JUNE 1966

LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE J. EDGAR HOOVER, DIRECTOR JUNE 1966 VOL. 35 NO. 6

THE COVER-Pursuit training. Successful pursuit driving at high speed requires skill and training. See "Fast But Safe Driving" beginning on page 2.

LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN CONTENTS

Message From Director J. Edgar Hoover . ... 1

Fast But Safe Driving, by Will E. Bachofner, Chief, Washington State Patrol ...... 2

A Search for Truth or for Error? by Hon. Walter e J. Fourt, Associate Justice, District Court of Appeal, Los Angeles, Calif· 7

Investigators' Aids ...... 11

Modern Facilities for Growth and Efficiency, by William W. Pleasants, Chief of Police, Dur• ham, N.C ...... 12

The N BI-A Liberian Law Enforcement Agency, by Patrick Minikon, Director, National Bureau Published by the of Investigation ( BI) , Monrovia, Liberia 16 ~ FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION 21 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Prison Visiting Procedure Streamlined . Washington , D.C. 20535 Try, Try Again ...... 23

Is This Bank Robber Someone You Know? 24 LAW ENFORCEMENT TODAY is being degraded, into a better perspective. We do not deny there purposely in many instances, by the widespread have been instances of misuse of force by en• and indiscriminate use of the term "police forcement officers, but such incidents are not as brutality. " prevalent as the public has been led to believe. This practice is called a guilt-by-Ianguage A general and accepted principle of the law has process by some individuals. They may be right. been that an officer may use such' force as is For example, the word "juvenile" has been as• necessary to make lawful arrests, protect his life, sociated with "delinquency" so often and so long and perform other specific duties. Frequently, that now, when used alone, it has a disagreeable however, the choice is not his to make; he HAS connotation to much of the public. to use force or be maimed or killed and have the rights of all the people trampled by those who "Police brutality" conjures up visions of hulk• have no respect for law or due process. Even ing men in uniform clubbing and beating inno• then, his best efforts often are not enough, as a nt people. Rarely, however, does the term fit evidenced by the appalling number of officers .ecircumstances to which it is applied. It is assaulted and killed each year. used in wild accounts of enforcement officers' lifting limp demonstrators who block busy Policemen have the same basic rights as others. thoroughfares, in references to oral commands There is no reason why they should be singled by policemen who disperse potential trouble• out for ridicule by invalid blanket accusations. makers, in depicting efforts by officers to halt The public, the press, and law enforcement itself violations of the law, and in describing any num• should launch a concerted drive to stop the se• ber of other sworn duties performed by police• mantic indictment of police. Allegations and men. incidents should be reported and described in realistic, impartial, and truthful terms. If an We know there is a calculated and deliberate officer is assaulted while making an arrest and attempt by some groups to inflame hostility uses undue force to subdue the person, then call against law enforcement by charging "police it "undue force." If an officer uses profane brutality" without cause. To a large degree language to a citizen, then describe it as profane they have succeeded. The term is bandied about language. If an officer is thought to be biased in all media of communication without serious or prejudiced in his treatment of groups or in• consideration as to its true meaning or its harm• dividuals, then the complaint should so state. ful effect on a profession which is charged with But the constant cry of "police brutality" as a enforcing the basic rules of civilized living. catch phrase, exploited and used as camouflage I agree with a growing number of responsible for illegal conduct, is dead wrong. It is a stig• news editors, public officials, and law-abiding matization of police. by rote. citizens that it is high time to get this "pet slogan"

~ ttUNE 1, 1966 WILL E. BACHOFNER One of the finest police driving on their driving habits and have an Chief, ranges in the entire country is located opportunity to brush up on techniques Washington State Patrol approximately 2 miles north of Shel• and skills learned during the basic ton, Wash. It is the Washington training. State Patrol Pursuit Driving Course• Cadet troopers, of course, spend one which has helped to make the considerably more time on the course. troopers of the Evergreen State ex• As beginners they receive 40 hours of pert drivers in every sense of the word. behind-the-wheel instruction and prac• Situated on an airport adjacent to tice, starting slowly the first few days the State patrol academy, the pursuit and gradually working up to higher course stands ready to challenge all speeds compatible with and necessary comers. Although built primarily for to the needs of the modern-day the troopers, several other police agen• trooper. In addition, the cadet'S re• cies have taken advantage of the train• ceive 7 hours of concentrated class•

ing offered and have sent some of their room instruction, where they are ~ officers through the course. given all the basic rules of safe and Inservice training for Washington legal driving as well as various aspects State troopers is conducted on an an• of vehicle maintenance. On the eve nual basis when they report to the of their graduation from the academy, academy for other refresher courses. they attend a 2-hour classroom review The seasoned troopers are checked out of the entire course. Strong empha- ~

2 FBI Law Enforcement BUlle. sis is given to the emotional and ob- a tive aspects of driving, along with W ir repsonsibilities as troopers rep- resenting the department. They are figuratively brainwashed into doing ---. ------.... their job in the best possible manner. ,fr 40 mph ~'"'''' During the 10­week course of in- I \ \ \ struction, each cadet is sent into the \ \ 50mph field for a period of 3 weeks. Dur- \ , \ I ing that time he is paired with a 60 \ I veteran trooper especially selected to mph. I I • work with him. Here the trooper- : , coach instructs, guides, and watches I I over the cadet in an effort to make 40 \ I Ph\C ____ 190mp h him into a top­flight enforcement J~h officer who will reflect credit and ",,,­­­­­­­­­ 1\'" ~ , I , I honor on the organization and the State. Careful attention is given to \\ ~rl I the driving ability of the hopeful \ I

cadet­his judgment, maturity, and " I I 'I the overall manner in which he I 180mph I , handles his automobile. If he fails to favorably impress his coach, he WASHINGTON STATE PATROL : I' may be washed out of the class. Pursuit Training Course To tal Dis tance 2 ~ miles ­­ 2 ~ minutes The Course Shelton, Washington ­­ Airstrip 2~­ , ' e-he actual pursuit course is a I : mile layout at the Shelton Airport. , 'I Special arrangements have been made " I 70mph 100 , I mph I with the airport officials and the Fed- , I eral Aviation Agency for use of the I : airport. On those days when the course is to be used, arrangements are made with airport officials so that ~~' the proper authorities will be aware , that this specific runway will be 50mh 7~0) closed to air traffic. Another avail------__ 70rnph ,,/ 1\ able runway easily handles all of the ~ """, ­­­­­­­­ __ ­",'" ,60mph / I ~ planes using the field. I I For the information of pilots who / I . , may be flying over, two large canvas I I I I crosses­about 30 feet in length- I / are placed at each end of the closed \ / runway. The arrangement has been D ~ ___ -----=_.;...~---- __ ­­­­/.;'/ r a friendly one with the pilots in the SlarIG­­ -:·------m\~ . ;­====j \60 mPh area. Often they will taxi up and Finish watch the speeding pursuit vehicles as they race along the course, negotiat- ing sharp curves and making intricate maneuvers. It takes about 20 minutes to set up

une 1966 3

' the course. A small-sized van truck again, no damage is done--escape action alone, if all citizens were able is used to haul the rubber cones (the areas are arranged at all possible to successfully practice it, would kind used by highway department trouble points. The ground is lev• inate thousands of accidents on crews), portable speed and warning eled off so that the "out-of-control" highways. signs, etc. from the academy to the vehicle can go into the dirt and grass While the speeds traveled through• track. Following a chart, a group without danger to car or driver. It out the pursuit course are high, em• of volunteers from the cadet class is not uncommon for new drivers to phasis is not placed on speed• place the cones and signs at desig• "lose control" at this point and end but rather on caution. Over the nated points. Markers are also up off the course. years it has been found that this spe• painted on the road surface, so that cialized training is a most important the cones and signs will always be Trying Maneuver part of the trooper's success as a placed in exactly the same spot for driver, but it is not the entire answer. each day's run. Considered to be the most interest• On-the-job training and experience Originally designed by Lt. George ing and practical, as well as difficult, still playa big role in the development Amans, a veteran of some 29 years of is the final maneuver of the course at of a truly expert driver. service with the department, the the end of the run. At a speed of 35 m.p.h. the troopers enter into a pseu• course is truly a challenge to the best l~prove~ents Made doemergency situation where a car of drivers. It consists of sharp hair• ahead has supposedly stopped directly pin turns, long sweeping curves, sud• Lt. Riley Bryant, training officer of den and emergency evasive maneu• in their path. In order to miss the the Washington State Patrol, along stalled car, the troopers must make a vers, all at speeds which could be be• with Lt. Robert J. Ranney, pursuit violent swerve to the right without the wildering to untrained and unskilled driving instructor, and Sgt. Warren use of brakes, then take a recovery ac• drivers. Actual speeds throughout Maynard, member of the training tion to the left and ultimately stop on the course range from a low of 30 staff, recently made a few changes in the shoulder of the road. Of course, m.p.h. to a high of 100 m.p.h. In the actual running of the course. In the entire maneuver is set up with the 100-m.p.h. area, troopers are re• three different areas speeds have been cones to simulate the stalled vehicle. quired to drive between two cones so increased in order to bring out cer• To make it more difficult, after the situated as to allow the car only 6 tain problems and challenges to • cadets have driven it a few times, the inches on each side. At 100 m.p.h. troopers. In these particular are coach spreads a layer of sand on the the distance between the cones seems the drivers were experiencing a mini• driving surface, causing the cars to to shrink. If the driver is not right mum of difficulty. The instructors slide out of control if not handled on course, he has little time or room felt that if there were no challenge, properly. to correct his approach. However, little experience could be gained by if the cones are struck, no damage is the drivers. Those who drove the Additional Tests done because they are made of course before the changes now find no part of it a cinch-their entire con• rubber. There are three somewhat similar centration and ability are needed at maneuvers which tax the abilities of all times. even the most adept drivers. At Rough Curve Maj. Eldon J. Parke, director of speeds of 70, and 80 m.p.h., con• 6p, personnel and training, has given full secutively, the troopers come upon It should be pointed out that the go-ahead to Lieutenant Bryant and simulated emergency conditions slow speed of 30 m.p.h. mentioned the instructors to keep the course up which require them to change lanes before should not be taken too to date. They are free to make any lightly. It is one of the most diffi• at these speeds without touching the changes deemed necessary to benefit brakes. Still they mu t stay in the cult turns on the course--a hairpin• the troopers and cadets and to im• type curve that tests the ability of confines of the cones and lines-not prove their driving ability. both car and driver. A few drivers touching any-in order to complete can make it after considerable prac• the action properly. Running the Course tice--none make it at first. If a All troopers are taught to look for driver attempts to take this particular the escape route when an emergency The pursuit course, if run at speeds curve too fast-above 30 m.p.h.• situation arises, rather than "freeze" posted, takes 2112 minutes from start chances are the car will slide out into on the brakes and slide into the very to finish. During those 21/2 minutes the dirt and off the course. But object they wish to miss. This one even the most veteran drivers h_ 4 FBI Law Enforcement Bu"etin Top-Cadet troopers travel around course at greatly reduced speed to build confldence. Right-High speed around curve causes blurred effect. Lower right-Driving instructor, Lt. R. J. Ran• ney, demonstrates spinout which occurs when driver attempts final maneuver of course at too fast a speed. _ow-Instructor paces cadet around 40• m.p.h. curve. Cad'et car, ahead, fails to straddle dotted line, thus losing 10 points.

5 their abilities thoroughly tested. All the difference in accelerating charac• maneuvers. If at any time a tire drivers, of course, cannot complete teristics of the various pursuit ve• touches this line, another 10 points. the course within the allotted time. hicles. Ten vehicles are used solely lost. On curves there is a solid Scoring is done on a time basis. for this work. They are patrol merely to help guide the trooper; but Lieutenant Ranney made hundreds cruisers in good running order, but again if a tire touches it at any point, of trips around the course, attempting with a lot of mileage on them, and he loses another 10 points. Thus, in to follow the speed signs as closely as they will be sold when no longer addition to maintaining correct speed, possible. These test runs showed an suitable for the driving course. the trooper must be concerned with average time of exactly 2 minutes and not touching any cones or lines. He 30 seconds. Thus, each driver is ex· Other Penalties can lose points in a hurry if he be• pected to come as close as he can to Timing is not the only method of comes careless. the posted time when he runs the scoring. Starting with a possible 100 course for score. points, an errant driver can easily use Slides and Spinouts It is felt that the speeds of the up many precious points in a hurry. course, as now set up, are a fair maxi• As noted, the entire course has stra• But that is not all. If a driver act• mum for an expert driver. Troopers tegically placed rubber cones, and the ually loses control of his vehicle dur• are trained not to exceed the posted troopers must attempt to maneuver ing an official run around the course speeds. To come in at the end of the their vehicles through and around (spins out or slides off the course into course in less than the allotted time them without making contact. For the dirt or grass), he loses all of the means points lost for the driver. It each one touched, a deduction of 10 entire 100 points. In other words, he may indicate he was driving too fast points is made. There is also a dotted gets a zero grade for that run. Many - perhaps approaching the point of line around the entire course-as on newer drivers have this happen on recklessness. The same is true for many highways--only in this case the more than one occasion while learn• the slow driver. He loses a given vehicle must straddle it. The dotted ing. There is one other scoring pen• number of points for each second line was painted on the course after alty. If, for example, a driver applies over the proper time. There is, how• many drivers experienced trouble the brakes too hard and causes two or ever, a 5-second leeway to allow for finding their way through the various more wheels to skid, he loses 35 poi ~ These last two errors (losing con. and skidding) are considered to be serious breaches of proper technique by the instructors. If such a thing happened on the highway, it could re• sult in a serious accident-the very thing which the pursuit course is de• signed to help prevent.

Lesson Learned

One important thing has been learned while driving Washington's 1 pursuit course-the chances of a car's tipping over on a fiat, smooth surface ~ are practically nil, regardless of the kind of maneuver attempted. Vehi• cles have gone into skids and spinouts at speeds in excess of 80 m.p.h. with no indication whatsover that the vehi• cle tended to roll over. Many spin• outs at high speeds have been done on purpose in order to study the "rolling" effect of the car; however, the car re• Visitors are always welcome at the pursuit course. Here Lt. R. J. Ranney discusses the course with driving instructor from Shelton High School. (Continued on page 20 )

6 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin HON. WALTER J. FOURT Associate Justice, District Court of Appeal, . Los Angeles, Calif.

A Search for Truth or for Error?

*We are today, in my opinion, in a have gone before us and successfully "The reason for my concern is that .&,.mplete state of confusion as to conducted the affairs of this country the instant decision overruling that .tthe law is with reference to in• for 150 years. One of the reasons announced (some years ago) tends to vestigating and prosecuting criminal we have grown great, and have the bring adjudications of this tribunal cases. country we have, is because of what into the same class as a restricted rail• Until the present class of appellate those people of substance did and road ticket, good for this day and justices graduated and took over, said. train only." (Smith v. Allwright, 321 there was, in the legal world, a doc• And in speaking of the founders, U.S. 649, 669.) trine or rule known as "stare decisis." they did not provide any statement, Law to be obeyed or enforced must Those words translated mean to ad• inference, or otherwise, to the effect necessarily be known by all who have here to precedent, and not to unsettle that an appellate court shall be a super to do with it-the members of a com• things which have been satisfactorily legislature and entitled to enact into munity, the law enforcement agencies settled for many, many years. In law that which the people do not want, and the judges, and others engaged in other words, it is a rule of common or to legislate judicially into the law the administration of justice. . Law sense that rules of conduct should be that which the people, sooner or later, to be known must be fixed, and sub• settled to the end that society, the will not accept. stantially or reasonably constant. ~ people of the community, including As one Justice of the Supreme Court In other words, the rule of "stare police officers, would know what to do of the United States stated some years decisis" gave balance, stability, and in the future in a given type of case. ago, with reference to this matter: symmetry to our law and to society. No one argues that any rule which is "The viewpoint in question indicates It took out the capricious element in absurd, ridiculous, or unjust on its an intolerance for what those who the administering of justice. It kept face ought to be continued in effect• have composed this court in the past the scales of justice even and steady ~ yet, we should give due consideration conscientiously and deliberately con• and not liable to wavering with every to the judgments of those persons who cluded, and involves an assumption new judge's opinion-that matters that knowledge and wisdom resides in would be disposed of, not in accord• ·Tbis presentation was made by Justice Fourt us which was denied to our predeces• ance with the whim or caprice of any before the North Area Police Association, Loa Ange. calif., on November 3, 1965. sors. individual judge, but according to t ne 1966 7 established, known laws and customs cides that it is, if he can get four, or wildered beatnik. Seemingly, they of the country. In other words, one· half, of the remaining members ?ave .no thought that lawlessness is. judges ought tQ expound the law as it of the court to go along with him. Or Imagmaryenemy. is and not take upon themselves the in our State of California the law is Defiance of the law receives en· responsibility of pronouncing new what one justice states it is, if he can couragement from many publicly law. get three of the remaining members paid employees. Disrespect for law We have witnessed, literally, in the of the court to agree with him. and order has for all intents and pur· last few years a veritable tearing up by I am certain that the American peo· poses taken on an aura of respectabil- the roots of the fundamentals, the old pie want a written constitution as we ity in many areas. Civil disobedience cornerstones of the administration of had for the first 150 years of this seemingly now travels under the guise justic~and, strange as it may seem, country's existence­they want no of academic freedom in many of our in many, if not in most, of the cases of part of a constitution which is made public institutions. Many segments recent date where this has been done, up, altered, modified, and changed of our society are thoroughly imbued the courts have stated in part, and from case to case, term to term, or with the belief that it is wholly fitting given as one reason for their opinions, year to year to suit the personal or and proper to violate any law with that the police must be taught a lesson. ideological whims of an everchanging which they disagree. That attitude or All of this, in my opinion, has led maj0rity of any Supreme Court. I state of mind is the stuff out of which to a breakdown in law and order- am confident that the thinking of the come anarchy, insurrection, riots, respect for the courts in many areas great majority of decent people in this looting, and general disorder. has diminished­vicious and violent country is that they do not want the What has all of that to do with criminals run rampant and many are Constitution amended by judicial fiat appellate courts? It is my belief that turned loose to prey again on inno· from day to day and that they are not (whether intentionally or not) the cent victims. favorably impressed with much of the opinions of many courts with refer- judicial legislation. ence to racial disorders and civil dis- Justice Cardozo In other words, it is my opinion obedience have indirectly, at least, put that the power of the appellate court a stamp of approval upon such con- It was Justice Cardozo who said in to interpret is not synonymous with duct. a case: A judge "should draw his in· the power to amend. The power to Citizens must ultimately choose • spiration from consecrated principles; interpret the Constitution is the power tween lawlessness and regulated ordP. he is not to yield to spasmodic senti· to ascertain its meaning. The power I know that presently there is the ment, to vague and unregulated to amend the Constitution is the power widespread attitude of, "Oh, well I benevolence, but must exercise a dis- to change its meaning. don't want to get involved"­and, as cretion tempered by tradition, meth· You may wonder what all of that a consequence, many crimes go un- odized by analogy, disciplined by has to do with police and the appel. punished­but that attitude will ulti- system and subordinated to the pri. late courts. The suppression of evi· mately lead to destruction. Crimes mordial necessity of order in the social dence and the exclusionary doctrine are increasing at least 5 to 6 times life." And con tin uing: "Logic and are the legitmate offspring of this faster than our population. history, custom and utility, and the tendency to ignore the "stare decisis" accepted standards of right conduct doctrine. The Question are the forces which singly or in com· For a moment, let me call to your bination shape the progress of the law. attention another activity which is Can anyone honestly and conscien- Which of these force shall dominate taking place in our midst, on our tiously say that the decisions of appel- 1 in any case must depend largely on campuses, in our parks, public build· late courts of recent years have not the comparative importance of the ings, and streets. We see many pub· played a major role in creating the social interests that will be thereby licly paid professors refusing, or at situation or conditions under which promoted or impaired." least neglecting, to take the lead in we now live? Disrespect for precedent tends to becoming dynamic forces in the strug· Every person charged with crime l make our Government into one of gle to establish and maintain la wand and particularly the recidivist, as of 1 men, instead of one of laws. In other order. To the contrary we see them this date, knows that the scales are words (as we presently operate), the pursuing the course of aiding and balanced in his favor. J u tices and law turns into what one Supreme abetting every forlorn cause which judges under the ultramodern rules Court Justice of the United States de· comes to the sick mind of some be· seemingly many times make a search

8 FBI Law Enforcement Bulle. for error rather than for truth. In Whatever has been intended, this tigative tool of law enforcement. ~ t, no one can legitimately argue Court also has generated an impres• You know and I know that there is a trial in California is a genuine sion in much of the judiciary that nothing about a "lineup" which is in .tsearch for the truth-the whole truth any sense comparable to a third de• regard for precedents and authorities , and nothing but the truth. Seeming. is obsolete, that words no longer mean gree, but that, in my opinion, is what ly, a trial becomes a game between what they have always meant to the the court, in effect, has decreed. the State on the one hand and the de· profession, that the law knows no If a simple police lineup is in the fendant on the other. The judge is fixed principles--I know of no way mind of a court comparable to and in for practical purposes an umpire, we can have equal justice under law the same category with the "third de• there to see to it that each side ob· except we have some law." gree," I suggest that perhaps the day serves the rules of the game (the latter The suppression doctrine appears is not too far distant when someone of which are handed down to him again in a most recent case, decided may do more than hint that the taking from above from day to day). The in the closing days of the last term of fingerprints is degrading and judge or jury simply assists in deter· of the Supreme Court, Estes v. State brings the suspect by his own act into mining a part of the truth from the of Texas, 85 Sup. Ct. R. 1628, 1636, disrepute and tends to convict him of evidence which the parties can or where the court had under considera• a crime-and, therefore, the finger• choose to present. Society cannot tion the matter of televising trials. prints should not be used against a afford such games. The defendant was charged with suspect. swindling, the trial was televised There is a school of thought in the Practical Men against the defendant's request, he judiciary which looks upon any con• was convicted, the Supreme Court re• fession with horror, the philosophy The Founding Fathers of the Con• versed, saying that he was deprived being that the use of a confession goes stitution-George Washington, Ben• of his right under the 14th amend• contrary to the privilege against self• jamin Franklin, James Madison, and ment to due process of law. So far incrimination. In other words, since others--were not visionaries toying there is nothing unusual about the a man cannot be compelled to testify with speculations and theories, but case-keep in mind, however, that against himself at a trial, where he were practical men, dealing with the there was no problem with reference has adequate judicial safeguards and A ts of political life. Does anyone to identification. However, in the the assistance of counsel, he should Telieve that they thought they were opinion is some wording which is not be incriminated by his words made placing a prOVISIOn in the Constitu• frightening for it gives a clue as to prior to trial, even though the words tion or any amendment thereto which what may be next in the list of pro• are spoken freely and voluntarily in would free such patently guilty men cedures which are to be outlawed. every sense of the word. as Massiah, Escobedo, Mallory, The court said, "Finally, we cannot Bar All Admissions? Terry, Lopez, Dorado, Morris, and ignore the impact of courtroom tele• dozens and dozens of others? Don't vision on the defendant. Its pres• You think that it is farfetched• you believe it! ence is a form of mental-if not phys• listen to what Justice White, one of the They wanted a written constitu• ical-harassment, resembling a police dissenters in Escobedo said: "The de• tion-all to the end that there would lineup or the third degree." The cision is thus another major step in the be "equal justice under law," and not court then goes on to talk about the direction of the goal which the court justice according to the personal no• "inevitable closeups of his gestures seemingly has in mind-to bar from tions of the temporary occupants of and expressions"-which "might well evidence aU admissions obtained from the appellate courts_ transgress his personal sensibilities, an individual suspected of crime It was not so long ago that Justice his dignity, and his ability to whether involuntarily made or not_" Jackson in Brown v. Allen said in a concentrate. . . ." I like the comment made by Justice concurring opInIOn: "Rightly or It would seem that the court puts Learned Hand some 40 years ago when wrongly, the belief is widely held by a "police lineup" in the same category he said: "Under our criminal proce• the practicing profession · that this as a "third degree" which has long dure the accused has every advantage. Court no longer respects impersonal since, and properly so, been outlawed. . . . Our procedure has always been rules of law but is guided in these I predict that in the not too distant haunted by the ghost of the innocent matters by personal impressions future the court will declare "lineups" man convicted. It is an unreal dream. which from time to time may be out of bounds, and down the drain What we need to fear is the archaic shared by a majority of the justices. will go another very important inves• formalism and the watery sentiment ene 1966 9 21~291 0--66---2 that obstruct, delay, and defeat the As I view it, there is no particu1arly net result of many of the search and prosecution of crime." undesirable consequence to a police• seizure cases? Criminals-narcot. It is my opinion that as the courts man as such, when a court refuses to peddlers, rapists, and murderers- ~ put into effect more and more sup• receive into evidence unequivocal, dom operate in the open for all to see. pressive or exclusionary rules, the positive evidence of guilt of a suspect. They take advantage of the unlawful crime rate goes up and up. There is In what respect is the policeman badly use of the right of privacy. more than just mere coincidence to hurt? It is the community and soci• Why castigate a police officer be• that-there is a direct relation be• ety that are damaged and badly so. cause he discovers criminal evidence tween the two. If that be the fact, This is a strange paradox-many without a search warrant in the course then the appellate courts are in part who most ardently advance the propo• of his job? Why be embittered with responsible for some of the criminal• sition that fear of prison is no deter• a policeman who has been smart ity we are confronted with on a day• rent to a criminal to the commission enough to pierce the unlawful privacy to-day basis. of crime are the very ones who so of the criminal and catch him in his As the Wall Street Journa! put it: strongly urge that there is a deterrent nef arious activity? "The confusion arises when sympathy effect on the policeman in the suppres• The Supreme Court of the United for the unfortunate merges into fav• sion-of-evidence rule. States itself once upon a time stated: oritism for the criminal. The line can I respectfully submit that when the "The Constitution of the United States get very fine." decent people of a community or of is not intended as a facility for crime. The courts however, I think unfor• this Nation become convinced that the It is intended to prevent oppression; tunately, seem to have lost sight of the safety of their families and them• and its letter and spirit are satisfied fact that a criminal prosecution is selves is in jeopardy, because lawen• if, where a criminal purpose is exe• brought for the purpose of convicting forcement officials have been prevent• cuted, the criminal purpose be pun• the guilty. Necessarily, that includes ed by technicalities from convicting ished." (Brown v. Elliott, 225 U.S. the protection of the innocent. But in the guilty gangster, thereby per• 399.) no event should an appellate court mitting him to roam the streets, there In other words, the Constitution procedure be turned into a search for will develop a bitter feeling with refer• was never designed as a shield for error to the end that the obviously and ence to law enforcement which will be criminals. many times self-confessed, guilty most unhealthful and dangerous. I close with this observation-' criminal be turned loose into society The Supreme Court repeatedly cannot and will not have unbridl to murder or rob again. speaks of the right of privacy of the individual liberties and at the same We have through Escobedo, Mapp, suspect-and that such right is im• time have a safe and stable society. M assiah, Dorado, and other cases plicit in the concept of ordered Individual liberties and rights cannot created a veritable paradise for the liberty; that the exclusionary rule-• and do not exist in a vacuum. We criminal-for, in effect, the police are the doctrine of suppression-as an in• have to have a decent and reasonably handcuffed and a thorough, complete, gredient of that right is enforcible safe place in which to live and work• and comprehensive investigation and against the States under the due proc• otherwise, there is no place within interrogation of suspects is next to im• ess provision of the 14th amendment. which to exercise our individual possible. I ask, what safeguards are The right to privacy surely means rights such as the right of privacy. In there in any of those cases which are a legal or lawful use of that right. other words, to have "rights" without designed exclusively to protect the in• The Constitution, it seems to me, does reasonable safety and security of life, nocent? Realism dictates that the not guarantee the unlawful use of any limb, and property is meaningless. rules announced, whether so intended right, whether it be the right of priv• As I recently concluded a dissent• or not, in fact protect the guilty. acy, the right of free speech, or the ing opinion: "How refreshing it It would appear to me that the jus• tices of many appellate courts are mis• right to do anything else. You can• would seem, and how greatly en• gaging the effect of suppression of not shout fire in a theater and start a hanced the respect for the administra• evidence as a deterrent. What is a panic. You cannot claim a constitu• tion of justice, if appellate courts deterrent? It is something which tional right to enter into a contract to would not roam at will in the limitless '04 deters. To deter means to turn aside steal. How then can it be legitimately area of personal beliefs and philoso• or discourage through fear-to pre• claimed that the Constitution secures phy, but would make their decrees vent from action by fear of conse• the right of privacy for the purposes under the plain language of the quences. of committing a crime which is the Constitution. "

10 FBI Law Enforcement BUllet' · INVESTIGATORS' AIDS

Bait for a Cat Burglar

A "cat" burglar in action over 5 appeared in a bar frequented by the on a back window screen. A figure, years on the west coast plied his trade accomplice. They soon b e cam e clad all in dark clothes and sneakers, by cutting screens, jimmying win- friends, and one day the accomplice slid into the room and went directly to dows, picking locks, and using any suggested they go on a sightseeing trip the bureau where the money and ring other means he found suitable to his over the border. The undercover man had been stored. form of operation. He appeared to agreed, but before starting out, they The officers closed in on the burglar have an uncanny ability for selecting stopped at his luxurious apartment. who did not give up easily, meeting likely and lucrative targets. An ac- While there, the burglar's accomplice the officers with slashing knife. But complice, driving him to the scene of suggested that his friend leave his ring the odds were against him and he was his operations, leaving the area, and and bankroll home as it was unwise to soon overpowered. Aside from the returning to pick him up after a tele- take them along on their trip across bayonet-type knife, officers found on phone call, accounted for the absence the border. the man a supply of marihuana, a of a car on or near the premises dur- After their departure, four police screwdriver, and a roll of friction tape, ing the operation. officers stationed themselves in the which he used to reduce the noise of A likely suspect was eventually apartment to await developments. falling glass when it became necessary identified and, through him, his ac- On the way over the border, the ac- to break a window for entry. complice. But police had yet to catch complice found it necessary to excuse The cat burglar, credited with some them in operation. himself to make a telephone call. A 350 counts of burglary in the past 5 • An undercover officer, flashing a few hours later the officers in the years, was sentenced to serve from 2 ~ iamond ring and a huge bankroll, apartment heard the slash of a knife to 25 years in State prison.

"'~ 0-y tJ ~ ~ IO/~/65 J H ~ II 63 -i:lCJfo -~t,

BEWARE 5. Be SUSpICIOUS of car bargains. A WET WHIM Check vehicle identification In an effort to reduce the rising number against title number A southern city was plagued by a number of vehicles stolen in an east- when considering purchase. wave of auto thefts. Although the ern city, auto license branches are co· stolen vehicles were used only for operating with city officials by offer- local transportation and soon aban- ing advice to car owners. Included doned, simple "joyriding" was not an in the envelope with 1966 auto license adequate diagnosis, since in no in· plates was a card that cautions the car DUPED DANCER stance had the keys been left in the owner as follows: A group of young thieves, more car. 1. Lock ignition and remove keys. interested in robhery than romance, An arrested subject admitted these 2. Lock windows and doors, and would organize dance parties and in- violations and boasted of the ease with don't leave behind auto registra- vite at least one young lady of sub- which he had baffied the authorities. tion or other credentials in car stantial means. While the girl was Armed with a squirt gun, he selected as a thief might misuse. whirled around the dance floor, one vehicles with pushbutton starters. A 3. Don't pick up hitchhikers. of the thieves would take a key from shot of water, which acted as a con- 4. Keep doors locked when driving. her purse and have a duplicate made. ductor, into the ignition and the Don't lower a window when At a later date the duplicate key would simultaneous pushing of the starter stopped by an unidentified be used to enter and burglarize her button were all that was needed for person. _I apartment. an impromptu jaunt. f: m4 ~NV~Ub)J/);~~ tf?rntfJ- ~)/O/1 / t.S) ~ "'" ~/r)[J ~~ -'h~~'~ 1966 t/' -~ - ~.~ . .I 11 I!--j.d.& -rt & 3 'I?...ffb ­ ~ ...3 3 ~~03 . ~ # t?3-4;).·llC, - uL/. ­4).96 - 5'1, Courtesy of Durham, N.C., Herald·Sun. New headquarters building of the Durham, N.C., Police Department.

NE OF THE MOST MEMORABLE growth by the city and its police towns which had recently constructed O milestones in the history of law department. new police facilities, drawing ideas enforcement in Durham, N.C., was The present 125-man force is ex• from their observations in planning reached in recent weeks when city pected to increase to at least 150 for the new building. After many police occupied a new $700,000 head• officers within the next 10 years, while months of serious study and prepara• quarters building. the city's population, now approxi• tion, the final plans were approved, For a period spanning almost 50 mately 95,000, is estimated to climb the contract let, and construction years, the police department was another 25 or 30 thousand within the commenced. quartered in the basement of the same period. The new headquarters was com• Durham County Courthouse. These Architects, along with the chief of pleted in the early fall of 1965, but ~ quarters, provided in 1916 for about police, were instructed to devise a late arrival of new furniture and 20 officers, housed a 125-man police plan for the new building for pres• equipment caused a slight delay in force and 7 civilian workers. The entation to the city council, a struc• occupancy. However, in mid-No• facilities were long since outdated ture which would be both modern and vember 1965, police bade farewell to and lacking in adequate space and functional. The respective division quarters they had known for a half accommodations. So, approximately heads, including the detective, train• century and took up residency in their .. 3 years ago, city officials gave the ing, identification, traffic, records, and new home. green light for construction of a new uniform patrol divisions, were re• Built of concrete and steel and headquarters building, one that would que ted to specify their needs. Then, completely air conditioned, the new accommodate 25 years of projected police officials visited other cities and building is located in downtown Dur-

12 FBI Law Enforcement Bulleti_ • MODERN FACILITIES FOR GROWTH AND EFFICIENCY

WILLIAM W. PLEASANTS Chief of Police, Durham, N.C.

At the opening ceremonies Mayor Wense Grabarek snips the ribbon as Chief Pleasants and ham adjacent to the city's relatively Insp. James V. Coller of the FBI watch. new No. 1 fire station, to which it bears a strong structural resemblance. We have attempted to make the new facilities as convenient for the general public as possible, at the same time keeping in mind the convenience of members of the police department. The layout is arranged so that much• needed space lacking in the old building is provided, permitting the department to operate with a much higher degree of efficiency. The structure consists of four floors, in• cluding a subbasement, a basement, and two upper floors. For the pub• lic's convenience, offices are accessible from the lobby in the desk officer's area and the central records division on the first floor. The detective 'bu•

13 Clerical staff and Capt. R. T. Cannada. Department's cooperative communications. reau complex is on the first floor, brary is provided where officers can inaugurated soon. adjacent to the records section and go for reading and studying. If an In the basement of the police build• the identification bureau. First floor officer so chooses, he can check out ing is an enclosed parking area de• facilities also include four detention police volumes for study at home. signed to accommodate 41 police cells and five interrogation rooms. Of special appeal to many patrolmen vehicles. Officers can drive into the Located on the second floor are is the building's gymnasium area, in• basement and park when coming to offices of the chief and assistant cluding a basketball court, where the station on police business. chief-complete with walnut paneling volleyball facilities and various The combined communications cen• and private restrooms--a training weight-lifting devices are available. ter for police, fire, and civil defense captain's office. and a conference Defensive tactics classes also are held operations is located in the subbase• room. In conjunction with the in the gymnasium, and a complete ment. Police and fire personnel are department's training program, a Ii• physical fitness program is to be assigned to the communications cee

On th. pistol range, from I.ft to right: Patrolman R. F. Ware, Capt. M. T. Yates, Capt. C. G. Rosemond, Chief Pleasants, and Captain Cannado. ter on a 24-hour basis. It is equipped are located in the center. The center intercom system which reaches all that personnel on duty can assist has a protective factor of 100 against points of the building. ' • ch other in handling telephone calls radioactive fallout. It will acoommo• In January, open house and dedi• and radio communications to and date 82 people in case of emergency, cation ceremonies were oonducted at from officers in the field. adequate for all city and county gov• the new facility, and hundreds of Under the new telephone system, a ernmental officials should it become visitors, including city and county small telephone-type box enables the necessary to go underground as a re• officials and many out-of-town guests, operator to answer and transfer calls sult of a natural or manmade dis• toured the quarters. One featured much more quickly and efficiently aster. The center also has a 2-week speaker at the ceremonies hailed the than before. Following installation of food supply, an infirmary, and sleep• structure as a challenge to the police telephone callboxes now on order, the ing quarters. department members, the courts, and use of conventi()nal pull fire alarm Also included in the basement is a the people ()f Durham County. At boxes will enable citizens to report 25-yard pistol range with five firing last a long-awaited dream had come both fires and crimes directly to the points and automatically controlled true. The realization will long live in communications center. targets, where officers practice regu• the hearts and minds of Durham citi• Offices of all civil defense personnel larly. The new station has a modern zens and police personnel.

NATIONAL FRAUDULENT DECEIT FAILS CHECK FILE A 40-year·old prison inmate, serv• The FBI Laboratory's National ing a life sentence in the Washington Fraudulent Check File serves as a State Penitentiary on three counts of valuable tool in scientific law enforce• first degree murder, made an ingeni• ment in tracking down the profes• ous 'but common attempt to escape sional checkpasser who moves rap• confinement. He constructed a life• ~ y from one community to another. size dummy of

A Liberian Law Enforcement Agency The National Bureau of Investiga• tion was initially established as the Bureau of Special Services. It was headed by two policemen from the United States, Mr. A. Wilson Edwards as director and Mr. Walter A. Upshur as assistant director. These men came to Liberia for the purpose of establishing the first security agency in the Republic upon the request of the Liberian Government. At the time of my attendance at the FBI National Academy in 1963, I was inspector of the NBI. Following the PATRICK MINIKON completion of the training, I pro• gressed to the position of assistant Director, director and subsequently was named National Bureau of Investigation (NBIl, director in February 1964. _ Monrovia, Liberia The bureau was first housed in • small building ()n the corner of Gur• ley and Front Streets, where it re• mained until August of 1962 when it In the incipiency of law enforce• cerpts of the legislative enactment was transferred to a larger building on ment in Liberia, a small country on which went into the creation of the ew Port Street. In February 1964 the west coast of Africa, all problems National Bureau of Investigation: the NBI office was moved into a larger in this field were entrusted to men of Section 182. Organization.-The NBI building in the same vicinity, which the Liberian Frontier Force and the shall consist of: the Investigation Section, afforded it better working space. National Police Force. This manner the Records and Identification Section, the of maintaining peace and order in the Interpol Clearing Center, and the Execu· Jurisdiction country remained the only effective tive Security Section. It shall have such subsections and technical services as are means of combating criminal ele• necessary to carry out its functions effec· The bureau is composed of person• ments until the latter half of the tively. It shall have its office in the capital nel who have been well drilled in 1950's when the rise of crime in city and such fi eld offices throughout the crime detection and investigation with Liberia indicated the need for a more Republic and the government which do not abilities and capabilities developed professional police force. Section 183. Investigation Section.- It shall be the function of the Investigation above the average police officer. The At this time the government deemed Section to investigate all crimes against the agents of this bureau are specifically it necessary to reinforce the law en• Republic and the government which do not trained to do a special job and have forcement agencies by introducing normally fall within the jurisdiction of the jurisdiction over the following crimi• plainclothesmen into its system. To National Police Force. nal oategories: make this possible, legislation was Sec tion 184. Records and Identification passed and the National Bureau of Section. It shall be the function of the 1. Homicide. Records and Identification Section to keep 2. Counterfeiting. Investigation (NBI ) was born on accurate and current records on all known 3. Forgery. September 20, 1958. Below are ex• criminals within the Republic and to devise 4. Extortion.

16 FBI Law Enforcement BUlieti. I 5. Kidnaping. ity of a country depends largely on heads known as special agents in 6. Narcotics. its ruler and his personal security is charge. These divisions are: 6>. Fugitives from the law. foremost in achieving this end. 1. General Investigative Division. -SoBank robbery. 2. Administrative Services Divi- 9. Postal violations. sion. 10. Revenue offenses. Changes 11. Smuggling. 3. Technical Services Division. 12. Many other cases that might be given The NBI has made many changes 4. Training Division. to it by the President or the Attorney 5. Records and Identification Di- General. during the last few years. As the pressure of work increased, there vision. arose the need for additional person- 6. Criminal Laboratory Division. Recruitment nel. This gave rise to the creation of 7. Field Research Unit. new positions and retraining of the Whenever the bureau needs em- Some of the divisions are supple- personnel. ployees, notices to that effect are mented by various sections and units Unlike the former Bureau of Spe- placed in the local press and broad- headed by commanders. cial Services, the NBI has a director, cast on the radio. Requirements for Attached to the general investiga- a deputy director, and an assistant di- admission are based on academic tive division is a criminal intelligence rector. The director is the policy- qualifications, results of a competitive unit known as Field Liaison Unit maker of the bureau. His policies are examination, a searching background (FLU) . enforced by the deputy director and investigation, and a thorough physi- the assistant director. In addition to cal examination. The applications are Functions of the Division enforcing the policies 'of the bureau, processed by the personnel in charge. these men have assigned to them The academic requirement for ad· The basic functions of the general in· various areas of the bureau's opera- vestigative division are to investigate and mission is a high school diploma or tions which they are charged to super- process all violations within the jurisdiction its equivalent. When a candidate has vise directly. of the NBI. These, of course, include the satisfactorily met these requirements, criminal categories mentioned above. he is accepted and placed under train- Next in rank to the leading officers is the inspector, who is directly re- _ g for at least 4 months. Upon sue- Administrative Services ~ ssfully completing this course of in- sponsible to the director. As the title The administrative services division con· struction, he is assigned and placed suggests, the inspector is responsible for the inspections of the bureau's op- troIs the clerical staff, messengers, janitors, on probation for 12 additional the supply office, and all other matters re· erational units and its field offices. months and, thereafter, promoted ac- lating to the clerical phase of our opera· His observations and recommenda- cording to his performance. tions. It also receives all daily reports from tions are forwarded to the director for the special agents in charge for submission action. Other duties of the inspector to the director. Reorganization include: Technical Services The name Bureau of Special Serv- 1. Conducting background investi- ices was changed to National Bureau gations of applicants, recruits, The technical services division is respon- of Investigation in January 1962, and employees. sible for the maintenance of the bureau's headquarters. It is also responsible for pur- after a survey was conducted by Mr. 2. Investigation of all internal com- chasing all equipment and materials for the William A. Cantrell, of Public Safety, plaints as well as complaints use of the bureau. All technical matters U.S. Agency for International Devel- from outsiders against members are handled by this division. opment (USAID), and recommenda- of the agency. tion for the change made to the presi- Training Division dent, which he approved. Presiden- Structure of the NBI The training division organizes the train- tial security responsibility was taken ing programs for the recruits and agents of away from the NBI in January of Presently the BI has 125 men. the bureau. It is also responsible for in- 1964; however, the NBI cooperates Sixteen of these are civilians employed service and specialized training programs. with all security operations performed as clerks, mechanics, dispatchers, by the Special Security Services, the budget officers, public relations officer, Records and Identification agency created for the protection of and messengers. It is composed of This division is responsible for the mainte- the President of Liberia, as the stabil- six divisions headed by divisional nance and safekeeping of our records and _ une 1966 17 all other important documents. It is here that indexes on names, etc. are kept, and it is through this division that the bureau usually identifies criminals.

Criminal Laboratory

The criminal laboratory is concerned with scientific crime investigations. It serves as an aid to investigations in the collection, examination, preservation, and preparation of evidence.

Field Research Unit

This unit handles security intelligence and investigations and information relative to aliens, immigrants, and others in similar categories.

Police Training

As police training is new in our country and the teaching of police science has not yet reached its high. est stage, law enforcement agencies in Liberia organize their ()wn local train• ing programs, which are conducted Mr. Mlnikon lecturing to a class of new recruits. at the National Police Academy. The BI, becoming aware of the and use of firearms, responsibilities of servin.g. in technical and operationa. necessity to have qualified and effi• the agency, etc. and a basic course capaCIties. _ cient personnel in an agency such as in general and protective security. During the period January 1, 1964, this, decided to give its training pro• to the present, there have been many gram priority. Training, at the in· Foreign Training achievements in the operational as ception of the bureau, commenced well as the administrative areas of the only w'hen the bureau needed new The NBI can now boast that it is bureau which have caused us to term members and, therefore, it remained no longer limited to local training. this period the "period of progress." on a small scale. Since it was noted Through Public Safety, USAID, em• To give credit to this period, it should that there were additional phases of ployees of the bureau have been privi• be mentioned that more of our men training needed and a sound inservice leged to obtain training in top-rank• have received foreign training than training was desirable, the training ing American institutions, such as the ever before. In fact, there were only division was established in January FBI National Academy, the Treasury two men who had received foreign 1964. Through this division we have Law Enforcement School, New York training prior to my administration. been able to give all of our recruits Narcotics Bureau, International Po• As a result of having trained pers<>n• basic training and our agents inserv· lice Academy, etc. Those who nel available today, the NBI has been ice and specialized training. qualify for foreign training specialize able to uncover some of the most spec• The training course which qualifies in subjects such as administration and tacular crimes in the criminal history a recruit for our work is wnducted 8 organization, training, handling of of Liberia. hours daily for a 5-day week and bombs and explosives, criminal inves• continues for 12 to 14 weeks. In this tigation and intelligence, identifica· Summary 0/ a 1963 Case course of instruction the recruits are tion, questioned document examina• exposed to material in the fields of tion, firearms examination, etc. Following my return from the FBI legal procedures, human relations, Some of the agents who participated National Academy, the Bank of Mon• special and general investigative tech· in foreign training are now the lead· rovia reported a grand larceny case niques, self· defense tactics, handling ers of the bureau, while others are to the BI on September 26, 1963_

18 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin The bank representative stated that a a rate, labeled Number 3 and contain• ~ g $70,000, was missing from among a shipment including two other crates while in transit between Monrovia and Buchanan_ The manager of the Buchanan branch reported that a Number 3 crate received had been substituted for the original and, when opened, contained boxes of absorbent cotton pads instead of the $70,000_ Investigation was initiated by NBI, and after a period of 6 days, a box with a serial number identical to the serial number of the boxes found in the substituted crate Number 3 was found in the room of one Charles Nimenibo, an employee of Liberian National Airlines assigned to the James Spriggs Payne Airfield. Ni• menibo, a Nigerian national, born September 29, 1939, was arrested. He confessed the crime and revealed

that the crate containing boxes of Portion of the scientiflc crime laboratory of the NBI. absorbent cotton pads was a counter• feit crate he had made and packed 2 weeks before the three crates were to This bureau maintains six field This has been an attempt to give _edelivered to the airfield and flown offices located in Harper City, Mary• you basic information about the NBI. to Buchanan. He had exchanged the land County; Sanniquellie, Nimba We realize that the more we are in• counterfeit crate for crate Number 3, County; Buchanan, Grand Bassa formed about each other's operations, which had been secretly marked for County; Greenville, Sinoe County; the greater is our desire for a closer him by a colleague employed at the Robertsfield, Marshall Territory; and relationship. It is, therefore, hoped Bank of Monrovia. Voinjama, Loffa County. Soon we that this information will be of inter• expect to increase the field offices est to you and help pave the way for Prosecution to 12. a much closer association.

On October 4, 1963, Charles Nimenibo was charged with grand larceny and turned over to the depart• CATTLE THEFT VICTIM OF OWN PLOT ment of justice for prosecution. Nimenibo was convicted in May 1965. Cattle thieves operating between In a foreign movie a gang of burg• Of the stolen money, $58,845 was re• midnight and daybreak in a southern lars was shown breaking into a bank covered by the NBI. State go to a pasture and shoot the vault by smashing a hole in the wall Since February 1964 the NBI has cattle they want. They then clip the from the adjoining room. Later, po• established a training division, a rec• wire fencing and load the slain ani• lice report that real burglars did the ords and identification division, a mals on a truck with an electric winch. same thing in a film company's office• criminal intelligence unit, a public re• In this way, the thieves are not as making off with approximately $64,• lations office, a museum, and a crimi• likely to attract attention as would be 000 in loot from the company's vault. nal laboratory. All of these units the case if they were to load live cat• Ironically, the film company owner have contributed considerably to the tle on the truck. The beeves are then proved to be the producer and director successful handling of our work In apparently cut up for meat and sold of the film portraying the burglary . he criminal investigation field. locally. . / break-in. ~C:4~U-) r; 7-'1)&5, ~/ (}/r.A/n1-~) /0/2. 'if /f.,~ ) June 1966 19 ~ $t,3 -4)..(11:,- 5';' . ~ -# ~3 -~).Jl~ ­ .2­33. PURSUIT DRIVING

(Continued from page 6)

mains fairly level on the roadway dur• ing such maneuvers_ If the car were to strike a solid object or loose gravel, then, of course, the story might be different. Most drivers upon first observing the high speeds at which the vehicles are driven around the course express fear that the cars will roll or wreck. After a short time of instruction and practice, they soon leave such worries behind.

Course Worthwhile

Is the pursuit course a success, and is it worthwhile? A resounding "yes" can be given to both of these questions. Departmental accidents

have been steadily decreasing, and the Training Officer Riley Bryant (left) and Driving Instructor R. J. Ranney confer after a test run troopers themselves have gained a around a curve. sense of security and ability which are already fairly good drivers, so the grade. If they do not become they did not have prior to the special• much the better. If they lack ex• expert drivers, then there is no room ized training. perience, they are given extra time for them in the Washington Stat" In today's high-powered cars, it is and training. In one case it was Patrol. • not uncommon for troopers to appre• learned that a cadet had been driving Driving an automobile is one of the hend drivers in excess of 100 m.p.h. only 2 weeks prior to entering the main functions our troopers perform Of course, such extreme speeds present academy. He had gone into military during their tour of duty. Most of a danger to everyone concerned, but service right out of high school and the time they are in full view of the our troopers do have the advantage of had practically no driving experience public. It is felt that they must set having been trained at these speeds. during that time. However, with the good examples and that they must The average driver has had little or no specialized training he received, he drive safely at all times, regardless experience in high-speed driving. graduated among the top members of of what the conditions or circum• Further, we much prefer that the his class. stances may be. In fact, they must new officers make their first high• Cadets can be "washed out" if it is be able to outdrive the other fellow. speed runs under the controlled con• determined that they cannot make That is a vital part of their job. ditions of the pursuit course, rather than out on the highway. If they should make a mistake and get into trouble at those excessive speeds on the pursuit course, there is little dan• RACKETEERING A QUIET BURGLARY ger to car or driver. On the high• way the story would be quite As a result of FBI investigations, Burglars in a southern city recently different. some 80 persons were convicted dur• found an ideal spot in which to beat When cadet troopers are assigned ing 1965 under interstate gambling open a drug store's safe. They to the academy, no assumption is and racketeering laws. Also as a re• hauled it to a room reserved for test• made as to their driving ability. sult of FBI activity, numerous plush ing hearing aids-conveniently sound• Nothing is left to chance in the gambling casinos and houses of pros• proofed- and worked on it with a training of these individuals. If they titution were eliminated. hammer for over an hour undetectf?.a ' ,/.~~) tjt,jM"~rf 3. ~ c./Unl..4.t£ ) 1/ /~ . 20 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ~.# (,3­ 4")....9'- ;2.1. Prison Visiting r Procedure Streamlined

The three prisons comprising the requested by the inmate by applica• ing periods are permitted for hardship Philadelphia system, under the super• tion to the counseling division. cases if adherence to the regular vision of Supt. Edward J. Hendrick, The warden has the right to refuse schedule might mean that an inmate like most institutions, are confronted visiting privileges to persons whose would have few visitors. with the problem of overcrowding, reputation, conduct, or influence on with resultant stresses and strains on the inmate may be considered preju• Identifying Visitors the staff and on the various facili• dicial to the security or good order ties-including the visiting sections. of the institution, but in the absence In order to improve the method of Until recently visiting was allowed of sound reason for denial, the in• identification of visitors, an automatic on a weekly basis to unsentenced in• mate's preference as to authorized photograph machine was installed in mates and on a biweekly basis to visitors is honored. the lobby of each institution. For 25 sentenced inmates, with no restric• cents it will produce four views of a tions as to the days of the week on Schedule subject. Every authorized visitor which visits might be made. As a must present to the officer in charge result, a large volume of visitors came To equalize, insofar as possible, the of visits one photograph which is on Saturdays and Sundays to two in• visiting load and facilitate the han• affixed to a visitor's card kept in the stitutions and on Mondays and Tues• dling of visitors, the following sched• file in the visiting office to provide days to the third institution, and only ule has been established: ready identification of that person on a few visitors came on the other days. Mondays-inmates with last names all subsequent visits. As a further On the days of heavy visitor traffic, it beginning with A, B, and C. check, the visitor must also sign the & s almost impossible to handle the Tuesdays-inmates with last names visitor's card on his or her first visit. 'lllllllfolume of visitors, and much time was beginning with D, E, F, G, and Each visitor's card has room for a required to process them through the H. total of four photographs and space in visiting office, particularly because of Wednesdays--inmates with last which to record the date of visit for the problems of identifying them. names beginning with I, J, K, each authorized visitor. They also had to spend up to a half L,andM. Visitors are not required to use the hour in the waiting room and then Thursdays-inmates with I a s t photograph machine in the institution might have only 10 minutes for the names beginning with N, 0, P, if they can present an otherwise ac• actual visit in a room filled with noise Q, R, andS. ceptable photograph. Each inmate at and confusion. This entire arrange• Fridays-inmates with last names time of admission is supplied with a ment was unsatisfactory from every· beginning with T through Z. pamphlet explaining the visiting regu• one's point of view. To take care of special situations, lations, including requirements for the warden is authorized to permit photographs; this pamphlet may be Changes special visiting on Saturdays and Sun• mailed home by the inmate with the days, or to make other changes in the first letter sent out. In order to remedy the situation, established schedule for visitors. This Results have been excellent. At several changes were made. To con• usually happens in the cases of in• first the limiting of visits for anyone trol the total number of visitors, un• mates who by virtue of work assign• inmate to one specific day of the week sentenced inmates are now allowed ments (farm and other outside de• resulted in some resistance because of two authorized visitors, with each tails) cannot conveniently be brought permitted one visit per week. Sen• in from work on the regularly estab• visitors working on that day, etc. In tenced inmates are permitted four lished visiting day. It may also occur all such apparent hardship cases, the authorized visitors, with each visitor in situations where the visitor must visitor is asked to write a letter to the permitted one visit every 2 weeks. work on the scheduled visiting day warden setting forth reasons and giv• Changes in authorized visitors can be of the week. In general, special visit• ing proof as to why he or she cannot .u ne 1966 21 visit on that particular day of the visitors accept it as a matter of course, in a relaxed, quiet atmosphere. The week. These letters are evaluated on and it has greatly simplified their iden• use of photographs has resulted .' an individual basis by the counseling tification. more accurate identification a division, and a written reply is sent The use of the procedure for visits speedier processing of the visitors to the person from the warden's of• on the days of the week depending on through the visiting office. fice, either approving or denying the the first letter of the inmate's last name Maj. Fred Krueger, training offi• request. Surprisingly, there have has equalized the load in the visiting cer of the Philadelphia prisons, states been relatively few such requests for room with the result that better con• that the inmates, the visitors, and the special visiting privileges. trol is possible, the time spent in the institutions have all benefited from The use of the photograph machine waiting room has been cut down, and this stabilization in the visiting pro• has created no problem whatsoever; visitors can have more time for visits gram. ~ff;)~~~~

A RARE FIND FILMED EVIDENCE

The latent fingerprint section of the an area only three-eighths of an inch The Colorado Supreme Court re• FBI identification Division recently wide, yet is complete and entirely cently ruled that motion pictures developed a unique latent print sub• legible. taken by police officers of alleged mitted as evidence in the case of a drunken drivers are admissible in bank robbery. A matchbook removed court. from one of three getaway cars used The court held that sound motion by the bandits yielded the unusual picture film which is relevant and print. which depicts the demeanor and Developed chemically, the legible condition of a defendant charged ridge detail from the same fingerprint with driving under the influence of pattern appears across and on each of either alcohol or drugs, taken at ~ three paper matches. Continuity of time of the arrest or soon thereafter, the pattern was possible because of is admissible in evidence. The court the proximity of the matches to each also ruled that even though the film other. The latent fingerprint covers Ma tches yield complete fingerprint pa"ern. ~ .;J ~)?liVnur) shows the defendant's refusing to take * f"J.../)'3/v5) -1>. J sobriety and coordination tests, the '!u . · · tJ~'J~(4), g ~7i1,JeL·.J . ~~J -ndf. 0.-1 ,"5 /O ~ R%:i". film is admissible when it is offered to establish the defendant's de• meanor, conduct, and appearance-• NEW PAY PHONES NO PROBLEM and to show why sobriety coordina• The public in some areas will soon Police recently raided a $7,000-a• tion tests were not given by the witness a major change in pay phone day lottery bank in an east coast city. police. ,/jl, t, .A,.IIJIJr'I JJ&rv'.I.u.,..A : ~J///ij I r-"l':::";;/ _/3! security and design. The new instru• The bank was located in a lavishly __ & 3 . 11.2'/10' 1 ment, having only one slot instead of decorated apartment equipped with a the usual three, will also feature a re• unique door-locking device consisting CLEAN BREAK inforced case, an armor-encased cord, of a telephone-type dialing system. and an absence of the familiar gong The door could be opened only by Police in a Midwest city were tem• when coins are deposited. The new dialing the proper number. porarily baffled as to how burglars phones are much more rugged than This intricate mechanism, however, were forcing open the doors of homes the older type and will be much easier proved to be no great obstacle to the and businesses but leaving little sign to maintain. raiding party which possessed a of damage. An attempted burglary The change will take place in an search warrant. Receiving no re• of a hardware store provided the clue. effort to reduce vandalism and allow sponse to their knock, they forced the The thieves were using a hydraulic quicker and better service to the cus• device and carried out the raid as jack to force the door jamb away from tomer. ~ ." AloIa, scheduled. / d / 6 the; !oor, thus disengaging the ~~c . ~ tJt-.v17lQ..U/.1 '7':Z oj' ) ~ ( ~)I/jY>//J / "Y'JV'tA-? t!u ~, ~/I;I; . 22 ,~ .vU.,:# t, 3 ­t/29(' ­3/ FBI ow Enforcement Bulletin . ~"TF b '). - 1:L9~ - /~ - 13-jJ.L--# &3 ·t/),tI6 ~;;z... If at first you don't succeed- Try, Try Again

In a recent latent fingerprint case ing. Numerous latents were devel- 1. He was working with the prints handled by the identification bureau oped, but many were disregarded, 'as of the culprit and had properly of the New Britain, Conn., Police De- they could belong to customers or disregarded those impressions partment, identification was effected employees using the entrance. Only left by customers and employees. in a manner reminiscent of those fre- those latents along the edges, where 2. If more than one person were quently portrayed on television by a each piece of glass would logically involved, the latents had been fictional detective. The TV detective have been gripped to pull it from the left by only one person as the seems to have a knack for accomplish- channel of the doorframe, were other would be the lookout. ing what is highly improbable in a considered. 3. That the culprit had at some time routine, matter­of­fact manner, while A long list of suspects was pro- been fingerprinted by the de- those persons actually engaged in the vided by members of the detective partment. field of identification year in and year division. The known prints of the out rarely, if ever, seem to get the suspects were taken from file and com- Culprits Found breaks for surmounting such odds. pared with the latents, with negative This case proved to be the exception. results. The search was then ex- If all of his assumptions were cor- It involved the breaking and enter- tended to include comparison with the rect, the 16 possible primary classifi- ing of a local supermarket. Arriving prints of ,all persons recently arrested cations of the file could be searched at the scene, Lt_ Armond Zenga and by the department for a similar of- and an identification made. Such a Sgt. Ernest Margelot of the New fense. This also proved fruitless. search would require weeks, as it Britain identification division, both would have to be performed only as A duates of the FBI National Acad- Latents Lifted other duties would permit. Consid- ' y, learned that $1,350 had been ering this time element, Sgt. Margelot taken from a metal filing cabinet lo- Sgt. Margelot then decided to at- made further assumptions. He as- cated near the front window of the tempt to determine from the position signed those fingers for which he store. The cabinet had been forced of the latents on the pieces of glass lacked latents the same pattern type open with a meat cleaver. Entrance their relative position to each other, as the corresponding finger of the op- to the store had been gained through the type of pattern, etc., and by which posite hand. This gave him a pri- a rear door. This was a glass door hand and finger they had been made. 25 with a metal frame. The glass in the It was his intent to then search all mary of 4"' Going to the file, he door had been broken by holding a possible primary classifications in pulled all the cards of that primary. large piece of corrugated cardboard the department's file. Finger slip- You can imagine his surprise when against it and striking it with a cast page, superimposures, etc. compli- an identification was made as he ex- iron pipe. The large pieces of glass cated matters. amined the sixth card. The individ- were then pulled out of the channel of Upon completing the task of lifting ual had been fingerprinted 2 years the metal frame to facilitate entrance the latents, Sgt. Margelot had what he previously for carrying a pistol with- and placed on the ground beside the assumed were the patterns of six out a permit. doorway. fingers: The followup investigation and in- Right thumb, ulnar Left middle, ulnar terrogations were headed by Det. Fingerprints Sought loop . loop Right index, whorl Left ring, whorl Capt. Thomas Ormsby, also a grad- Processing of the filing cabinet, Right middle, ulnar Left little, ulnar uate of the FBI National Academy. loop meat cleaver, etc. did not produce any loop The individual identified .by finger- usable latent prints. The six pieces However, in some instances pattern prints and his accomplice entered a of glass from the door were taken to interpretation was questionable and plea of guilty in superior court to . e identification bureau for process- it was further assumed that: breaking and entering. ~J ./?~ ~ ~ ne 1966 "V-W R/§) '­:!J­:¥6t;; re 23 tfo-v~ YA.12 ii?£t ," Attire______. Black felt hat, fuzzy texture; jet nk Robber wool top C 0 dark brown ou Know? white pat t ern sports coat; no g I 0 v e s ; white shirt; tan or brown tie; shoes and trousers un• observed. This unknown subject should be considered armed and dangerous. The artist's conception of the bank robber, prepared by the Exhibits Sec• tion of the FBI, has been considered an excellent likeness. Anyone having any information or knowledge believed to refer to this individual please notify the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investiga• tion, Washington, D.C., 20535, or the Special Agent in Charge of the near• est FBI field office, the telephone number of which appears on the first page of most local telephone direc• On December 18, 1964, at approxi• gun in his left hand. He stepped tories. mately 6 :40 p.m., a lone white male quickly out of the bank and his method entered the Southern Maryland Bank of getaway was unobserved. ~ ~ and Trust Company, at 3731 Branch ~~&,-4J,J April 1966 issue of the Bulletin and Race______. White. her male companion were appre• left hand, pulled out a gun, and, Age______28 to 30 years. h bl holding it just above counter level, Hair______. Medium brown. hended as a result of t at pu icity. pointed it at the teller. The gun was Eyes ______. Hazel or gray. They were arrested on April 15 in Sa• later described as a hand weapon, be• Complexion______Fair (neither tan vannah, Ga., by the Chatham County lieved to be a .38- or .45-caliber auto• nor ruddy). Police and the Savannah Police De· matic. Facial features______Clean shaven; teeth partment. The couple was wanted on very white and The bandit then snapped, "This is eve n; eyebrows charges of operating a fraudulent it; give me the money." As the trim and neat. check scheme throughout the country. startled teller stared in disbelief, he Wearing ~.inch Arresting officers recognized them as advised her to "Smile." Seeing square of white the two individuals described in the another bank employee approaching adhesive tape be· Bulletin article. The woman's photo• low the left cheek· the area, the robber motioned with bone. graph and the modus operandi of the the weapon for the teller to hurry and General appearance __ Immaculate; clean couple were the key factors leading to warned, "I'm going to use it." He s h i r t ; c I e a n their exposure. The couple-identi• was hastily given the money from the hands, trim and fied as Charles and Jessie Hender• cash drawer-some $2,240-which neat fingernails, son-claimed to be from Chicago but no callouses. he put in his right overcoat pocket Characteristics______. Believed to be left. refused to admit their true identities with his right hand, still holding the handed. or otherwise discuss their activities. a ~./?1..d. ~\./~.r' ~ 2//~) 24 ~M-) Ift/t.? /U- . V/1UUrA- CIJ . .> I t.1 £i2. /j ., FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OfFICE : 1966 0-215-291 FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS

_ omPlete this form and return tOI

DIRECTOR

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION WASmNGTON, D.C. 20535

(Name) (Title)

(Address)

(GUy) (State) (Zip Gode)

Program for Convicted Drunken Drivers Convicted drunken drivers in Salt program, the offender will have 30 j ail sentence will be suspended upon Lake City, Utah, in a program recently days in which to initiate a treatment payment of the fine and compliance announced, will be interviewed by the program as an alternative to being with terms of probation for a 6 Utah Alcohol Foundation to deter· jailed. He will be supervised by this months' period of medical care. Aneif they have a continuing alcohol probation group through a period of Should the foundation determine at """oblem. Should the foundation de· 6 months' probation imposed by the the time an offender is referred to it termine that an offender has an court to insure that treatment is under- that he has no continuing alcohol alcohol problem, he will be provided taken. with a list of physicians and psychi- The plan will necessitate amending problem, the case will be disposed of atrists qualified to give proper treat- the past sentencing policy of the court. at that time. ment. Under the supervision of the This change will involve providing a The Salt Lake City Police Depart. Utah State Board of Adult Probation 6 months' jail sentence and a $175 fine ment has indicated its full cooperation and Parole, which will assist with the in all drunken driving offenses. The with the courts in this program. .~~ / r!dt t~) 10/')'1/65) . ~::# G 3 -~J.-9t ­'i'l

LETHAL BLANKS sl ug fired from the weapon will pene- A CLEAN GETAWAY trate a %­inch board at a distance of A weapon recently confiscated in 6 feet. An unknown burglar entered the substantial numbers in an eastern city apartment of a young woman during is causing considerable concern to her absence and took a television set, police. a pair of glasses, and about 15 It is an eight. shot, foreign·made sweaters, for a total value of approx- starter revolver, capable of shooting FUGITIVES imately $450. American .22·caliber short blank am- The victim, in reporting the bur· munition or European crimp· type am· The Identification Division of the glary to police, advised that, in addi- munition. The barrel of the revolver, FBI identified some 23,000 fugitives tion, the burglar drank two cans of normally lead filled, can be bored so from justice during 1965, an all­time beer and took a bath before leaving it will fire live ammunili~IJ' A record. the apartment. , e­ u""d.d./) J 13/ f., ~~ (?~/ ~~I ~ j q s, r' RL-luJd) 6"t-t.mad' , ~.2 ~"J.u"1f ..u-

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION WASHINGTON. D.C. 20535 OFFICIAL BUSINESS RETURN AFTER 5 DAYS

INTERESTING PATTERN

The unusual and interesting pattern presented here is classifled as a central pocket loop type of whorl with a meeting tracing. The deltas are found at 0-1 and 0-2. Because of the unusual appearance of this pattern and the questionable nature of the delta 0-1 , this pattern is referenced to an ulnar loop with flve ridge counts'. .~