 1986), but there is a danger of direct, delayed or began in 1966 in America because the damage remaining impacts of the pesticides on humans and caused by the beetle led to an economic loss of $15 animals. Additionally, the repeated use of these m for the United States of America (Kerr, 1988). chemicals causes biological resistance in controlling insects (Champ and Dyte,1977;Lindgren,1988; There is a high probability that the larvae stage of this Rahman et al., 2009; Boyer et al.,2012). beetle is the destructive phase for this insect because of its ability to live and survive without food for up to Using the natural alternative of temperature by 23 months(Kerr, 1988), as well as its ability to feed exposing the seeds to 60 °C for 30 seconds caused a on different types of stored food, such as flour 100% mortality rate in T. granarium insects(Morner et Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2017, 8(5):202-213 al., 1987). Additionally, botanical alternatives with Preparation of methanol extract: For the crude insecticidal properties, despite their use in cooking or extraction, 100% methanol was used as a solvent, medicine, especially in agricultural or rural areas, and 500 g of each gum powder sample was soaked draws attention to the possibility of use in repelling in 750 ml of methanol and kept in the lab for 5 days some insects including arthropods or vermin due to with continuous manual stirring of the extract. The the daily observations or odors of the plants. The extract was then filtered by using a rotary evaporator. most prominent of these plants include Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Pyrethrum Preparations of solutions: According to (Asrar et (Bruce, 1940; Foil and Hogsette, 1994), Azadirachta al., 2016),solutions of crude methanol extract at 2%, indica neem(Chagas et al., 2010; Khater, 2012), 4%, 6% and 8% concentrations were prepared by Mentha piperita( Ehrh.)(Lachance and Grange, dissolving 0.2,0.4,0.6 and 0.8ml of the crude 2014),and Ociumum suaveWilld(Obeng-Ofori et al., methanol extract In 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2 ml of 1998)because they succeed in toxicity, antifeedant methanol. and bioefficacy to many of the pests in stored grains. Repellency bioassay: The (Naworth,1973) method Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate was followed with some modifications in assessing the repellency effect and the toxic fumigants of Aloe the repellency effect of the gum resin plant powders vera, L. Burm.f., Astragalus sarcocolla Dymock, against the 5 th instar larvae of the studied insect. Commiphora myrrha L and Ferula assa-foetida L. We used a wide plastic dish with a diameter of 15 cm These plants have world-wide therapeutic uses in folk and a height of 2.5 cm and a small dish with a and local medicine (Eigner and Scholz, 1999; Abd El- diameter of 8.5 cm and a height of 1.3 cm. The small Razek et al., 2001; Jaradat et al., 2017),as well as in dish was placed and fixed in the middle of the large the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(Alqasoumi, 2012; dish with adhesive material after separately placing Alshammari, 2016), against 5th, fifth instar larvae of 15 g of wheat grain in each small dish. Then, the Trogoderma granarium Everts. plant powder concentrations were mixed with a weight / weight ratio for each dish with three MATERIALS AND METHODS replicates, and 10 fifth-age newly molted larvae were then inserted into the small dish. The nozzle of the Breeding the insect: The insects were collected large dish was covered with a muslin cloth and tied from different types of stored grains including wheat, with a rubber band. After that, the number of larvae grit, and oats and were cultured for three months in that escaped from the small dish to the large plate the incubator at a temperature of 28 ± 2 °C with a after a period of 24,48 and 72 hours was recorded. relative humidity of 70-60%.The insects were placed The percentage for repulsion (PR)was calculated per in 200 g of sterile wheat in 500-ml containers. The (Talukder and Howse, 1994)where cultures were covered with a muslin cloth, and the PR =Percent repellency cap was fixed with a rubber band. The containers NT=The number of larvae trapped in the dietary were incubated in the incubator and renewed after medium each generation. The newly molted 5 th instar larvae NE=The number of larvae escaped from the treated were used in all experiments with three replicates, dietary medium with 10 larvae in each replicate. According to Musa et PR% = NT-NE x100 al.(2009),5 th instar larvae are considered the most NT+NE gluttonous age. NT: Preparation of plant powders: The finest gum types The repellency was assessed and classified in were purchased for the study, as shown in Table I, according to McGovern et al.(1977): from the medicinal plants markets in Alkharj city. The Class I= 0.1-20 weak repellence plants were washed and dried in the shade for one Class II= 20.1-40 repellent to some extent month, and the fresh Ferul aassa-foetida gum took Class III= 40.1 -60 medium repellent six complete months to dry. Then, the plants were Class IV = 60.1 – 80 very good repellent ground by a high-voltage electric mill to a very fine Class V= 80.1-100 high repellent powder. The resulting powder was passed through a 20 mess sieve to obtain a fine powder and was then kept refrigerated in a glass container until use. 203 Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2017, 8(5):202-213 Table I. Names the Gums resins tested of the Repellency and Fumigant Toxicity. Scientific name Family Plant Common Active compound References name part name Guenther 1972; Sesquiterpene Karr et al.,1990; oxygenated compounds: Nerio et al.,2010 lactones , limonene, Celestino et al 2013; Aloe vera ,L. Burm.f. Liliaceae leaves aloe gum B-caryophyllen, Khan et al.,2014; Glycosides (alion, Boudreau et al .,2006 barbalion) Triterpene, monoterpenes Guenther 1972; Nerio et sarcocolla glycosides and al.,2010; Khan et al.,2014 Astragalus sarcocolla Leguminosa roots oxygenated compounds: Alshammari 2016; Jaradat Dymock e flavonoids et al.,2017 saponins Monoterpenes and Guenther 1972; Karr et Commiphora myrrha L Burseraceae trunks myrrha oxygenated compounds: al.,1990; Nerio et al.,2010; Ugenol, Limonene Wisniak 2013 Guenther 1972; Monoterpenes, Shankaranarayana et al Ferula assa-foetida L Umbelliferae roots Hing sesquiterpenes 1982; Khajeh et al.,2005; and oxygenated Abd El-Razek et al.,2001; compounds: Karr et al.,1990; Nerio et phenols, polysulfides, al.,2010; Iranshahy et limonene, al.,2011; Alshammari flavonoids, limonene, 2016 polyphenolic, myrcene 204 Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2017, 8(5):202-213 Table II. Repellent activity of A.sarcocolla A.vera, C.myrrha and F.assa-foetida gum resins powders on Larvae (5st instar) T.granarium after 72h. Treatment Con. Repellent% Repellen F L.S.D. L.S.D.0. Slope ± Intercep 95%confidence µg/cm ± S.E cy class 0.05 01 SE t ² 0 .00±.000 Lower upper Ferula 4 30.00±.000 -- -- -- 4.590± -1.
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