DOCSLIB.ORG

Could Offspring Predation Offset the Successful Reproduction of the Arctic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Could Offspring Predation Offset the Successful Reproduction of the Arctic Progress in Oceanography 170 (2019) 107–118 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Oceanography journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pocean Could offspring predation offset the successful reproduction of the arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus under reduced sea-ice cover conditions? T ⁎ Gérald Darnisa, , Anette Woldb, Stig Falk-Petersenc,d, Martin Graevee, Louis Fortiera a Québec-Océan, Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada b Norwegian Polar Institute, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway c Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre for Climate and the Environment, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway d Institute of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway e Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Life cycle and reproduction of Calanus hyperboreus were studied during a year of record low ice cover in the Arctic Ocean southeastern Beaufort Sea. Stages CIV, adult females and CV dominated the overwintering population, sug- Beaufort Sea gesting a 2- to 3-year life cycle. Within two spring-summer months in the upper water column females filled their Marine ecology energy reserves before initiating their downward seasonal migration. From February to March, vigorous re- Zooplankton − − − production (20–65 eggs f 1 d 1) delivered numerous eggs (29 000 eggs m 2) at depth and nauplii N1-N3 Calanus hyperboreus − (17 000 ind. m 2) in the water column. However, CI copepodite recruitment in May, coincident with the Lipids phytoplankton bloom, was modest in Amundsen Gulf compared to sites outside the gulf. Consequently, C. hy- perboreus abundance and biomass stagnated throughout summer in Amundsen Gulf. As a mismatch between the first-feeding stages and food was unlikely under the favourable feeding conditions of April-May 2008, predation on the egg and larval stages in late winter presumably limited subsequent recruitment and population growth. Particularly abundant in Amundsen Gulf, the copepods Metridia longa and C. glacialis were likely important consumers of C. hyperboreus eggs and nauplii. With the ongoing climate-driven lengthening of the ice-free season, intensification of top-down control of C. hyperboreus recruitment by thriving populations of mesopelagic omnivores and carnivores like M. longa may counteract the potential benefits of increased primary production over the Arctic shelves margins for this key prey of pelagic fish, seabirds and the bowhead whale. 1. Introduction life-history strategies to adapt to a short and unpredictable season of food supply constrained by the variable timing of ice melt (Falk- Sea-ice variability is a major structuring factor of the Arctic marine Petersen et al., 2009, 2007). When C. hyperboreus has accumulated ecosystem, the climate-driven decline in ice-cover extent is bound to sufficient lipid reserves, it performs a long-range seasonal migration to have serious implications for all levels of the trophic web (Darnis et al., spend the cold and dark overwintering season of up to 10 months in 2012). A 20% increase in phytoplankton annual net primary production diapause at depths several hundred to thousand metres below the sur- over the Arctic Ocean and its marginal seas between 1998 and 2009 face (Ashjian et al., 2003; Dawson, 1978; Hirche, 1997; Vinogradov, was driven by the lengthening of the growth season (+45 days) (Arrigo 1997). This copepod stores lipids, mostly as wax esters, in oil sacs ex- and van Dijken, 2011). Zooplankton of the genus Calanus are expected ceeding 65% of dry mass (Falk-Petersen et al., 2009; Pasternak et al., to respond positively to such rise in pelagic primary production, par- 2001). The wax esters contain high amounts of the long-chained 20:1 ticularly on the continental margins prone to upwelling (Tremblay and 22:1 fatty acids and fatty alcohols of high energy content per unit et al., 2011). mass that are synthesized de novo by Calanus to provide energy for The oceanic large copepod Calanus hyperboreus constitutes the overwintering and reproduction (Sargent and Falk-Petersen, 1988). prime herbivore in the Arctic Ocean and deep margins of its shelf seas Without food, winter reproduction is solely fuelled by the females’ lipid where the species dominates mesozooplankton biomass (Auel and reserves (Hirche and Niehoff, 1996). The adaptive advantage for the Hagen, 2002; Darnis and Fortier, 2012; Kosobokova and Hirche, 2009; offspring, hatched ahead of the phytoplankton bloom and slowly de- Ringuette et al., 2002). This endemic species has developed specialized veloping on endogenous reserves to first-feeding stage Nauplius 3, is ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Darnis). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.11.004 Received 4 November 2017; Received in revised form 15 November 2018; Accepted 21 November 2018 Available online 22 November 2018 0079-6611/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. G. Darnis et al. Progress in Oceanography 170 (2019) 107–118 that they are ready beforehand to fully exploit the intense but brief toward the Canada Basin (Carmack and Macdonald, 2002; Ingram summer season of biological production (Conover and Huntley, 1991). et al., 2008). Below ∼80 m depth, the Beaufort shelf-break jet trans- Within a few weeks, grazing on microalgal cells enables them to rapidly ports waters of both Pacific and Atlantic origin along the continental grow and recruit to copepodites large enough to overwinter (CIII- slope and into Amundsen Gulf (Carmack and Macdonald, 2002; Pickart, adults). Over its vast geographical range, C. hyperboreus can modulate 2004). Within the gulf, deep circulation is usually weak and highly its generation time between 1 and at least 4 years depending on pre- variable (Ingram et al., 2008). Sea-ice starts to form in October at the vailing environmental conditions (Hirche, 1997). coastal margins of the gulf and consolidation over the entire area is To model the response of this key copepod to changes in the Arctic completed by December (Galley et al., 2008). Ice breakup usually be- sea-ice regime, important traits of its life history need to be better gins in late May-early June (1979–2000 average) and the section of the documented, particularly for the poorly studied winter months when flaw lead polynya at the mouth of the gulf enlarges to form the Cape reproduction occurs. In this study, we provide a detailed description of Bathurst Polynya complex (Barber and Hanesiak, 2004). In Franklin the reproduction cycle and population dynamics of C. hyperboreus based Bay, robust landfast ice coverage usually lasts until June. Remote sen- on a quasi-annual time series during a period of record low ice cover in sing revealed considerable inter-annual variability in the extent and the southeastern Beaufort Sea (October 2007-July 2008) that is com- persistence of open water (Arrigo and van Dijken, 2004). pared with the situation during an average year (2003–2004). We ad- dress the hypothesis presented by Ringuette et al. (2002) that a 2.2. Sampling lengthening of the ice-free season on Arctic shelves will promote po- pulation growth of large herbivore copepods such as C. hyperboreus. Zooplankton samples were collected between 16 October 2007 and 30 July 2008 at 101 stations (Supplementary Table 1) in the south- 2. Material and methods eastern Beaufort Sea during the International Polar Year expedition of the research icebreaker CCGS Amundsen (Fig. 1). Most of the stations 2.1. Study area (88) were sampled in western Amundsen Gulf and the 13 remaining were located on the Mackenzie outer shelf and slope, Darnley and The Amundsen Gulf system, including Franklin and Darnley bays to Franklin bays, and along the northwest coast of Banks Island as far the south and bounded by Banks Island to the north, bridges the north as McClure Strait. Sampling for abundance estimates, egg pro- Beaufort Sea and eastern Mackenzie Shelf with the Canadian Arctic duction experiments and carbon-content measurement on Calanus hy- Archipelago (Fig. 1). Three main water masses lie in the region: the perboreus had also been carried out at 88 stations (Supplementary Polar-Mixed Layer (PML; salinity < 31.6; 0–50 m), the Pacific Halo- Table 2) in the southeastern Beaufort Sea during a previous over- cline (PH; 32.4 < S < 33.1; 50–200 m), and the warmer Atlantic wintering program, the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES) Waters (AW; S > 34; > 200 m) (Carmack and Macdonald, 2002). The project from September 2003 to September 2004 (Fortier and Cochran, generally weak surface circulation is influenced by the anticyclonic 2008). The CASES sampling grid covered mainly the Mackenzie shelf Beaufort Gyre that carries the pack ice and surface waters westward and slope and Amundsen Gulf (Fig. 1), whereas winter sampling took Fig. 1. Bathymetry of the southeastern Beaufort Sea with the location of mesozooplankton sampling stations during the CASES and CFL scientific projects in 2003–2004 and 2007–2008, respectively. 108 G. Darnis et al. Progress in Oceanography 170 (2019) 107–118 place at one fixed overwintering site in the landfast ice over Franklin taxonomic analysis were counted in this study as potential predators of Bay, contiguous to the south of Amundsen Gulf, from November 2003 early developmental stages of C. hyperboreus. to May 2004. The Calanus hyperboreus females incubated for egg production ex- Zooplankton sampling procedures in 2007–2008 as well as the periments were carefully blotted with absorbing material and preserved characterization of environmental variables (sea-ice, temperature, individually in cryovials at −20 °C. On land, at least 10 of them were salinity and pelagic chlorophyll a (chl a)) are detailed in Darnis and transferred to pre-weighed tin cups and oven-dried at 60 °C for 48 h Fortier (2012). Wold et al. (2011) and Riedel et al. (2008) provided a before dry weight (DW) measurement on a Sartorius ME5® micro- description of ice-algae sampling and data on ice-algae concentration in balance (precision ± 1 μg).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fishery Bulletin/U S Dept of Commerce National Oceanic
    NEW RECORDS OF ELLOBIOPSIDAE (PROTISTA (INCERTAE SEDIS» FROM THE NORTH PACIFIC WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THALASSOMYCES ALBATROSSI N.SP., A PARASITE OF THE MYSID STILOMYSIS MAJOR BRUCE L. WINGl ABSTRACT Ten species of ellobiopsids are currently known to occur in the North Pacific Ocean-three on mysids and seven on other crustaceans. Thalassomyces boschmai parasitizes mysids of genera Acanthomysis, Neomysis, and Meterythrops from the coastal waters of Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington. Thalassomyces albatrossi n.sp. is described as a parasite of Stilomysis major from Korea. Thalassomyces fasciatus parasitizes the pelagic mysids Gnathophausia ingens and G. gracilis from Baja California and southern California. Thalassomyces marsupii parasitizes the hyperiid amphipods Parathemisto pacifica and P. libellula and the lysianassid amphipod Cypho­ caris challengeri in the northeastern Pacific. Thalassomyces fagei parasitizes euphausiids of the genera Euphausia and Thysanoessa in the northeastern Pacific from the southern Chukchi Sea to southern California, and occurs off the coast of Japan in the western Pacific. Thalassomyces capillosus parasitizes the decapod shrimp Pasiphaea pacifica in the northeastern Pacific from Alaska to Oregon, while Thalassomyces californiensis parasitizes Pasiphaea emarginata from central California. An eighth species of Thalassomyces parasitizing pasiphaeid shrimp from Baja California remains undescribed. Ellobiopsis chattoni parasitizes the calanoid copepods Metridia longa and Pseudocalanus minutus in the coastal waters of southeastern Alaska. Ellobiocystis caridarum is found frequently on the mouth parts ofPasiphaea pacifica from southeastern Alaska. An epibiont closely resembling Ellobiocystis caridarum has been found on the benthic gammarid amphipod Rhachotropis helleri from Auke Bay, Alaska. Where sufficient data are available, notes on variability, seasonal occurrence, and effects on the hosts are presented for each species of ellobiopsid.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioluminescence As an Ecological Factor During High Arctic Polar Night Heather A
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Bioluminescence as an ecological factor during high Arctic polar night Heather A. Cronin1, Jonathan H. Cohen1, Jørgen Berge2,3, Geir Johnsen3,4 & Mark A. Moline1 Bioluminescence commonly infuences pelagic trophic interactions at mesopelagic depths. Here receie: 01 pri 016 we characterize a vertical gradient in structure of a generally low species diversity bioluminescent ccepte: 14 Octoer 016 community at shallower epipelagic depths during the polar night period in a high Arctic ford with in Puise: 0 oemer 016 situ bathyphotometric sampling. Bioluminescence potential of the community increased with depth to a peak at 80 m. Community composition changed over this range, with an ecotone at 20–40 m where a dinofagellate-dominated community transitioned to dominance by the copepod Metridia longa. Coincident at this depth was bioluminescence exceeding atmospheric light in the ambient pelagic photon budget, which we term the bioluminescence compensation depth. Collectively, we show a winter bioluminescent community in the high Arctic with vertical structure linked to attenuation of atmospheric light, which has the potential to infuence pelagic ecology during the light-limited polar night. Light and vision play a large role in interactions among organisms in both the epipelagic (0–200 m) and mesope- lagic (200–1000 m) realms1,2. Eye structure and function in these habitats is commonly adapted for photon capture in the underwater light feld, with increasing specialization in the mesopelagic3. To avoid visual detection, species in epi- and mesopelagic habitats employ cryptic strategies such as transparency4 and counter-illumination5,6, along with diel vertical migration7,8, to remain hidden from potential predators.
    [Show full text]
  • Vertical Distribution of Calanus Spp. and Metridia Longa at Four Arctic Locations
    Marine Biology Research, 2008; 4: 193Á207 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Vertical distribution of Calanus spp. and Metridia longa at four Arctic locations MALIN DAASE1, KETIL EIANE1,3, DAG L. AKSNES2 & DANIEL VOGEDES1 1The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway, 2Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, and 3The University College in Bodø, Norway Abstract We investigated the vertical distribution of Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis, C. hyperboreus and Metridia longa at four locations around the archipelago of Svalbard in autumn. The older and larger copepodites of Calanus spp. were generally located deeper in the water column. Differences in vertical distribution between stations partly reflected a southÁnorth gradient in developmental progress with higher abundance of older stages in the southern locations. The C. finmarchicus and M. longa observations were consistent with the hypothesis that the developmental stages distributed according to certain preferences for light intensity, and different optical properties at the four locations are likely to have affected the vertical distributions. Diel vertical migration was only observed for older developmental stages of M. longa while young stages of M. longa remained in deep waters both day and night. A mortality index indicated that non-migrating Calanus spp. suffered higher mortality than migrating M. longa. Key words: Calanus, Metridia longa, mortality, optics, vertical distribution Introduction along the vertical axis in the sea is to some extent due to the rapid attenuation of light in water (Jerlov The depth distribution of many copepods in cold- 1968). This sets up thermal stratification and limits temperate regions is characterized by a strong seasonality that is closely related to the annual cycle the depth range available for positive primary produc- in primary production (Vinogradov 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Bioscien Ceslibr Aryunive Rsityof Alaskaf Airbank S
    Early life history of Metridia pacifica brodsky (Copepoda: Calanoida) from the southeastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska Item Type Thesis Authors Pinchuk, Alexei I. Download date 07/10/2021 06:44:04 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/5039 EARLY LIFE HISTORY OF METRIDIA PACIFICA BRODSKY, (COPEPODA: CALONIDA) FORM THE SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA AND GULF OF ALASKA By: Alexei I. Pincuck BIOSCIENCES LIBRARYUNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS EARLY LIFE HISTORY OF METRIDIA PACIFICA BRODSKY, (COPEPODA: CALANOIDA) FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA AND GULF OF ALASKA By Alexei I. Pinchuk RECOMMENDED: SjLiSitr Advisory Committee Chair /JjrUlsiA*- C i Program Head APPPROVED: Dean, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences Dean of the Graduate School Date EARLY LIFE HISTORY OF METRIDIA PACIFICA BRODSKY, (COPEPODA CALANOIDA) FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA AND GULF OF ALASKA A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the'Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By Alexei I, Pinchuk Fairbanks, Alaska BIOSCI August 1997 QL 444 €72 P56 1997 BIOSCIENCES LIBRARY 3 ABSTRACT The ontogenetic morphological changes of naupliar stages of Metrldia pacifica, an important prey taxon for larval walleye pollock, were described to facilitate their identification from field samples and to clarify some uncertainties in existing descriptions of co-occurring genera. Clutch sizes and sperm storage potential were determined for females captured from the southeastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. None of the females produced more than one egg clutch in captivity. The mean clutch size was 12-13 eggs.d-1 for females from both sites and there was no relationship between body size and number of eggs per clutch or egg diameter, Intermolt periods for the egg through N IV stages were 4 9-120 hours for animals reared at 3°C, 33-69 hours at 6°C and 27-74 hours at 9°C.
    [Show full text]
  • Luciferin Production and Luciferase Transcription in the Bioluminescent Copepod Metridia Lucens
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Publications and Research Baruch College 2018 Luciferin production and luciferase transcription in the bioluminescent copepod Metridia lucens Michael Tessler American Museum of Natural History Jean P. Gaffney CUNY Bernard M Baruch College Jason M. Crawford Yale University Eric Trautman Yale University Nehaben A. Gujarati CUNY Bernard M Baruch College See next page for additional authors How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/bb_pubs/1104 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Authors Michael Tessler, Jean P. Gaffney, Jason M. Crawford, Eric Trautman, Nehaben A. Gujarati, Philip Alatalo, Vincent A. Pierbone, and David F. Gruber This article is available at CUNY Academic Works: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/bb_pubs/1104 Luciferin production and luciferase transcription in the bioluminescent copepod Metridia lucens Michael Tessler1, Jean P. Gaffney2,3, Jason M. Crawford4, Eric Trautman4, Nehaben A. Gujarati2, Philip Alatalo5, Vincent A. Pieribone6 and David F. Gruber2,3 1 Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA 2 Department of Natural Sciences, City University of New York, Bernard M. Baruch College, New York, NY, United States of America 3 Biology, City University of New York, Graduate School and University Center, New York, NY, United States of America 4 Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America 5 Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States of America 6 Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America ABSTRACT Bioluminescent copepods are often the most abundant marine zooplankton and play critical roles in oceanic food webs.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding Behaviour of Marine Calanoid Copepods
    A comparison of phytoplankton and ciliate feeding by marine calanoid copepods Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Andrea Saage Kiel 2006 Referent: Prof. Dr. U. Sommer Koreferent: Prof. Dr. O. Vadstein Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 01. Februar 2007 Zum Druck genehmigt: 01. Februar 2007 gez. J. Grotemeyer, Dekan Everything is drifting, The whole ocean moves ceaselessly... Just as shifting and transitory as human theories. - Fridtjof Nansen - Table of Contents Contents Summary 2 Zusammenfassung 3 Sammendrag 4 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Copepod Anatomy 5 1.2 Copepod Life Cycle 6 1.3 Copepod Feeding 6 1.4 Functional Response Types 11 1.5 Stable Isotopes 12 1.6 Calanus finmarchicus and Centropages hamatus 13 1.6.1 General Biology 14 1.6.2 Feeding Behaviour 15 1.6.3 The Experiments 17 2 Material and Methods 19 2.1 Culture and Maintenance of Experimental Organisms 19 2.2 Functional Response Experiments 23 2.3 Switching Experiment 25 2.4 Size Selectivity Experiments 26 2.5 Trophic Position of Calanus finmarchicus 26 2.6 Calculations 28 2.7 Statistical Analyses 30 3 Results 31 3.1 Functional Response Experiments 31 3.2 Switching Experiment 32 3.3 Size Selectivity Experiments 38 3.4 Trophic Position of Calanus finmarchicus 40 4 Discussion 44 4.1 Feeding Behaviour of Calanus finmarchicus 44 4.1.1 The Experiments 44 4.1.2 Trophic Position 49 4.2 Feeding Behaviour of Centropages hamatus 55 4.2.1 The Experiments 55 4.3 Conclusion 58 Acknowledments / Danksagung 61 References 62 Curriculum Vitae 72 Erklärung (Statement) 73 __________________________________________________________________________ I Feeding Behaviour Of Marine Calanoid Copepods Summary The feeding behaviour of the marine calanoid copepods Calanus finmarchicus and Centropages hamatus was studied in several laboratory experiments, and the trophic position of C.
    [Show full text]
  • Barcode-Based Species Delimitation in the Marine Realm: a Test Using Hexanauplia (Multicrustacea: Thecostraca and Copepoda) Robert G
    169 ARTICLE Barcode-based species delimitation in the marine realm: a test using Hexanauplia (Multicrustacea: Thecostraca and Copepoda) Robert G. Young, Cathryn L. Abbott, Thomas W. Therriault, and Sarah J. Adamowicz Abstract: DNA barcoding has been used successfully for identifying specimens belonging to marine planktonic groups. However, the ability to delineate species within taxonomically diverse and widely distributed marine groups, such as the Copepoda and Thecostraca, remains largely untested. We investigate whether a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI-5P) global pairwise sequence divergence threshold exists between intraspecific and inter- specific divergences in the copepods plus the thecostracans (barnacles and allies). Using publicly accessible sequence data, we applied a graphical method to determine an optimal threshold value. With these thresholds, and using a newly generated planktonic marine data set, we quantify the degree of concordance using a bidirec- tional analysis and discuss different analytical methods for sequence-based species delimitation (e.g., BIN, ABGD, jMOTU, UPARSE, Mothur, PTP, and GMYC). Our results support a COI-5P threshold between 2.1% and 2.6% p-distance across methods for these crustacean taxa, yielding molecular groupings largely concordant with traditional, morphologically defined species. The adoption of internal methods for clustering verification enables rapid biodiversity studies and the exploration of unknown faunas using DNA barcoding. The approaches taken here for concordance assessment also provide a more quantitative comparison of clustering results (as contrasted with “success/failure” of barcoding), and we recommend their further consideration for barcoding studies. Key words: Maxillopoda, DNA barcoding, MOTU, species delimitation, coalescence. Résumé : Le codage a` barres de l’ADN a été employé avec succès pour identifier des spécimens de planctons marins.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Zooplankton Diversity Through the Depths of the Arctic's
    Mar Biodiv (2011) 41:29–50 DOI 10.1007/s12526-010-0057-9 ARCTIC OCEAN DIVERSITY SYNTHESIS Patterns of zooplankton diversity through the depths of the Arctic’s central basins Ksenia N. Kosobokova & Russell R. Hopcroft & Hans-Jürgen Hirche Received: 8 April 2010 /Revised: 5 September 2010 /Accepted: 10 September 2010 /Published online: 18 November 2010 # Senckenberg, Gesellschaft für Naturforschung and Springer 2010 Abstract Metazoan zooplankton diversity is characterized layers were either unrecorded before, or undescribed. There for the oceanic environments of the Arctic Ocean, specif- appears to be no zoogeographical barrier between the ically the deep Nansen, Amundsen, Makarov and Canada Eurasian and Canadian basins throughout the entire depth Basins. Our species inventory is based on original records range. All deep-water and endemic species are found on from 134 locations where stratified sampling of the entire both sides of the Lomonosov Ridge, suggesting effective water column was conducted from the surface to the bottom exchange of the deep fauna across the ridge. Notable (or a maximum of 3,000 m) during seven icebreaker differences in the species composition in the upper and expeditions (RV Polarstern, 1993-2007, USCGC Healy, midwater layers are related to the occurrence of Atlantic 2005) and two older expeditions of the Russian drifting ice and Pacific expatriates advected with their respective waters stations North Pole 22 and 23 (1975-77). Representatives of either into the Eastern or Western Arctic. A pronounced eight large metazoan taxa, including Cnidaria, Ctenophora, increase in Pielou’s evenness (J'), Shannon’s diversity (H'), Mollusca, Annelida, Nemertea, Crustacea, Chaetognatha, and Margalef’s species richness (d) indices with depth, with and Larvacea, all predominately oceanic species, are a maximum occurring within the Atlantic layer, followed registered, with a total of 174 species.
    [Show full text]
  • SEASONAL and INTER-SPECIES COMPARISON of ASYMMETRY in the GENITAL SYSTEM of SOME Title SPECIES of the OCEANIC COPEPOD GENUS METRIDIA (COPEPODA, CALANOIDA)
    SEASONAL AND INTER-SPECIES COMPARISON OF ASYMMETRY IN THE GENITAL SYSTEM OF SOME Title SPECIES OF THE OCEANIC COPEPOD GENUS METRIDIA (COPEPODA, CALANOIDA) Author(s) Arima, Daichi; Matsuno, Kohei; Yamaguchi, Atsushi; Nobetsu, Takahiro; Imai, Ichiro Crustaceana, 88(12/14), 1307-1321 Citation https://doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003485 Issue Date 2015-12 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/60532 Type article (author version) File Information Arima.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP 1 SEASONAL AND INTER-SPECIES COMPARISON OF ASYMMETRY IN THE 2 GENITAL SYSTEM OF SOME SPECIES OF THE OCEANIC COPEPOD GENUS 3 METRIDIA 4 BY 5 DAICHI ARIMA1,1), KOHEI MATSUNO2), ATSUSHI YAMAGUCHI1), TAKAHIRO 6 NOBETSU3) and ICHIRO IMAI1) 7 1) Laboratory of Marine Biology, Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido 8 University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan 9 2) Arctic Environmental Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 10 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan 11 3) Shiretoko Nature Foundation, 531 Iwaubetsu, Onnebetsu, Shari, Hokkaido, 099-4356, 12 Japan Short title: ASYMMETRY IN THE GENITAL SYSTEM OF METRIDIA SPP. 1) Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] 1 13 ABSTRACT 14 The seasonal and inter-annual changes in the asymmetry of female 15 insemination and the male leg 5 of the planktonic calanoid copepods Metridia 16 okhotensis and M. pacifica were investigated in the Okhotsk Sea. An inter-species 17 comparison of both parameters was also carried out on seven Metridia species collected 18 from oceans throughout the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sea Fauna of Frobisher Bay, Arctic Canada
    ARCTlC VOL. 38, NO. 1 (MARCH 1985) P. 23-30 The Sea Ice Fauna of Frobisher Bay, Arctic Canada E.H. GRAINGER,’ A.A. MOHAMMED,’ and J.E. LOVRITY’ ABSTRACT. The fauna of the lower few centimetres of thesea ice in Frobisher Bay, Arctic Canada, consists mainly of meroplanktoNc Young of benthic adults and holoplanktonic representatives of generally benthic groups.The major arctic mplankton species are not included. The ice fauna comprises nematodes, harpacticoid copepods, polychaetelarvae, ciliates, various benthiclarvae, Young gammaridean amphipods, and others. Some species mur in the ice as Young animals only, othersin al1 stages of development. Adaptation to the ice is shown best by thecopepods, some of which occur there in al1 stages from egg to adult. The most abundant ice inhabitants reach high concentrations in the ice (nematodes more than 100 OOO, Cyclopina nearly 10 000.m-2). Others appear to show only accidental presence inthe ice, and are found in small numbers only, often at times when great numbers of the same speciesare present in the water below the ice. Probable feeding of the ice fauna and the food Chain linking the ice flora to vertebrate predators are discussed. Key words: arctic waters, sea ice, ice fauna, food Chain, zooplankton ” &SUMI?. La faune prtsente dans les quelques centimetres inftrieurs dela glace marine de la baie de Frobisher, est constitu6e principalement de juvtniles mtroplanctoniques dont les formes adultes appartiennent au benthoset de reprtsentantsholoplanctoniques de groupes gtnbralement benthi- ques. Nous n’y retrouvons point les principales eswes du zooplancton arctique. La faune de la glace comprenddes nkmatodes, des copkpodes har- pacticoides, des larves de polych&tes, des cilih, difftrentes larves benthiques, des amphipodes gammarides juvtniles et bien d’autres.
    [Show full text]
  • Luciferin Production and Luciferase Transcription in the Bioluminescent Copepod Metridia Lucens
    Luciferin production and luciferase transcription in the bioluminescent copepod Metridia lucens Michael Tessler1, Jean P. Gaffney2,3, Jason M. Crawford4, Eric Trautman4, Nehaben A. Gujarati2, Philip Alatalo5, Vincent A. Pieribone6 and David F. Gruber2,3 1 Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA 2 Department of Natural Sciences, City University of New York, Bernard M. Baruch College, New York, NY, United States of America 3 Biology, City University of New York, Graduate School and University Center, New York, NY, United States of America 4 Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America 5 Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States of America 6 Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America ABSTRACT Bioluminescent copepods are often the most abundant marine zooplankton and play critical roles in oceanic food webs. Metridia copepods exhibit particularly bright bioluminescence, and the molecular basis of their light production has just recently begun to be explored. Here we add to this body of work by transcriptomically profiling Metridia lucens, a common species found in temperate, northern, and southern latitudes. In this previously molecularly-uncharacterized species, we find the typical luciferase paralog gene set found in Metridia. More surprisingly, we recover noteworthy putative luciferase sequences that had not been described from Metridia species, indicating that bioluminescence produced by these copepods may be more complex than previously known. This includes another copepod luciferase, as well as one from a shrimp. Furthermore, feeding experiments using mass spectrometry and 13C Submitted 1 May 2018 labelled L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine firmly establish that M.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Level Convergence of Complex Traits and the Evolution of Bioluminescence Emily S
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 15 December 2020 Multi-level convergence of complex traits and the evolution of bioluminescence Emily S. Lau* and Todd H. Oakley* Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106 Corresponding authors information: Emily S. Lau: [email protected]; Todd H. Oakley: [email protected] Keywords multi‐level convergence | evolution | bioluminescence | biological organization | complex trait ABSTRACT Evolutionary convergence provides natural opportunities to investigate how, when, and why novel traits evolve. Many convergent traits are complex, highlighting the importance of explicitly considering convergence at different levels of biological organization, or ‘multi‐level convergent evolution’. To investigate multi‐level convergent evolution, we propose a holistic and hierarchical framework that emphasizes breaking down traits into several functional modules. We begin by identifying long‐standing questions on the origins of complexity and the diverse evolutionary processes underlying phenotypic convergence to discuss how they can be addressed by examining convergent systems. We argue that bioluminescence, a complex trait that evolved dozens of times through either novel mechanisms or conserved toolkits, is particularly well suited for these studies. We present an updated estimate of at least 94 independent origins of bioluminescence across the tree of life, which we calculated by reviewing and summarizing all estimates of independent origins. Then, we use our framework to review the biology, chemistry, and evolution of bioluminescence, and for each biological level identify questions that arise from our systematic review. We focus on luminous organisms that use the shared luciferin substrates coelenterazine or vargulin to produce light because these organisms convergently evolved bioluminescent proteins that use the same luciferins to produce bioluminescence.
    [Show full text]