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FAMILY, ANCESTRY, IDENTITY, SOCIAL NORMS Marina Tan

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FAMILY, ANCESTRY, IDENTITY, SOCIAL NORMS Marina Tan SHAPING PHILANTHROPY FOR CHINESE DIASPORA IN SINGAPORE AND BEYOND: FAMILY, ANCESTRY, IDENTITY, SOCIAL NORMS Marina Tan Harper Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Lilly Family School of Philanthropy Indiana University August 2019 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee _____________________________________ Dwight F. Burlingame, PhD, Chair _____________________________________ Susan B. Hyatt, PhD February 27, 2019 _____________________________________ David P. King, PhD ____________________________________ Una O. Osili, PhD ii DEDICATION For Charles, who has been with me throughout the course of this journey. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My grateful indebtedness to Dwight Burlingame, who first caught my attention with his zestful operatic recitative of “Philanthropy” during graduate orientation in 2014. Since then he has been my mentor, counselor, and all-round supporter whenever I run up against a wall. He has a special way with scholarly guidance, an omni-wisdom of university processes, and an uncanny ability to detect the source of a problem instantly. I also thank the Lilly Family School of Philanthropy for giving me a scholarship to pursue a doctoral degree in philanthropic studies. Although I had worked as a practitioner in the nonprofit world for more than thirty years, it was Eugene Tempel who first raised the idea of a PhD at an IU event in Singapore. Though doing so was outside my sphere of imagination and seemed like an impossible feat to accomplish at that time, his encouragement and his confidence in me led me to investigate what a PhD entailed and to reconsider its viability. My appreciation to Gene for getting it all started. Sincere thanks and deepest appreciation to my doctoral committee who supported me so closely every step of the way – Chair, Dwight Burlingame, Una Osili, and David King from the Lilly Family School of Philanthropy; and Susan Hyatt from the School of Liberal Arts, Anthropology Department. With your unwavering commitment, you continued to nudge me to push the boundaries, which always presented interesting surprises and new experiences. Thanks for being candid and being my “mirror” so I could see myself in the way that others see me. Your ability to nuance and parse the mundane into scholarly perspectives gave me fresh new views on what research can bring to bear. Going back to school and starting a PhD program at age 54 may seemed like a daunting decision. However, professors, faculty, and colleagues at the Lilly Family School of Philanthropy and IUPUI Anthropology Department filled this special scholarly journey of iv learning with much appreciated “firsts.” My deepest thanks to all of you who gave me reason to pause to reconsider things from a different point of view — you opened my eyes and mind to knowledge and viewpoints that I might have been too fearful, judgmental, or distracted to notice otherwise. Ji Ma, Pat D. Janin, Meng-Han Ho, and I from the PhD cohort of 2016 met without fail each end-of-quarter. These catchups provided a beacon of hope as we prodded each other along with all kinds of strategies every step of the way. To my project classmates, thank you for your support and for cheering me on; you made me laugh (and cry) as we came out with the oddest of ways to get through those finals, papers, and presentations. It was indeed fulfilling, with some very delightful self-discoveries along the way. It is with deepest gratitude that I extend my heartfelt thanks to the philanthropists who accorded me personal interviews. Because of your candid sharing, enlightening views, and thoughtful responses, it was possible for me to contribute new knowledge and shed new light with deeper perspectives into Asian philanthropy through this study. I shall treasure your stories, lifetime of experiences, wisdom, and sense of purpose that you shared — they will continue to inspire me beyond this research study. I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the support of my family. Your love, understanding, and encouragement has been unconditional — standing up for me as your first-in-the-family member to undertake a doctoral degree. Innermost appreciation goes to my husband, Charles, who went out of his way to make space, time, and whatever it took to be in my corner, extending my bandwidth, tenacity, and resolve to complete this doctorate. Last, but not least, to my late parents who always believed in me and showed me unconditional love — you have been in my heart throughout this journey. v Marina Tan Harper SHAPING PHILANTHROPY FOR CHINESE DIASPORA IN SINGAPORE AND BEYOND: FAMILY, ANCESTRY, IDENTITY, SOCIAL NORMS This study analyzes 21 high and ultra-high-net-worth data points whose entities migrated from mainland China into Southeast Asia, and now, with their descendants, have settled in Singapore. Though removed from China over generations, they still retain a continuum of evolved values that were germinated from Confucian morals, rituals, and values — more popularly recognized as Chineseness. This study investigates these traditions, ethos, and value systems through the lens of philanthropy. The principal results and conclusions are: 1) Due to push and pull factors, millions of Chinese migrants fanned out into the Nanyang (Southeast Asia) from mid- 1800s to the late 1900s. The first-generation diasporic Chinese (G1) left China with a sojourner mentality. Hence their early philanthropic action mirrored sojourners’ mindsets and pointed their giving back to China, the motherland. 2) As Chinese diaspora and their ethnic Chinese descendants (G2, G3, G4) eventually settled as nationals into various countries of Southeast Asia, new hybrid Chinese identities emerged. 3) Their Confucian Chinese values were confronted and severely tested – very often remolded and evolved as they assimilated, acculturated, and converged with social norms dictated by local indigenous cultures, and political, social, and economic circumstances of the times. 4) Confucian values — honoring the family name and continuing the ancestral lineage — behest multi-generations to stick together in strength. With self-help and mutual aid philanthropy, they thrived in the Nanyang. Very soon, Chinese diaspora’s economic success propelled them into leadership. As leaders of local communities, their vi loyalties, generosity, and philanthropic action shifted as new generations, locally born, begin to identify as nationals of these countries and engender gratitude to where they built their wealth. Eventually, generosity to China by follow-on generations pulled back or ceased. 5) In philanthropy, the age-old values of family, ancestry, humility, and benevolence now give younger generations of ethnic Chinese pride and purpose to give outside of the traditional familial lines to create opportunities and transform lives in the communities where they work and live – including public good for the countries where they operate their businesses in Southeast Asia and beyond. Dwight F. Burlingame, PhD, Chair vii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................x TERMINOLOGY .............................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Problem Statement ...................................................................................................1 Study Purpose and Motivation .................................................................................4 Study Significance ...................................................................................................5 Research Questions ..................................................................................................7 Researcher Bias ........................................................................................................7 Research Design and Methodology .........................................................................9 Research Limitations and Delimitations ................................................................11 Dissertation Overview ...........................................................................................13 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW Historical Context: Chinese Diaspora Migration into Southeast Asia ...................16 Themes, Trends, and Gaps .....................................................................................19 Value Systems, Identities, and Social Norms ........................................................24 CHAPTER THREE: FAMILY AND ANCESTRY Scattering across Southeast Asia ...........................................................................37 Forging of the Chinese Diaspora Identity ..............................................................38 Associating Self in the Context of Ancestry ..........................................................58 Germinating Values from a Source........................................................................65 Aspirations for Greater Good ................................................................................90 Summary of Findings ...........................................................................................104 CHAPTER FOUR: GETTING INTO PHILANTHROPY Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................107
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