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Croatia and “Ethnic Cleansing”
Croatia and “Ethnic Cleansing” Croatia and “Ethnic Cleansing” Akiko Shimizu Introduction There is a computer set up in the permanent Holocaust exhibition in London’s Imperial War Museum, in which, along with Jews, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses and the mentally disabled, “hundreds of thousands” of Serbian residents of the “Independent State of Croatia” (NDH) are listed as victims of genocide. However, in the permanent exhibition dealing with genocide, the massacre of the Serbs earns no mention. It appears that the museum accepts the massacres as fact, but their displays are seemingly set up so as to attract little attention. As this style of exhibition demonstrates, while there are not many who do not know of Auschwitz, there are very few who know of “Jasenovac”. “Jasenovac” is the name for a system of incarceration chambers and concentration camps which existed in the “Independent State of Croatia”. After World War II, it was estimated that between 600,000 and 700,000 people died in this, the largest of the incarceration facilities in Croatia. In the 1990s too, the “Süddeutsche Zeitung”, a major German daily newspaper, gave an estimate of 500,000, while the Holocaust Studies Centre in Washington’s Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that “at least 250,000” Serbians were killed by the “Croatian authorities” between 1941 and 1943. 1) However, the Republic of Croatia, which gained its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, has not acknowledged this massacre. In April 1991 (the fiftieth anniversary of Germany’s invasion of Yugoslavia), Tudjman, who became later the first President of Croatia, declared the number of victims to be 30,000. -
Croatia: Three Elections and a Funeral
Conflict Studies Research Centre G83 REPUBLIC OF CROATIA Three Elections and a Funeral The Dawn of Democracy at the Millennial Turn? Dr Trevor Waters Introduction 2 President Tudjman Laid To Rest 2 Parliamentary Elections 2/3 January 2000 5 • Background & Legislative Framework • Political Parties & the Political Climate • Media, Campaign, Public Opinion Polls and NGOs • Parliamentary Election Results & International Reaction Presidential Elections - 24 January & 7 February 2000 12 Post Tudjman Croatia - A New Course 15 Annex A: House of Representatives Election Results October 1995 Annex B: House of Counties Election Results April 1997 Annex C: Presidential Election Results June 1997 Annex D: House of Representatives Election Results January 2000 Annex E: Presidential Election Results January/February 2000 1 G83 REPUBLIC OF CROATIA Three Elections and a Funeral The Dawn of Democracy at the Millennial Turn? Dr Trevor Waters Introduction Croatia's passage into the new millennium was marked by the death, on 10 December 1999, of the self-proclaimed "Father of the Nation", President Dr Franjo Tudjman; by make or break Parliamentary Elections, held on 3 January 2000, which secured the crushing defeat of the former president's ruling Croatian Democratic Union, yielded victory for an alliance of the six mainstream opposition parties, and ushered in a new coalition government strong enough to implement far-reaching reform; and by two rounds, on 24 January and 7 February, of Presidential Elections which resulted in a surprising and spectacular victory for the charismatic Stipe Mesić, Yugoslavia's last president, nonetheless considered by many Croats at the start of the campaign as an outsider, a man from the past. -
Intelektualna Revolucija U Riječima I Djelima Augusta Cesarca
FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET SVEUČILIŠTA U ZAGREBU ODSJEK ZA POVIJEST Lucija Bakšić INTELEKTUALNA REVOLUCIJA U RIJEČIMA I DJELIMA AUGUSTA CESARCA - Diplomski rad - Mentor: dr. sc. Branimir Janković Zagreb, prosinac 2018. ZAHVALE Ovim putem želim zahvaliti gospođi Ivani Ledić Preprotnik i gospodinu Zdravku Kovačiću iz Knjižnice Božidara Adžije na ljubaznoj, strpljivoj i nadasve stručnoj pomoći pri dešifriranju signature zapisane u Cesarčevoj članskoj iskaznici Radničke biblioteke u Zagrebu. Veliku zahvalu također upućujem svojim dragim prijateljicama i kolegicama: Magdaleni Blažić i Mariji Skopljak na provjeri prijevoda njemačkog jezika, Anji Stanović na pomoći pri prevođenju francuskog jezika, Marti Brkljačić na stručnim komparatističkim utiscima kada je u pitanju poglavlje o književnosti, Mateji Jurčević na uvijek korisnim stilskim i jezičnim sugestijama koje su prisilno razdvajale moje ionako predugačke rečenice da bi ih učinile jasnijima te Iris Jašarević na opsežnim raspravama o pravilnom načinu citiranja. Od srca zahvaljujem svima koji su u brojnim razgovorima (a bilo ih je zaista mnogo!) na bilo koji način pridonijeli stvaranju ovoga rada. Isto tako svoju zahvalnost i poštovanje želim uputiti dr. sc. Slavenu Juriću s Odsjeka za komparativnu književnost na vrijednim sugestijama pri oblikovanju poglavlja „Cesarčev slobodni stih“, dr. sc. Deanu Dudi s Odsjeka za komparativnu književnost na inspirativnim razgovorima o popularnom aspektu Cesarčeva djelovanja, dr. sc. Zrinki Blažević s Odsjeka za povijest na korisnim novim uvidima u prikladne -
On the Concealment of Ante Pavelić in Austria in 1945-1946
UDK: 314.743(436)-05 Pavelić, A.''1945/1946'' Izvorni znanstveni članak Received: September 5, 2011 Accepted: November 7, 2011 ON THE CONCEALMENT OF ANTE PAVELIĆ IN AUSTRIA IN 1945-1946 Ante DELIĆ* Based on available American and British documents and thus-far unconsulted papers left behind by Ante Pavelić, the leader of the Independent State of Croatia, the author analyzes Pavelić’s concealment in Austria and the role of Western agencies therein. Some of the relevant literature indicates that the Catholic Church and Western agencies took part in Pavelić’s concealment. The author concludes that all such conjecture lacks any foundation in the available sources. Key words: Ante Pavelić, Western allies, extradition, Yugoslavia Historiography is generally familiar with the fate of the army of the Inde- pendent State of Croatia and the civilian population which, at the end of the war in early May 1945, withdrew toward Austria in fear of advancing commu- nist forces, with the aim of surrendering to the Allies. These people were ex- tradited to the Yugoslav army with the explanation that they would be treated in compliance with the international laws of war. As it transpired, this “treat- ment” was one of the most tragic episodes in the history of the Croatian nation, known under the terms Bleiburg and the Way of the Cross.1 A portion of these refugees who managed to elude this fate ended up in Allied refugee camps, mostly in Italy, Austria and Germany.2 However, even in these camps, besides * Ante Delić, MA, University of Zadar, Zadar, Republic of Croatia 1 Cf. -
All Victims Matter. Reconciliation of the Balkan Faiths and Peoples: an Assessment of Recent Progress
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe Volume 40 Issue 10 Article 2 12-2020 All Victims Matter. Reconciliation of the Balkan Faiths and Peoples: An Assessment of Recent Progress Vjekoslav Perica University of Rijeka, Croatia Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree Part of the Christianity Commons, and the Eastern European Studies Commons Recommended Citation Perica, Vjekoslav (2020) "All Victims Matter. Reconciliation of the Balkan Faiths and Peoples: An Assessment of Recent Progress," Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe: Vol. 40 : Iss. 10 , Article 2. Available at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol40/iss10/2 This Article, Exploration, or Report is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ALL VICTIMS MATTER RECONCILIATION OF BALKAN FAITHS AND PEOPLES: AN ASSESSMENT OF RECENT PROGRESS By Vjekoslav Perica Vjekoslav Perica is a Croatian-American historian, author of, among other things, Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States (Oxford University Press, 2002; Belgrade, 2006). His most recent publication is “Serbian Jerusalem: Inventing a Holy Land in Europe’s Periphery, 1982- 2019,” Chapter IX, in Nadim N. Rouhana and Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, eds. When Politics Are Sacralized: Comparative Perspectives on Religious Claims and Nationalism (Cambridge University Press, 2020). Perica holds a Ph.D. in history from the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, USA. In the 1970s in former Yugoslavia he was a basketball player, and before the war, a jurist and journalist until coming to America in 1991. -
Croatian Radical Separatism and Diaspora Terrorism During the Cold War
Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Purdue University Press Book Previews Purdue University Press 4-2020 Croatian Radical Separatism and Diaspora Terrorism During the Cold War Mate Nikola Tokić Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/purduepress_previews Part of the European History Commons This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Central European Studies Charles W. Ingrao, founding editor Paul Hanebrink, editor Maureen Healy, editor Howard Louthan, editor Dominique Reill, editor Daniel L. Unowsky, editor Nancy M. Wingfield, editor The demise of the Communist Bloc a quarter century ago exposed the need for greater understanding of the broad stretch of Europe that lies between Germany and Russia. For four decades the Purdue University Press series in Central European Studies has enriched our knowledge of the region by producing scholarly monographs, advanced surveys, and select collections of the highest quality. Since its founding, the series has been the only English-language series devoted primarily to the lands and peoples of the Habsburg Empire, its successor states, and those areas lying along its immediate periphery. Among its broad range of international scholars are several authors whose engagement in public policy reflects the pressing challenges that confront the successor states. Indeed, salient issues such as democratization, censorship, competing national narratives, and the aspirations -
The Hungarian Historical Review “Continuities and Discontinuities
The Hungarian Historical Review New Series of Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Volume 5 No. 1 2016 “Continuities and Discontinuities: Political Thought in the Habsburg Empire in the Long Nineteenth Century” Ferenc Hörcher and Kálmán Pócza Special Editors of the Thematic Issue Contents Articles MARTYN RADY Nonnisi in sensu legum? Decree and Rendelet in Hungary (1790–1914) 5 FERENC HÖRCHER Enlightened Reform or National Reform? The Continuity Debate about the Hu ngarian Reform Era and the Example of the Two Széchenyis (1790–1848) 22 ÁRON KOVÁCS Continuity and Discontinuity in Transylvanian Romanian Thought: An Analysis of Four Bishopric Pleas from the Period between 1791 and 1842 46 VLASTA ŠVOGER Political Rights and Freedoms in the Croatian National Revival and the Croatian Political Movement of 1848–1849: Reestablishing Continuity 73 SARA LAGI Georg Jellinek, a Liberal Political Thinker against Despotic Rule (1885–1898) 105 ANDRÁS CIEGER National Identity and Constitutional Patriotism in the Context of Modern Hungarian History: An Overview 123 http://www.hunghist.org HHHR_2016_1.indbHR_2016_1.indb 1 22016.06.03.016.06.03. 112:39:582:39:58 Contents Book Reviews Das Preßburger Protocollum Testamentorum 1410 (1427)–1529, Vol. 1. 1410–1487. Edited by Judit Majorossy and Katalin Szende. Das Preßburger Protocollum Testamentorum 1410 (1427)–1529, Vol. 2. 1487–1529. Edited by Judit Majorossy und Katalin Szende. Reviewed by Elisabeth Gruber 151 Sopron. Edited by Ferenc Jankó, József Kücsán, and Katalin Szende with contributions by Dávid Ferenc, Károly Goda, and Melinda Kiss. Sátoraljaújhely. Edited by István Tringli. Szeged. Edited by László Blazovich et al. Reviewed by Anngret Simms 154 Egy székely két élete: Kövendi Székely Jakab pályafutása [Two lives of a Székely: The career of Jakab Székely of Kövend]. -
American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler's Death
American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler’s Death Undergraduate Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in History in the Undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Kelsey Mullen The Ohio State University November 2014 Project Advisor: Professor Alice Conklin, Department of History Project Mentor: Doctoral Candidate Sarah K. Douglas, Department of History American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler’s Death 2 Introduction The fall of Berlin marked the end of the European theatre of the Second World War. The Red Army ravaged the city and laid much of it to waste in the early days of May 1945. A large portion of Hitler’s inner circle, including the Führer himself, had been holed up in the Führerbunker underneath the old Reich Chancellery garden since January of 1945. Many top Nazi Party officials fled or attempted to flee the city ruins in the final moments before their destruction at the Russians’ hands. When the dust settled, the German army’s capitulation was complete. There were many unanswered questions for the Allies of World War II following the Nazi surrender. Invading Russian troops, despite recovering Hitler’s body, failed to disclose this fact to their Allies when the battle ended. In September of 1945, Dick White, the head of counter intelligence in the British zone of occupation, assigned a young scholar named Hugh Trevor- Roper to conduct an investigation into Hitler’s last days in order to refute the idea the Russians promoted and perpetuated that the Führer had escaped.1 Major Trevor-Roper began his investigation on September 18, 1945 and presented his conclusions to the international press on November 1, 1945. -
Život I Djelovanje Vjekoslava Maksa Luburića Do Proglašenja Nezavisne Države Hrvatske
ŽIVOT I DJELOVANJE VJEKOSLAVA MAKSA LUBURIĆA DO PROGLAŠENJA NEZAVISNE DRŽAVE HRVATSKE Gordan KARLIĆ UDK: 94(497.5):929 Luburic, V. M. Višeslav ARALICA Izvorni znanstveni rad Zagreb, Republika Hrvatska Prihvaćeno: 11. svibnja 2015. Autori u ovom radu opisuju život i političko djelovanje Vjekoslava Maksa Luburića od njegova rođenja do proglašenja Nezavisne Države Hrvatske. Cilj je rada rasvijetliti najslabije poznat dio njegova života, kao i pokušati dati odgovor na pitanje u kojoj je mjeri ta formativna faza života utjecala na njegove kasnije postupke i razmišljanja. Ključne riječi: Vjekoslav Maks Luburić, ustaški pokret, emigracija. UVOD1 Ime Vjekoslava Luburića zvanog Maks neizostavno je u gotovo svim knjigama i radovima koji se bave ustaškim pokretom i Nezavisnom Državom Hrvatskom (NDH), prvenstveno onima koji govore o Ustaškoj vojnici, ustroju logora i zatvora te općenito represivnom sustavu te države. Ništa čudnoga za čovjeka čije je ime postalo sinonim za svu žestinu i okrutnost ustaškog režima u prvoj hrvatskoj nacionalnoj državi modernog doba. Ipak, osim rada Đorđe Ličine iz 1985. godine, poduže natuknice u leksikonu Tko je tko u NDH? autora Zdravka Dizdara iz 1997. godine, kojemu možemo pridružiti i kraći opis Luburićeva života i djelovanja od njegova suradnika Stjepana Crničkog iz 1989. godine, ne postoji studija koja bi se sustavno pozabavila njegovim životom i djelovanjem.2 Zbog toga 1 Ovaj rad temeljen je na istraživanju studenta diplomanda Gordana Karlića pod mentorstvom dr. sc. Višeslava Aralice. Članak je znatno prerađeni i dopunjeni prvi dio diplomskog rada „Život i političko djelovanje Vjekoslava Maksa Luburića“ studenta Gordana Karlića, obranjenog na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu u svibnju 2015. Zahvaljujemo se dr. -
Hungarian Studies Review, Vol
Hungarian Studies Review, Vol. XXIII, No. 1 (Spring, 1996) Edmund Veesenmayer on Horthy and Hungary: An American Intelligence Report N.F. Dreisziger "As Minister to Hungary, Veesenmayer had something more than the normal duties of a Minister." (The Veesenmayer Interrogation Report, p. 21) "... it was a good thing if [Veesenmayer] did not always know everything that was going on (i.e. the Gestapo was doing) [in Hungary]." (SS leader Heinrich Himmler, cited ibid., p. 22) The role Edmund Veesenmayer played in twentieth century Hungarian history is almost without parallel. He was, to all intents and purposes, a Gauleiter, a kind of a modern satrap, in the country for the last year of the war. Hungary would have her share of quislings during the post-war communist era, but they would not be complete foreigners: the Matyas Rakosis, the Erno Geros, the Ferenc Mtinnichs, the Janos Kadars, and the Farkases (Mihaly and Vladimir) had connections to Hungary, however tenuous in some cases.1 Veesenmayer had no familial, ethnic or cultural ties to Hungary, he was simply an agent of a foreign power appointed to make sure that power's interests and wishes prevailed in the country. The closest parallel one finds to him in the post-war period is Marshal Klementy E. Voroshilov, the member of the Soviet leadership who was ap- pointed as head of the Allied Control Commission in Hungary at the end of the war. Though Voroshilov's position most resembled Veesenmayer's, it is doubtful whether the Soviet General was as often involved in meddling in Hungarian affairs as was the energetic German commissioner and his SS cohorts. -
The Hungarian Historical Review
Hungarian Historical Review 5, no. 1 (2016): 5–21 Martyn Rady Nonnisi in sensu legum? Decree and Rendelet in Hungary (1790–1914) The Hungarian “constitution” was never balanced, for its sovereigns possessed a supervisory jurisdiction that permitted them to legislate by decree, mainly by using patents and rescripts. Although the right to proceed by decree was seldom abused by Hungary’s Habsburg rulers, it permitted the monarch on occasion to impose reforms in defiance of the Diet. Attempts undertaken in the early 1790s to hem in the ruler’s power by making the written law both fixed and comprehensive were unsuccessful. After 1867, the right to legislate by decree was assumed by Hungary’s government, and ministerial decree or “rendelet” was used as a substitute for parliamentary legislation. Not only could rendelets be used to fill in gaps in parliamentary legislation, they could also be used to bypass parliament and even to countermand parliamentary acts, sometimes at the expense of individual rights. The tendency remains in Hungary for its governments to use discretionary administrative instruments as a substitute for parliamentary legislation. Keywords: constitution, decree, patent, rendelet, legislation, Diet, Parliament In 1792, the Transylvanian Diet opened in the assembly rooms of Kolozsvár (today Cluj, Romania) with a trio, sung by the three graces, each of whom embodied one of the three powers identified by Montesquieu as contributing to a balanced constitution.1 The Hungarian constitution, however, was never balanced. The power attached to the executive was always the greatest. Attempts to hem in the executive, however, proved unsuccessful. During the later nineteenth century, the legislature surrendered to ministers a large share of its legislative capacity, with the consequence that ministerial decree or rendelet often took the place of statute law. -
Inheriting the Yugoslav Century: Art, History, and Generation
Inheriting the Yugoslav Century: Art, History, and Generation by Ivana Bago Department of Art, Art History and Visual Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Kristine Stiles, Supervisor ___________________________ Mark Hansen ___________________________ Fredric Jameson ___________________________ Branislav Jakovljević ___________________________ Neil McWilliam Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Art, Art History and Visual Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 ABSTRACT Inheriting the Yugoslav Century: Art, History, and Generation by Ivana Bago Department of Art, Art History and Visual Studies Duke University ___________________________ Kristine Stiles, Supervisor ___________________________ Mark Hansen ___________________________ Fredric Jameson ___________________________ Branislav Jakovljević ___________________________ Neil McWilliam An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Art, Art History and Visual Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 Copyright by Ivana Bago 2018 Abstract The dissertation examines the work contemporary artists, curators, and scholars who have, in the last two decades, addressed urgent political and economic questions by revisiting the legacies of the Yugoslav twentieth century: multinationalism, socialist self-management, non- alignment, and