DOCSLIB.ORG

Chemographic Exploration of Amphibole Assemblages from Central Massachusetts and Southwestern New Hampshire

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chemographic Exploration of Amphibole Assemblages from Central Massachusetts and Southwestern New Hampshire Mineral. Soc. Amer, Spec. Pap. 2, 251-274 (1969). CHEMOGRAPHIC EXPLORATION OF AMPHIBOLE ASSEMBLAGES FROM CENTRAL MASSACHUSETTS AND SOUTHWESTERN NEW HAMPSHIRE PETER ROBINSON AND HOWARD W. JAFFE Department of Geology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 ABSTRACT Fourteen wet chemical and forty electron-probe analyses were made of amphiboles from critical assemblages in the kyanite and sillimanite zones of central Massachusetts and southwestern New Hampshire. The rocks studied in- clude plagioclase amphibolites that are metamorphosed mafic lavas and tuffs, aluminous anthophyllite rocks of uncertain derivation, quartz-garnet-amphibole granulites that are metamorphosed ferruginous cherts, and pods of ultramafic amphibolite. The rocks contain the following associations: hornblende-anthophyllite, hornblende-cummingtonite, anthophyllite-cummingtonite, hornblende-anthophyllite-cummingtonite, anthophyllite-cordierite, and anthophyllite- kyanite-sillimanite-staurolite_garnet. The following generalizations are made: 1) The cummingtonites are compositionally simple, containing neither sig- nificant AI/AI, NaJAI, nor Ca substitution. 2) The hornblendes are high in AI/AI substitution. Those coexisting with cummingtonite in the kyanite zone or in retrograded rocks have a higher Al content than those coexisting with cum- mingtonite in the sillimanite zone, in close agreement with the prograde reaction tschermakitic hornblende -7 cumming- tonite + plagioclase + H20 proposed by Shido. The Na content of hornblende is considerably less than that of the theoretical edenite end member and is relatively insensitive to variation in the Na content of coexisting plagioclase. 3) Anthophyllites coexisting with hornblende contain about 1as much AI/AI substitution and 1as much Na substitution as coexisting hornblendes. Ca is negligible. Anthophyllites with cordierite, aluminosilicates, or garnet equal or surpass hornblende in AI/AI and Na substitution. Anthophyllites coexisting with cummingtonite are more aluminous than the cummingtonite, and anthophyllites as a group can be distinguished from cummingtonites by their higher Na content and Na/Ca ratios. 4) Chemographic data for the sillimanite zone indicate there should be a narrow three-amphibole field centered on 100 Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 41 with hornblende and anthophyllite in more magnesian assemblages, and either hornblende and cummingtonite or cummingtonite and anthophyllite in more iron-rich assemblages. A true three-amphibole assemblage was located some miles away in the sillimanite-orthoclase zone with the three phase field centered on 100 Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 36. The wet analyses show that one fifth to nearly one half of the Fe in hornblende is Fe'+, anthophyllite has much less Fe'", and cummingtonite still less. Metamorphic rock compositions more or less restricted to the system SiO, - Ai 0, _ FeO _ MgO, such as the 2 aluminous anthophyllite rocks reported here, are rare, but sufficiently known worldwide to allow recognition of several facies for quartz-saturated rocks, all containing combinations of anthophyllite, cummingtonite, cordierite, AI-silicates, staurolite, and garnet. INTRODUCTION tain abundant staurolite. The eastern part of the area was The purpose of this study was to determine the composi- metamorphosed in the sillimanite zone, the kyanite-silli- tion and extent of solid solution of coexisting amphiboles manite boundary being defined by the westernmost occur- and associated minerals from a variety of rocks, all of rences of fibrolitic sillimanite. Sillimanite is abundant and which were subjected to approximately the same metamor- commonly occurs in mica schists with muscovite, biotite, phic conditions. Such a study was done on rocks of pelitic staurolite, and garnet. Within the sillimanite zone there are composition for the kyanite zone in Vermont by Albee scattered occurrences of kyanite, some coexisting with silli- (1965a). Klein (1968) recently completed a survey of manite, that are considered to be relics of earlier stages of coexisting amphiboles on a worldwide basis that formed metamorphism that survived later higher temperature con- under a variety of conditions. ditions. In the eastern part of the area there are a few The amphibole rocks of this study were found during de- rocks that contain coexisting quartz, muscovite, sillimanite, tailed mapping of the Orange area, central Massachusetts orthoclase and oligoclase suggesting a transition toward the and southwestern New Hampshire (Robinson, 1963, 1967) sillimanite-orthoclase zone. In the extreme south central and adjacent areas. The Orange area (Fig. 1) lies on the part of the area there was thorough retrograde metamor- Bronson Hill anticlinorium, a zone of en echelon gneiss phism of sillimanite zone rocks to mineralogy characteristic domes with cores composed of gneiss of uncertain age of the biotite zone. mantled by metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks The structural history of the area is complex. Earlier of Middle Ordovician, Silurian, and Early Devonian age nappe structures with amplituda, up to 25 km are de- (Thompson, Robinson, Clifford, and Trask, 1968). The formed about later gneiss domes that may be bulging or Triassic border fault with a probable displacement of 5 to strongly overturned with vertical amplitudes up to 10-12 8 km (east side upthrown) lies in the northwest corner of the area. km. The nappe and dome structures involve Lower Devo- nian rocks and both formed during the metamorphism that The western part of the Orange area was metamor- was probably Middle Devonian. Conditions of metamor- phosed in the kyanite zone, but kyanite is relatively scarce phism are estimated to have been 600-700°C and 5-7 because of bulk composition and common mica schists con- kbar total pressure (Robinson, 1966). 251 PETER ROBINSON AND HOWARD W. JAFFE 252 nous layers also occur in the Loer Devonian Littleton Formation, and at one locality such a layer contains an as- sociation of olivine (Fess, no quartz), orthopyroxene (Fes!;), grunerite (FeS4)' garnet and magnetite, to be re- ported in detail elsewhere. The final amphibole association is in pods of ultramafic rocks, probably metamorphosed pyroxenites that appear to intrude most pre-Silurian units in the stratigraphy. A high proportion of the specimens considered here were collected on two hills less than 3,000 feet (0.9 km) apart in Richmond, New Hampshire and at a third outcrop 6,000 feet (1.8 km) to the south near the state line (Fig. 1). These three localities collectively are referred to as the "Amphibole Hill Area." PETROGRAPHY Estimated modes, and other notes on the analyzed specimens are given in Table 1. Plagioclase compositions were determined by measurement of the 0. refractive index in oils and are ex- pressed in mole percent An. The optical properties of the amphi- boles have been studied by the authors but will be reported else- where (see also Jaffe, Robinson, and Klein, 1968; Robinson and Jaffe, 1969). All are coarsely crystalline and nearly free of sec- ondary alteration products. Textures vary considerably. Two amphiboles are considered to constitute an assemblage only if they are in mutual contact. Specimen I38A, for example, con- tains three amphiboles in different layers. A cummingtonite- bearing layer 2 ern thick is in contact with anthophyllite on one side (Klein, 1968, Fig. 14) and hornblende (Ross, Papike, and Weiblen, 1968.) on the other. Thus, there are two two-amphi- FIG. 1. Generalized geologic map of the Orange area, Massa- bole assemblages. One specimen, QB27C, does contain three truly chusetts and New Hampshire, showing specimen locations and coexisting amphiboles (Robinson, Jaffe, Klein, and Ross, 1969). distribution of Middle Ordovician Ammonoosuc Volcanics and Hornblende coexisting with cummingtonite or anthophyllite Partridge Formation (undifferentiated, black areas). Heavy contains thin exsolution lamellae of colorless clinoamphibole, dashed line is estimated position of the kyanite-sillimanite optically like cummingtonite, oriented parallel to (i01) and boundary. (100) of the host (Ross, Papike and Weiblen, 1968; Jaffe, Robinson, and Klein, 1968). The intensity of color is variable The amphibole rocks of interest occur in several geologic and strongly dependent on composition but the tone generally associations. Most important are metamorphosed mafic follows the pleochroic scheme Z-bluish green, Y -olive green, volcanic layers, either lavas or tuffs, in the Middle Ordovi- X -tan. Slight color zoning occurs in some specimens and some grains are twinned on (100). cian Ammonoosuc Volcanics or the Partridge Formation. Cummingtonite coexisting with hornblende contains thin ex- These are plagioclase amphibolites with various combina- solution lamellae of hornblende oriented parallel to (101) and tions of hornblende, cummingtonite, and anthophyllite ac- (100) of the host. In many cases hornblende and cummingtonite companied in many cases by quartz, biotite, garnet, rutile, hosts are in contact along these exsolution planes. Some grains ilmenite, or magnetite. Hornblende amphibolites not specif- are twinned 1-3 times on (100). Both (101) and (100) exsolu- tion lamellae were observed either in thin section or in oils in ically studied here may also contain epidote, diopside, or all specimens containing both cummingtonite and hornblende sphene. Interbedded with the volcanics at a few localities hosts. However, because of the variable abundance and distribu- are peculiar alumina-rich anthophyllite gneisses containing tion
Load more

Recommended publications
  • AMPHIBOLES: Crystal Chemistry, Occurrence, and Health Issues
    AMPHIBOLES: Crystal Chemistry, Occurrence, and Health Issues 67 Reviews in Mineralogy and. Geochemistry 67 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Amphiboles: Crystal Chemistry Frank C. Hawthorne, Roberta Oberti INTRODUCTION 1 CHEMICAL FORMULA 1 SOMi : ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 1 Chemical composition 1 Summary 6 CALCULATION OF THE CHEMICAL FORMULA 7 24 (O, OH, F, CI) 7 23 (O) 8 13 cations 8 15 cations 8 16 cations 8 Summary 8 AMPIIIBOI I S: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 8 Space groups 9 Cell dimensions 9 Site nomenclature 9 The C2/m amphibole structure 10 The P2/m amphibole structure 12 The P2/a amphibole structure 12 The Pnma amphibole structure 12 The Pnmn amphibole structure 14 The C1 amphibole structure 17 STACKING SEQUENCES AND SPACE GROUPS 18 BOND LENGTHS AND BOND VALENCES IN [4IA1-FREE AMPHIBOLES 19 THE DOUBLE-CHAIN OF TETRAHEDRA IN [4IA1 AMPHIBOLES 19 Variation in <T-0> bondlengths in C2/m amphiboles 21 Variation in <T-0> bondlengths in Pnma amphiboles 25 THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE STRIP OF OCTAHEDRA 27 The C2/m amphiboles: variation in mean bondlengths 27 The Pnma amphiboles with B(Mg,Fe,Mn): variation in mean bondlengths 30 v Amphiboles - Table of Contents The Pnma amphiboles with BLi: variation in mean bondlengths 32 THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE M (4) SITE 34 The calcic, sodic-calcic and sodic amphiboles 35 Amphiboles with small B cations (magnesium-iron-manganese- lithium, magnesium-sodium and lithium-sodium) 36 The C2/m amphiboles: variation in <M(4)-0> bondlengths 36 The Pnma amphiboles: variation in <MA-0> bondlengths 36 I III! STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE A SITE 37 The C2/m amphiboles 37 The PU a amphibole 40 The Pnma amphiboles 40 The Pnmn amphiboles 41 THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE 0(3) SITE 41 The C2/m amphiboles 41 UNIT-CELL PARAMETERS AND COMPOSITION IN C2/m AMPHIBOLES 42 SUMMARY 46 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 46 REFERENCES 47 APPENDIX 1: CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE REFINEMENTS OF AMPHIBOLE 51 Z Classification of the Amphiboles Frank C.
    [Show full text]
  • Depositional Setting of Algoma-Type Banded Iron Formation Blandine Gourcerol, P Thurston, D Kontak, O Côté-Mantha, J Biczok
    Depositional Setting of Algoma-type Banded Iron Formation Blandine Gourcerol, P Thurston, D Kontak, O Côté-Mantha, J Biczok To cite this version: Blandine Gourcerol, P Thurston, D Kontak, O Côté-Mantha, J Biczok. Depositional Setting of Algoma-type Banded Iron Formation. Precambrian Research, Elsevier, 2016. hal-02283951 HAL Id: hal-02283951 https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02283951 Submitted on 11 Sep 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Accepted Manuscript Depositional Setting of Algoma-type Banded Iron Formation B. Gourcerol, P.C. Thurston, D.J. Kontak, O. Côté-Mantha, J. Biczok PII: S0301-9268(16)30108-5 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.04.019 Reference: PRECAM 4501 To appear in: Precambrian Research Received Date: 26 September 2015 Revised Date: 21 January 2016 Accepted Date: 30 April 2016 Please cite this article as: B. Gourcerol, P.C. Thurston, D.J. Kontak, O. Côté-Mantha, J. Biczok, Depositional Setting of Algoma-type Banded Iron Formation, Precambrian Research (2016), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres. 2016.04.019 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal Structure of Protoamphibole
    Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. 2, 101-109 (1969). CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF PROTOAMPHIBOLE G. V. GIBBS Department of Geological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 ABSTRACT The structure proposed for protoamphibole (Gibbs et al., 1960) has been verified and refined by three-dimensional Fourier and least-squares methods using data collected with a Weissenberg single crystal counter-diffractometer. The symmetry is Pnmn with a = 9.330, b = 17.879 and c = 5.288 A and the unit-cell content is 2(Nao.03Li",oMg, ••) (Si r. ,.Alo.040,1.71) (OHo.15F,.14). The structure consists of layers of interlocking chains of fluorine-centered hexagonal rings of SiO. groups. The layers are bound together by Mg.Li cations which are coordinated between the chains, the coordination being effected by a ~(cI3) stagger between adjacent layers. An additional stagger of ~(-cI3) in the sequence along a gives an overall displacement of zero between alternate layers, accounting for the 9.33 A a cell edge and the orthogonal geometry. The direction of stagger can be related to the placement of the cations in the octahedral layer. The M -cation coordination groups are nearly regular octahedra with the exception of M(4) which is similar to Mg(l) in protoenstatite. The M(3), M(1) and M(2) sites are occupied principally by Mg. In addition to being randomly distributed around the cavity walls of the A-site, Li ions are also segregated in about 25% of the M(4) sites, the others being occupied by Mg ions. The individual Si-O bond distances in the chains are consistent with Cruickshank's d-p -n: bonding model: Si-O(non- bridging) bonds [Si(1)-O(1) = 1.592; Si(2)-0(4) = 1.592; Si(2)-0(2) = 1.605 AJ are significantly shorter, on the average, than the Si-O(bridging) bonds [Si(1)-0(5) = 1.616; Si(1)-0(6) = 1.623; Si(1)-0(7) = 1.624; Si(2)-0(5) = 1.626; Si(2)-0(6) = 1.655 AJ.
    [Show full text]
  • ANTHOPHYLLITE Revised: Published by A.E
    FROM: Robinson, G.W., 2004 Mineralogy of Michigan by E.W. Heinrich updated and ANTHOPHYLLITE revised: published by A.E. Seaman Mineral Mg7Si8O22(OH)2 Museum, Houghton, MI, 252p. The only common orthorhombic member of the amphibole group; forms a solid solution series with ferro-anthophyllite. Anthophyllite is a metamorphic mineral, occurring in various schists, gneisses, and some iron formations. It also occurs as a hydrothermal mineral species in altered peridotites. The Marquette County localities cited below were reported by Brooks (1873). The identity of his anthophyllites has never been verified or supported by optical data. It is suspected that some, if not all, of the amphibole he reported as anthophyllite may actually be grunerite, inasmuch as some of Brooks’ localities are underlain by Bijiki or Negaunee Iron Formation which in the Marquette district includes grunerite- magnetite schists (Van Hise and Leith, 1911; Richarz, 1927a, b, c; 1932). Northern Peninsula. Baraga County: Spurr Mountain: “Anthophylite” containing 1.78% Mn is reported by Brooks (1873). Dickinson County: 1. Metronite quarry near Felch: Lamey (1934) reports, along with other silicates, the presence of “feranthophyllite” (=ferro-anthophyllite). This has not been verified and is very doubtful (Heinrich, 1962b). 2. NE ¼ NE ¼, section 23, T42N, R29W: In the Skunk Creek Member of the Solberg Schist, actinolite(?) fringed by an amphibole that “may be anthophyllite” was found in a hornblende- magnetite schist (James et al., 1961). 3. Vulcan Iron Formation: One variant consists of grunerite with magnetite, quartz, and anthophyllite (James et al., 1961). Marquette County: 1. Washington mine: Anthophyllite-quartz-magnetite schist. 2. South of New England mine: In slaty magnetite schist.
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals
    AppendixA __________ Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals 325 Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals J. B. Lyons, S. A. Morse, and R. E. Stoiber Distinguishing Characteristics Chemical XI. System and Indices Birefringence "Characteristically parallel, but Mineral Composition Best Cleavage Sign,2V and Relief and Color see Fig. 13-3. A. High Positive Relief Zircon ZrSiO. Tet. (+) 111=1.940 High biref. Small euhedral grains show (.055) parallel" extinction; may cause pleochroic haloes if enclosed in other minerals Sphene CaTiSiOs Mon. (110) (+) 30-50 13=1.895 High biref. Wedge-shaped grains; may (Titanite) to 1.935 (0.108-.135) show (110) cleavage or (100) Often or (221) parting; ZI\c=51 0; brownish in very high relief; r>v extreme. color CtJI\) 0) Gamet AsB2(SiO.la where Iso. High Grandite often Very pale pink commonest A = R2+ and B = RS + 1.7-1.9 weakly color; inclusions common. birefracting. Indices vary widely with composition. Crystals often euhedraL Uvarovite green, very rare. Staurolite H2FeAI.Si2O'2 Orth. (010) (+) 2V = 87 13=1.750 Low biref. Pleochroic colorless to golden (approximately) (.012) yellow; one good cleavage; twins cruciform or oblique; metamorphic. Olivine Series Mg2SiO. Orth. (+) 2V=85 13=1.651 High biref. Colorless (Fo) to yellow or pale to to (.035) brown (Fa); high relief. Fe2SiO. Orth. (-) 2V=47 13=1.865 High biref. Shagreen (mottled) surface; (.051) often cracked and altered to %II - serpentine. Poor (010) and (100) cleavages. Extinction par- ~ ~ alleL" l~4~ Tourmaline Na(Mg,Fe,Mn,Li,Alk Hex. (-) 111=1.636 Mod. biref.
    [Show full text]
  • (Fe-Mg Amphibole) in Plutonic Rocks of Nahuelbuta Mountains
    U N I V E R S I D A D D E C O N C E P C I Ó N DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA 10° CONGRESO GEOLÓGICO CHILENO 2003 THE OCCURRENCE AND THERMAL DISEQUILIBRIUM OF CUMMINGTONITE IN PLUTONIC ROCKS OF NAHUELBUTA MOUNTAINS CREIXELL, C.(1*); FIGUEROA, O.(1); LUCASSEN, F.(2,3), FRANZ, G.(4) & VÁSQUEZ, P.(1) (1)Universidad de Concepción, Chile, Depto. Ciencias de la Tierra, Barrio Universitario s/n, casilla 160-C (2)Freie Universität Berlin, FB Geowissenschaften, Malteserstr. 74-100, 12249 Berlin, Germany (3)GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; [email protected] (4)TU-Berlin, Petrologie-EB15, Strasse des 17.Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; *Present Address: MECESUP-Universidad de Chile, Depto. de Geología, Plaza Ercilla 803, casilla 13518, [email protected] INTRODUCTION The “cummingtonite series” (Leake, 1978) are characterised by magnesio-cummingtonite (Mg7Si8O22(OH)2) and grunerite (Fe7Si8O22(OH)2) end-members. Cummingtonite is mainly produced under amphibolite-facies conditions, but the entire stability range cover at least a field of 400 to 800° C, at pressures between <1 to 15 kbar (Evans and Ghiorso, 1995, Ghiorso et al., 1995). Natural cummingtonite occurs in several metamorphic rock types (i.e. Kisch & Warnaars, 1969, Choudhuri, 1972) and also can coexist with incipient melt in high-grade gneisses in deep- crustal levels (Kenah and Hollister, 1983). For igneous rocks, cummingtonite had been described in some rhyolites at Taupo Zone, New Zealand (Wood & Carmichael, 1973) and as a stable phase in plutonic rocks (e.g. Bues et al., 2002). In the present study, we describe the occurrence of cummingtonite in Upper Palaeozoic plutonic rocks and their amphibolite xenoliths from the Nahuelbuta Mountains, south central Chile (37°-38°S, for location see fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Cordierite-Anthophyllite Rocks at Rat Lake, Manitoba
    ., , .,. '-'-' . MANlTiBA DEPARTMENJ Of MINES. RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENTAl MANIiGEMENT MINERAL BES(lJRCES DIvtSION OPEN FIIB REPORl' 76/1 OORDlERI'l'FI-ANTHOPHIWTE ROCKS AT RAT LAKE, MlNI'l'OBA; A METAMORPHOSED ALTERATION ZONE By D. A. Baldwin 19'16 Electronic Capture, 2011 The PDF file from which this document was printed was generated by scanning an original copy of the publication. Because the capture method used was 'Searchable Image (Exact)', it was not possible to proofread the resulting file to remove errors resulting from the capture process. Users should therefore verify critical information in an original copy of the publication. .. :., ,.' . .... .- .• I Tt'! OF CC!fl!fl'S .. ' i. -, Page Ifttraduct10n 1 ," Glael'll QeoloIJ 3 · ~ · " "'ell.e. ot unJcnom aft1DitJ (3, 4) 4 .' Coderite-AnthopbJlllte Roc1c1 6 ~I beU'.I.DI l'Ockl 6 .. " Quarts tree l'Ockl 6 ChIld..tl7 ot the Rat take Cordier1tWnthophJllite " BoGIe. 11 Oripn ot the Cord1.r1te-Antho~1l1tl Rocke 15 0I0phJ11ft81 IW'VI),' 18 '. :,(~, Airbome INPUT IVVi,Y 18 ..16 IUl'VI)' 20 OoIIalulonl IDCi Recoanendatianl 21 Iet.rtnael 2, Appendix "A" 25 Appendix "I" 27 \ , I .. ·. ~ . : . ~ . ·-. - 1-· IN'lRODUCTION -==ar=====:==s COrdierite-anthophyllite rocks containing disseminated sulphides of il'Onand copper, and traces of molybdn1te outcrop on the south shore of a small bay at Rat take, Manitoba (Location "5", Fig. 1). These rocks are siDdlar to those that occur in association with massive sulphide ore bodies at the Sherridon MLne, Manitoba, and the Coronation Mine, Saskatchewan. '!'he outcrops are found in an amphibolitic unit within cordierite­ s1 1limarrlte-anthophyll1te-biotite gneisses of ''unknown affinity" (Schledewitz, 1972).
    [Show full text]
  • Anthophyllite Asbestos: State of the Science Review Shannon H
    Review article Received: 11 May 2016, Accepted: 17 May 2016 Published online in Wiley Online Library: 11 July 2016 (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/jat.3356 Anthophyllite asbestos: state of the science review Shannon H. Gaffneya*, Matthew Grespinb, Lindsey Garnicka, Derek A. Drechselb, Rebecca Hazanc,DennisJ.Paustenbachd and Brooke D. Simmonsa ABSTRACT: Anthophyllite is an amphibole form of asbestos historically used in only a limited number of products. No published resource currently exists that offers a complete overview of anthophyllite toxicity or of its effects on exposed human populations. We performed a review focusing on how anthophyllite toxicity was understood over time by conducting a comprehensive search of publicly available documents that discussed the use, mining, properties, toxicity, exposure and potential health effects of anthophyllite. Over 200 documents were identified; 114 contained relevant and useful information which we present chronolog- ically in this assessment. Our analysis confirms that anthophyllite toxicity has not been well studied compared to other asbestos types. We found that toxicology studies in animals from the 1970s onward have indicated that, at sufficient doses, anthophyllite can cause asbestosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma. Studies of Finnish anthophyllite miners, conducted in the 1970s, found an increased incidence of asbestosis and lung cancer, but not mesothelioma. Not until the mid-1990s was an epidemiological link with mesothelioma in humans observed. Its presence in talc has been of recent significance in relation to potential asbestos exposure through the use of talc-containing products. Characterizing the health risks of anthophyllite is difficult, and distinguishing between its asbestiform and non-asbestiform mineral form is essential from both a toxicological and regulatory perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Abbreviations
    List of Abbreviations Ab albite Cbz chabazite Fa fayalite Acm acmite Cc chalcocite Fac ferroactinolite Act actinolite Ccl chrysocolla Fcp ferrocarpholite Adr andradite Ccn cancrinite Fed ferroedenite Agt aegirine-augite Ccp chalcopyrite Flt fluorite Ak akermanite Cel celadonite Fo forsterite Alm almandine Cen clinoenstatite Fpa ferropargasite Aln allanite Cfs clinoferrosilite Fs ferrosilite ( ortho) Als aluminosilicate Chl chlorite Fst fassite Am amphibole Chn chondrodite Fts ferrotscher- An anorthite Chr chromite makite And andalusite Chu clinohumite Gbs gibbsite Anh anhydrite Cld chloritoid Ged gedrite Ank ankerite Cls celestite Gh gehlenite Anl analcite Cp carpholite Gln glaucophane Ann annite Cpx Ca clinopyroxene Glt glauconite Ant anatase Crd cordierite Gn galena Ap apatite ern carnegieite Gp gypsum Apo apophyllite Crn corundum Gr graphite Apy arsenopyrite Crs cristroballite Grs grossular Arf arfvedsonite Cs coesite Grt garnet Arg aragonite Cst cassiterite Gru grunerite Atg antigorite Ctl chrysotile Gt goethite Ath anthophyllite Cum cummingtonite Hbl hornblende Aug augite Cv covellite He hercynite Ax axinite Czo clinozoisite Hd hedenbergite Bhm boehmite Dg diginite Hem hematite Bn bornite Di diopside Hl halite Brc brucite Dia diamond Hs hastingsite Brk brookite Dol dolomite Hu humite Brl beryl Drv dravite Hul heulandite Brt barite Dsp diaspore Hyn haiiyne Bst bustamite Eck eckermannite Ill illite Bt biotite Ed edenite Ilm ilmenite Cal calcite Elb elbaite Jd jadeite Cam Ca clinoamphi- En enstatite ( ortho) Jh johannsenite bole Ep epidote
    [Show full text]
  • Asbestos in Commercial Cosmetic Talcum Powder As a Cause of Mesothelioma in Women
    Asbestos in commercial cosmetic talcum powder as a cause of mesothelioma in women Ronald E. Gordon1, Sean Fitzgerald2, James Millette3 1Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA, 2SAI Laboratory, Greensboro, NC, USA, 3MVA Inc., Duluth, GA, USA Background: Cosmetic talcum powder products have been used for decades. The inhalation of talc may cause lung fibrosis in the form of granulomatose nodules called talcosis. Exposure to talc has also been suggested as a causative factor in the development of ovarian carcinomas, gynecological tumors, and mesothelioma. Purpose: To investigate one historic brand of cosmetic talcum powder associated with mesothelioma in women. Methods: Transmission electron microscope (TEM) formvar-coated grids were prepared with concentra- tions of one brand of talcum powder directly, on filters, from air collections on filters in glovebox and simulated bathroom exposures and human fiber burden analyses. The grids were analyzed on an analytic TEM using energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) to determine asbestos fiber number and type. Results: This brand of talcum powder contained asbestos and the application of talcum powder released inhalable asbestos fibers. Lung and lymph node tissues removed at autopsy revealed pleural mesothelioma. Digestions of the tissues were found to contain anthophyllite and tremolite asbestos. Discussion: Through many applications of this particular brand of talcum powder, the deceased inhaled asbestos fibers, which then accumulated in her lungs and likely caused or contributed to her mesothelioma as well as other women with the same scenario. Keywords: Asbestos, Talcum powder, Chamber test, TEM, SEM, EDS, SAED, Mesothelioma Introduction In 1976, Rohl and Langer tested 20 consumer Malignant mesothelioma occurs in both the perito- products labeled as talc or talcum powder, including 1 neum and in the lung pleura.
    [Show full text]
  • Petrology and Origin of the Day Book Dunite, Yancey County, North Carolina
    PETROLOGY AND ORIGIN OF THE DAY BOOK DUNITE, YANCEY COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science By James S. Guentert The Ohio State U~iversity 1984 Approved By: ABSTRACT The Day Book dunite body is one of many 11 alpine-type 11 ultramafic bodies that outcrop in the Blue Ridge belt of the southern Appalachians.n The petrography of the Day Book dunite was studied in thin sections and polished surfaces to identify primary and secondary minerals, paragenetic relationships, and recrystallization and deformational textures. 01 ivine, enstat ite and chromite comprise the primary mineral assemb 1age, and theh secondary minerals include serpentine, talc, chlorite, anthophyllite, magnesite, tremolite and magnetite. Small, recrystallized olivine grains form a mosaic in which are found large, deformed, relict olivine grains. 11 Disseminated 11 chromite occurs as polygonal, straight­ sided grains that represent annealing recrystallization, whereas 11 11 massive chromite exhibits cataclastic texture and alterationn to magnetite. The Day Book body formed as upwelled mantle material in a Precambrian rift system along the margin of the North American continent, and it was squeezed and thrust into p1 ace during the Tac on i c orogeny. Lack of contact metamorphism and evidence of chilled borders indicate 11 11 that the dunite body was emplaced as cold , solid, mantle-derived ultramafic material that later underwent hydrous alteration during regional metamorphism and/or the intrusion of pegmatites. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Douglas Pride for his guidance during the research and writing of this thesis. I also would like to thank Robin Baker, Scott Langford and Mary Dylewski for preparing the thin sections and polished surfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal Structure of Protoanthophyllite: a New Mineral from the Takase Ultramafic Complex, Japan
    American Mineralogist, Volume 88, pages 1718–1723, 2003 Crystal structure of protoanthophyllite: A new mineral from the Takase ultramafic complex, Japan HIROMI KONISHI,1,* THOMAS L. GROY,2 ISTVÁN DÓDONY,2,3 RITSURO MIYAWAKI,4 SATOSHI MATSUBARA,4 AND PETER R. BUSECK1,2 1Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1404, U.S.A. 2Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, U.S.A. 3Department of Mineralogy, Eötvös L. University, Budapest, H-1117, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Hungary 4Department of Geology, National Science Museum, 3-23-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan ABSTRACT Protoanthophyllite, (Mg, Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2, is a newly discovered amphibole species from the Takase ultramafic complex in Japan. It occurs as prismatic crystals up to 5 mm in length in a ther- mally altered serpentinite that experienced contact metamorphism. The protoanthophyllite is asso- ciated with forsterite, talc, serpentine minerals, chlorite, chromian spinel, magnetite, pentlandite, and calcite. Some protoanthophyllite crystals contain minute lamellae of anthophyllite, other pyriboles, or both. Protoanthophyllite is biaxial negative, with refractive indices na = 1.593(2), nb (calc.) = 1.609, ng = 1.615(2), and 2Vx = 64(5)∞. Electron microprobe analyses give an empirical formula of (Mg6.31Fe0.61Na0.06Mn0.01Ni0.01)S7.00(Si7.90Al0.14)S8.04O22(OH)2. It is orthorhombic with space group Pnmn. The unit-cell dimensions are a = 9.3553(8), b = 17.9308(15), and c = 5.3117(4) Å: with V = 891.0(3) Å3 and Z = 2. A single-crystal X-ray structure determination shows that, following the convention of Thompson (1981), protoanthophyllite has an (X) configuration.
    [Show full text]