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Rural Policy Review: Italy Index

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Rural Policy Review: Italy Index Questionaire for the integration of the background report RURAL POLICY REVIEW: ITALY INDEX PART 1: PROFILE OF RURAL AREAS ................................................................ 4 1.1 WHAT IS RURAL? .............................................................................................. 5 The OECD Methodology 5 National definition/typology of rural areas 6 1.2 WHAT IS HAPPENING IN RURAL AREAS?............................................... 19 1.2.1 Raw data requirements.................................................................................... 19 1.2.2 Qualitative questions........................................................................................ 20 1. Population and Migration 20 1. What are the population growth, ageing and migration trends? ....................................20 2. Are there marked rural-urban or urban-rural migration patterns? Are these trends occurring in all areas or just certain specific areas?......................................................28 Social Wellbeing and Equity 30 1. How different are standards of living in rural areas versus urban areas? ......................30 2. What is the level and evolution of GDP per capita/personal income?...........................38 3. What other indicators of social wellbeing are used? (Development index? Deprivation or poverty index?) .........................................................................................................43 4. How different are education, health and employment indicators in rural versus urban areas?..............................................................................................................................44 4.1 Governance of Health Supply in Italy..........................................................................51 4.2 Health supply in rural areas of Italy.............................................................................55 Economic Structure and Performance 61 1. What is the role of the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors? How has the share of agriculture changed in terms of GDP, national and rural employment?.......................61 2. How is the rural economy structured? How has this structure changed over the past decades? .........................................................................................................................65 3. What sectors are leading, lagging, declining or increasing? Which are the most important? How have farmers’ sources of income changed? .......................................70 4. What signs of innovation are there in the rural economy (new firms, new sectors, use of ICT, patents)?................................................................................................................75 5. How competitive are rural areas with respect to urban areas? What are the comparative advantages of different rural regions?............................................................................80 Environment and Sustainability 83 1. What is the distribution of land use and how has it changed (concentration vs redistribution, agriculture towards other uses)?............................................................83 2. What are the primary environmental concerns regarding rural areas (water use and availability, pollution, erosion, etc.)?............................................................................85 3. What role do natural and cultural resources play in the rural economy?.......................85 4. Is there a catalogue of amenities and historical sites in rural areas?..............................88 1 5. Are there any exercises to quantify the value of these amenities?.................................88 6. How are rural areas involved in energy issues? What are the trends in renewable energy use, reliance on a specific energy source, contribution to national energy from rural areas?.............................................................................................................................89 Availability of Public Services 94 1. How does the accessibility to public services differ by region, and in rural areas with respect to urban areas? ...................................................................................................94 2. How has the availability of public and private services evolved (schools, hospitals, stores opening or closing? Concentration of services?)?.............................................112 3. How does access to public transportation system differ across rural areas? ...............119 4. What is the level of car use in rural areas compared to that of urban areas?...............122 PART 2: RURAL POLICY.................................................................................... 124 2.1 EVOLUTION OF THE APPROACH TO RURAL POLICY...................... 125 1. What evolution has occurred to the approach of rural policy in the past decades?.................................................................................................................... 125 2. Were there any major policy shifts? New legislation? Reordering of agencies? ................................................................................................................................... 129 2.2. RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY ......................................................... 140 1. Does the country have an official rural development policy, that is a policy explicitly oriented towards rural areas regardless of the sector and involving multiple sectors or ministries? ............................................................................... 140 o Regional policy and rural areas 141 o Please provide a distribution of Cap resources into Pillar I and Pillar II 147 o What it the nature of budget allocation for rural programs? 148 o Is rural policy multi-sector or focused on one sector? 151 o Does rural policy have a territorial perspective? 159 o What is the country position vis-à-vis the debate on the reform of the CAP? What are the anticipated changes and how is the country planning to cope with them? 162 2. Who does what in rural development policy? .................................................. 166 o What National Ministries and agencies are involved? Is there a formal attribution of rural development responsibilities at the National level? 166 o What is the distribution of responsibilities and resources (planning, funding, implementation, evaluation) between National and sub-National governments? 168 o What monitoring and evaluation systems are there for rural policy? 171 o What coordination mechanisms are in place? 174 2 o Level of inter-region collaboration/relationship 175 o What obstacles deter the cooperation and coordination between agencies? 176 o How are local actors involved in rural policy? NGOs, rural communities? What mechanisms are there to encourage the development of partnerships in rural areas? 177 o What is the role of financial institutions in rural development? Any cases of particular significance/success? 179 3. Describe specific programmes oriented towards rural development............. 181 3.1 Rural Development Programmes 181 o Budget and beneficiaries 181 3.2 Regional programmes and rural areas: the case of Calabria, Emilia-Romagna and Veneto 189 o Which sectors support the programme ? 194 o How does the programme work ? 195 3.3 The evaluation procedure and impact according of available evaluations 196 4. Sector Policies (Agriculture, Transportation, etc.) with relevant impact on rural areas ................................................................................................................ 199 5. Public Service Delivery ....................................................................................... 203 o Why there is no territorial monitoring of public services ? 203 o The presence of highly complex models of governance 203 o There is a slow evolution 205 ANNEX 1.................................................................................................................. 207 Specific Categories of Expenditure selected in the ERDF ROPs of Veneto, Emilia Romagna and Calabria............................................................................... 207 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 210 3 PART 1: PROFILE OF RURAL AREAS Draft of 30/07/2008 4 1.1 What is rural? The OECD Methodology The application to Italy of the OECD methodology of classification of areas as rural or urban, elaborated on a municipal basis in the first phase and on a provincial basis in the second phase, results in a distribution of predominantly urban, predominantly rural and significantly rural areas as shown in the figure below. Fig. 1 – The rural areas classification in line with the OCSE methodology In terms of surface area, the predominantly and significantly rural areas account for 77.4% of the national territory and almost 50% of the population. 5 National definition/typology of rural areas In the planning phase of rural development policy, the MAFFP, in concert with the Regions, has identified a classification of the municipalities using three typologies of rural areas plus urban poles so as to allow the territorialisation of the rural development interventions in accordance with the needs evidenced by the different area typologies. This classification by zones has been adopted in the ambit not only of the National Strategy Plan for rural development (NSP) but also the National Strategy Framework pertaining to the cohesion policy,
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