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The Boeing Company Document D1 80-18849-2 NASA National Aeronautics ant Space Administration BATTERY LITERATURE SEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABSTRACTS July 1976 Volume V Prepared by The Boeing Company P.O. Box 3999 Seattle, Washington 98124 For Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91103 REPRODUCED BY NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE- SPRINGFIELD;yA, 22161 JPL Contract 953984, W.O. 343-20 (I AS I-c-149 7 58) BATTERY ,TERATURESLAtCH, N77-74769 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABSTBACTS, VOM- 5 (Boeing Co., Seattle, Wash.) 176 p Unclas [ 0/33 20519 This document was prepared for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, sponsored by the NASA under contract NAS7-100 by The Boeing Company under contract JPL 953984, W.O. 343-20. The Boeing Company Document D180-18849-2 BATTERY LITERATURE SEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABSTRACTS July 1976 Volume V Prepared by The Boeing Company P.O. Box 3999 Seattle, Washington 98124 For Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91103 JPL Contract 953984, W.O. 343-20 ii PREFACE This comprehensive bibliography with abstracts, consisting of five volumes, was compiled to assist battery technologists to obtain information quickly on secondary aerospace battery cells and related technology. The subject index was extracted from The Battery Information Index prepared by the Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, under Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory Contract No. AF33 (615)-3701. Index Citations B-I through B-2189 (Vols. II through IV)were from the AFAPL sponsored work and includes references up to mid-1972. References TBC-3001 and on (Vol. V) were prepared by Boeing after reviewing computer searches from JPL's S.D.C. International Search Service, DOC, NTIS, Lockheed Information Retrieval Service, and Boeing Literature Search. References TBC-3301 and on cover the literature from 1972 to the end of 1975 and a few references prior to 1972 missed by the AFAPL work. Volume I consists of an extensive cross-referencing subject listing and an author index. An article covering several different subjects is referenced under each of the subject headings in the index. The index or author number refers to the referenced publications which are listed in a numerical sequence in Volumes II through V. Most citations contain an accession number which refers to the computer searches of the Defense Documentation Center, National Technical Information Service, etc. This number can be used-to obtain a copy of the publication from the appropriate file source. R. S. Bogner Project Manager iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was performed by D.D. Abbott and I.S. Mehdi, supervised by H. Ohman and approved by S.W. Silverman. IJPL also wishes to acknowledge the cooperation cf R. Marsh of AFAPL for supplying a large portion of the information used to compile this document. iv D180-18849-2 CONTENTS PREFACE iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv VOLUME I Subject Index 1-108 Author Index 109-146 VOLUME II 1-348 References B-1 thru B-899 VOLUME III References B-900 thru B-1497 1-492 VOLUME IV References B-1500 thru B-2187 1-428 VOLUME V 1-171 References TBC-3001 thru TBC-3412 v D180-18849-2 TBC-3001 G. W. Bengtson, Bendix Corp., Kansas City, Mo., "Ultrasonic Welding of Nylon bell Cases on a Nickel-Cadmium Battery," BDX-613-888-REV. August 1973. (N74-13765) TBC-3002 R. Barnard, J. A. Lee and A. D. Sperrin, The Ever Ready Co. (G.B.) Ltd., "Behavior of Nitrate Impurity in Nickel-Cadmium Cells," Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 4, 1974, pp. 143-154. The oxidation-reduction behaviour of NO3- NO-, N2022- NH20H and NH3 at a platinum electrode in alkaline solution as been investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The results have been compared with the correspond­ ing behaviour of these species at charged, porous cadmium and nickel hydroxide electrodes in order to understand the likely behaviour of NO3­ impurities in nickel-cadmium cells. The reactions are shown to be irreversible processes and strongly dependent on the nature of the electrode surfaces. The reactions which are likely to be involved in a charged cell can be represented by the overall scheme: fast- slow slow NO NO N 1432 .- 3 2 low fast It is suggested that the self-discharge of cells containing NO3 is limited by slow kinetic effects rather than by diffusions as previously supposed. TBC-3003 F. Benjamin, Christie Electric Corp., Los Angeles, Calif., "The reFLEX Principle of Charging Nickel-Cadmium and Other Batteries," IEEE Power Pro­ cessing and Electronics Specialists Conference, Atlantic City, N.J., May 22, 1972, 25th Power Sources Symposium. PPESC 72 Record pp 111-119. (73A13938) The reFLEX principle is a new battery charging technique. This paper explains how it works, why it is superior to other battery charging methods and what effect various parameters have on its operation. It provides results of Government and commercial tests, evaluations and daily use. It reports on the present status of reFLEX charging with various types of batteries. - 1 D180-18849-2 TBC-3004 G. Halpert, "Screening and Selection of Nickel and Cadmium Cells Plates to Improve Uniformity," NASA SP-295 Significant Accomplishments in Technology, The Proceedings of a Symposium held at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, January 13, 1971, pp 56-58. The nickel-cadmium battery has long been the backbone of the satellite's power supply. The cells which make up the battery, however, have suffered for a long time from operational problems and lack of uniformity. These problems can be tied to the materials within the cell-plates, separator, electrolyte, etc.--which until recently have been neglected. A study of the plate materials was initiated in which the purpose was to determine which factors affect operation--which could be predicted prior to cell assembly, and which could be determined nondestructively. TBC-3005 W. J. Billerbeck, COMSAT Laboratories, Clarksburg, Maryland, "Electric Power for State-of-the-Art Communications Satellites," National Telecommunications Conference, Atlanta, Ga., Vol. 1, Nov 26-28, 1973, pp 19DI-19DI2. (74A18006) This paper analyzes the effects of new devices and technology on solar­ battery primary power systems for communications spacecraft. The effects of the new technologies discussed herein include a new silicon cell which achieves about 25 to 35 percent more power; silver-plated INVAR, which is recommended for solar cell interconnections; a foldout solar array, using a flexible substrate, which will yield three to six times the power to weight ratio of a drum spinner; an early design Ni-H2 battery which is expected to yield about 20 Whr/lb; and a power conditioning system that uses individual-boost regulators feeding each TWT converter to provide a 30-percent increase in power output for a given weight. Thin substrate solar arrays are the most important factor in improving power/weight ratio of the entire synchronous spacecraft power system. The next most important factor is the use of an improved design power conditioning system. Within this decade, improved spacecraft power pystems can increase the power/weight ratio by a factor of about 4.0 to 5.0 TBC-3006 A. Briglio, Jr., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, "Planetary Batteries," 120-34-10. (71W70837) This task consists of (1) the development of long-life planetary batteries; (2) the definition and resolution of interfaces related to long-life­ battery system integration for future spacecraft such as the advanced mariners and outer-planet spacecraft; and (3) the development of the technology for heat-sterilizable batteries. The elements of this task will be accomplished by: (1) investigations of the effects of particular environmental conditions on batteries; (2) the design of suitable battery 2 D180-18849-2 systems; (3) the development of reliable components and of methods for assembling and using batteries; (4) the testing and evaluation of com­ ponents, batteries, and battery systems. The work will be done by contracts and by in-house efforts. These developments are directed toward providing the technologies for planetary missions requiring long­ lived battery systems (7 to 12 years) and for Mars lander missions requiring heat-sterilizable batteries, thus forming a part of the planetary focused technology program. TBC-3007 A. Briglio, Jr., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, "Electrochemical Energy Storage Research," 502-05-55. (74W70315) The objectives of this task is to improve battery performance for space­ craft as wellias for terrestrial use. This is to be accomplished through a continuing research effort, the major activity of which is the investi­ gation of pulse charging effects on battery performance. Most batteries exhibit performance problems which can be linked to capacity decline, gassing or dendrite formation. Preliminary results of pulse charging experiments and the literature indicate that pulse charging has the potential for improving battery performance in this area. It "_s antici­ pated that improved charging and maintenance methods for batteries will directly support long-term space missions as well as terrestrial battery applications. The immediate objectives are (1) to determine the effects of pulse charging on degradative changes in alkaline cells; (2) to develop pulse charging procedures to extend the life of spacecraft batteries; (3) to define the interfaces imposed by integration of pulse charging systems on spacecraft. The elements of this task will be accomplished by (1) the determination of the effects of pulse charging techniques on the gassing behavior of sealed nickel cadmium cells; (2) the determination of the effects of pulse charging on the formation and propagation of dendritic growths on zinc and cadmium electrodes; (3) the development of optimum pulse charging techniques for extending the useful lifes of space­ craft batteries. TBC-3008 A Briglio, Jr., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, "Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage," 506-23-23. (75W70346) The battery technology to support future planetary missions and terrestrial applications is provided.

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