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Durham E-Theses „He €Roof of Imptiness ! Fh©—Vivek—9S Tewel In Durham E-Theses The Proof of Emptiness Bh©aviveka'sJewel in the Hand FONG, LAI,YAN How to cite: FONG, LAI,YAN (2015) The Proof of Emptiness Bh©aviveka'sJewel in the Hand, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11319/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Title: The Proof of Emptiness – Bhāviveka’s Jewel in the Hand Author: Lai Yan Fong Abstract: This study seeks to examine the Svātantrika-Madhyamaka proof of emptiness in Bhāviveka’s Jewel in the Hand (* Karatalaratna , KR). The proof comprises two inferences, the first of which is to the ultimate emptiness of conditioned things and the other to the ultimate unreality of unconditioned things. However, emptiness and logical reasoning are seemingly mutually -exclusive, in that emptiness is non-conceptual and ineffable while logical reasoning is conceptual and verbal. How can Bhāviveka prove emptiness by logical reasoning? The thesis addresses this theoretical tension in two parts: Part I – an introduction to the proof, and Part II – a commentary with the translation of the objections raised by the opponents and Bhāviveka’s responses related to the first inference. Chapter 1 in Part I explains the formation of the two inferences. Chapter 2 clarifies Bhāviveka’s notions of the two truths in relation to the proof. The theoretical tension is solvable as the ultimate emptiness is understood as the expressible (paryāya ) ultimate truth, which is conceptual. The proof is further considered as the true (tathya ) conventional truth, through which the realisation of the inexpressible (aparyāya ) ultimate truth is facilitated. Chapter 3 examines the two inferences in terms of inferences for others. Although they are considered the summary of the conclusions of all individual inferences regarding the ultimate emptiness of different things, they are unestablished as standalone inferences because their reasons ( hetu ) are fallacious. Thus, they fail to prove the expressible ultimate truth. Chapter 4 suggests that the proof might be defensible referring to later developments in Buddhist logic. Part II analyses the objections to Bhāviveka’s first inference and his notion of self- emptiness and Bhāviveka’s defences, based on the translation of the relevant part in KR. These objections are refuted by logical reasoning, although not obviously with satisfactory results. 1 THE PROOF OF EMPTINESS – BHĀVIVEKA’S JEWEL IN THE HAND by Lai Yan Fong A thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Durham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Philosophy 2015 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS 5 PART I – INTRODUCTION 11 Chapter 1: Preliminaries 12 1.1 Dharma , satya , śūnyatā , svabhāva 13 1.2 The tension between logical reasoning and emptiness 16 1.3 The formation of the two inferences in the proof 19 1.3.1 Dignāga’s logical system 21 1.3.2 Bhāviveka’s proof 32 1.4 Previous research 38 1.5 Overview 40 Chapter 2: Bhāviveka’s Understanding of the Two Truths 48 2.1 Introduction 48 2.2 What is emptiness in the ultimate sense? 48 2.2.1 The ultimate emptiness as described by Bhāviveka 48 2.2.2 The epistemological interpretation of emptiness 53 2.3 Bhāviveka’s system of the two truths 55 2.3.1 Nāgārjuna’s explication of the two truths 56 2.3.2 Bhāviveka’s four categories of truth 58 2.3.3 Spiritual practice in terms of the two truths 70 Chapter 3: The Establishment of the Proof 77 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 On the common agreement on the concept of a term 78 3.2.1 Terms as general qualities 78 3.2.2 The discussion of the merely false conventionalities 81 3.3 The general result of the whole inferential process 84 3.3.1 Inference as a process 85 3.3.2 The absence of a negative example and the third characteristic of a reason 87 3.3.3 Non-implicative negation 91 3.4 The modifier “in terms of the ultimate truth” 94 3 3.5 On taking all conditioned things or all unconditioned things as the subject 96 3.5.1 The fallacy of the reason being too specific 96 3.5.2 “Arisen from conditions” as the distinctive characteristic of “all conditioned things” 98 3.6 Is the expressible ultimate truth provable by inference? 102 Chapter 4: Closing Remarks 104 PART II – TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY 112 APPENDIX – THE CHINESE TEXT 243 BIBLIOGRAPHY 258 4 ABBREVIATIONS CBETA CBETA Chinese Electronic Tripiṭaka Collection (V5.2), distributed by the Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association, May 2014. DDB Digital Dictionary of Buddhism <http://www.buddhism- dict.net/ddb/> GN Grub pa’i mtha’i rnam par bzhag pa by Jang-gya in “Translation of the Svātantrika chapter of Jang-gya’s Presentation of Tenets ” in Lopaz 1987, pp. 245-386. HJIBS Hokkaido Journal of Indological and Buddhist Studies (印度哲学仏 教学) HUSFL The Hiroshima University Studies, Faculty of Letters (広島大学文学 部紀要 ) IIJ Indo-Iranian Journal JIBS Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (印度学仏教学研究 ) JIP Journal of Indian Philosophy KDBR-KT Kanazawa daigaku bungakubu ronshū (金沢大学文学部論集 ), Kōdōkagaku tetsugaku hen ( 行動科学・哲学篇) KR *Karatala-ratna by Bhāviveka. Translated into Chinese as Da cheng zhang zhen lun (大乘掌珍論 ) by Xuanzang ( 玄奘 ). CBETA, T30, no. 1578. LRCM Lam rim chen mo by Tsong-kha-pa in The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment , vol. 3, trans. The Lamrin Chenmo Translation Committee, eds. Joshua W. C. Cutler and Guy Newland. Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2002. MHK Madhyamaka-hdaya-kārikā by Bhāviveka; verses 1-136 with TJ of Chapter 3 in Iida 1980, pp. 52-242; chapter 5 with TJ in Eckel 2008, pp. 213-298; chapter 6 with TJ in HE 2011, pp. 257-303. MMK Mūlamadhyamakakārikā by Nāgārjuna in Siderits and Katsura 2013. MN Majjhima Nikāya MW A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged, with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European 5 Languages , by Monier Monier-Williams. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1899. Reprinted in 1964. NM Nyāyamukha by Dignāga in Katsura 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982. See also Tucci 1930. NP Nyāya-praveśa by Śaṃkarasvāmin. Translated into Chinese as Yin ming ru zheng li lun (因明入正理論 ) by Xuanzang. CBETA, T32, no. 1630. See also Tachikawa 1971. PEW Philosophy East and West PP *Prajñāpradīpa-mūlamadhyamaka-vtti by Bhāviveka. Translated into Chinese as Bo re deng lun shi (般若燈論釋 ) by Prabhākaramitra. CBETA, T30, no. 1566. PS Pramāasamuccaya by Dignāga; chapter 1 in Hattori 1968, pp. 21- 172; chapters 2 and 5 in Hayes 1988, pp. 231-308; verses 1-2 of chapter 3 in Tillemans 2000; chapters 3, 4 and 6 in Kitagawa 1965, pp. 126-351. PSP Prasannapadā of Candrakīrti; chapter 1 in Scherbatsky 1977, pp. 87- 192; chapters 18 and 24 in Sprung et al. 1979, pp. 165-186, 223-246. PSV The Vtti of PS by Dignāga; see PS. PTS Pali Text Society PV Pramāavārttika by Dharmakīrti in “ Pramāavārttika-kārikā (Sanskrit and Tibetan),” ed. Yūsho Miyasaka, インド古典研究 (Acta Indologica ), 2 (1971/72): 1-219. SA Satyābhisamaya: A Buddhist Studies Quarterly (正觀雜誌 ) SAT The SAT Daizōkyō Text Database <http://21dzk.l.u- tokyo.ac.jp/SAT/ddb-bdk-sat2.php > SGZKN Suzuki Gakujutsu Zaidan kenkyū nenpō (鈴木学術財団研究年報 ) SK Sākhya-kārikā by Īśvarakṛṣṇa in Mainkar 2004. SN Sayutta Nikāya SNS Sadhi-nirmocana-sūtra . Translated into Chinese as Jie shen mi jing (解深密經 ) by Xuanzang. CBETA, T16, no. 676. SS Suvara-saptati . Translated into Chinese as Jing qi shi lun (金七十論 ) by Paramārtha. CBETA, T54, no. 2137. T Taishō Tripiaka 6 TJ Tarkajvālā by Bhāviveka. See MHK. TS/P Tattvasagraha by Śāntarakṣita in The Tattvasagraha of Shāntarakita: with the Commentary of Kamalashīla , 2 vols., trans . Ganganatha Jha. First printed in 1937 as G. O. S. No. Lxxx in Baroda. Reprinted in Delhi by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1986. VV Vigrahavyāvartanī by Nāgārjuna in Westerhoff 2010, pp. 19-41. XYSJL Xian yang sheng jiao lun (顯揚聖教論 ) by Asaga. Translated into Chinese by Xuanzang. CBETA, T31, no. 1602. YB Yogācāra-bhūmi-śāstra by Asaga. Translated into Chinese as Yu jia shi di lun (瑜伽師地論 ) by Xuanzang. CBETA, T30, no. 1579. YMRZLLS Yin ming ru zheng li lun shu (因明入正理論疏 ) by Kuiji ( 窺基). CBETA, T44, No. 1840. WSFLJ Wei shi fen liang jue (唯識分量決 ) by Zenju ( 善珠 ). SAT, T2321, no. 71. Zangyao Zangyao (藏要 ), vol. 22, ed. 歐陽竟無 (Ouyang Jingwu). Taipei: 新 文豐 (Xin wen feng), 1988. ZZLS Zhang zhen lun shu (掌珍論疏 ). CBETA, X46, no. 788. 7 STATEMENT OF COPYRIGHT The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the author's prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the ERC project Śāstravid and the Thousand Buddha Temple, under the scholarships of which I finished my PhD study. I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Jan Westerhoff and Dr.
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