97 Alieu Mohamed Kromah and Niwet Arunberkfa Causes ofCorruption in private schools inMonrovia, Causes ofCorruption in private schools inMonrovia,Liberia สาเหตุของการทุจริตในโรงเรียนเอกชนในมอนโรเวียไลบีเรีย Prince ofSongklaUniversity Faculty ofHumanitiesandSocialSciences Ph.D. Development Studies, AssistantProfessor Niwet Arunberkfa Sciences, PrinceofSongklaUniversity Faculty ofHumanitiesandSocial Department, Graduate StudentsofSocialDevelopment Alieu MohamedKromah Journal ofHumannitiesandSocial Sciences คณะมนุษยศาสตร์และสังคมศาสตร์ วารสารวิชาการ Keywords: other contextsarediscussed. dreams. Theimplications of these findings as it relates to their obtain to students the enables turn, in regulations, accountability Model, all employees observe the rules and proffessional the with . of absence the with characters in schools to deliver quality education to proffessional students accountability enables teachers to Theobtain Liberia. Monrovia, moral in schools private in education Accountability Model to allow the students to aquire quality Professional the using implied was method qualititive the Accountability Model. As observed in the thematic analysis, athematicanalysisusingtheProfessional coded, performing community members, and community leaders. The data was employees including principals, teachers, students, parents, investigation through interviews and observations with inclusive an school performed study The Liberia. Monrovia, guidelines toeliminatecorruptioninprivateschools the causesofcorruptioninprivateschoolsandtoimplement The objective of this qualititive research is to investigate

Monrovia, Liberia Causes, Corruption,Private, Schools, A bstrac วารสารวิชาการ

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99 Alieu Mohamed Kromah and Niwet Arunberkfa Causes ofCorruption in private schools inMonrovia,Liberia ของการค้นพบนี้เกี่ยวข้องกับบริบทอื่น ๆที่กล่าวถึง ความหมาย บังคับในทางกลับกันท�ำให้นักเรียนได้รับความฝัน ความรับผิดชอบต่อวิชาชีพพนักงานทุกคนปฏิบัติตามกฎและข้อ ด้วยรูปแบบ ที่มีคุณภาพให้กับนักเรียนโดยปราศจากการคอรัปชั่น ต่อวิชาชีพช่วยให้ครูได้รับคุณธรรมในโรงเรียนเพื่อมอบการศึกษา คุณภาพในโรงเรียนเอกชนในมอนโรเวียไลบีเรีย ความรับผิดชอบ แบบความรับผิดชอบมืออาชีพเพื่อให้นักเรียนได้รับการศึกษาที่มี สังเกตในการวิเคราะห์ใจความวิธีการเชิงคุณภาพโดยนัยใช้รูป เฉพาะเรื่องโดยใช้ Professional Accountability ตามที่ Model สมาชิกชุมชนและผู้น�ำชุมชนข้อมูลถูกเข้ารหัสท�ำการวิเคราะห์ กับพนักงานของโรงเรียนรวมถึงผู้ว่าจ้างครูนักเรียนผู้ปกครอง การสอบสวนอย่างครอบคลุมผ่านการสัมภาษณ์และการสังเกต การศึกษาด�ำเนิน ทุจริตในโรงเรียนเอกชนในมอนโรเวียไลบีเรีย การทุจริตในโรงเรียนเอกชนและน� ค�ำส�คัญ: การวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาสาเหตุของ ไลบีเรีย สาเหตุ, การทุจริต, ส่วนตัว, โรงเรียน, มอนโรเวีย, บ ทคัดย่อ ำแนวทางในการก� ำจัดการ social equality, political security, quality educations, monetary never satisfieditslegalcommitments togiveopenconsideration, Liberia as a nation, since she has her independence in 1847, has west coast of Africa. The country is the oldest republic in Africa. corruption in private schools in Liberia Anderson (2005). needs to be implemented in the private school in order to since 1996 eliminate (Banerjee et al., 2012, p.1). The accountability process carried outover600anti-corruptionprogramsdealingwith corruption that everybody is facing in the world. To date, the World Bank has citizen haven’t experienced any good expectation from corruption. facing (Chetwynd E., Chetwynd F. and Spector B 2003) and the 2003a), corruption is a thoughtful problem that poor people are Davoodi, 1997), and above all, lack of country competence (Li et (Lamchetbsdorff, al., 2000), lack of excellent infrastructure (Tanzi and Gupta et al., 2001). Moreover, corruption causes low income in the dropout rate in the School System in Liberia. (Kaufmann et al., 1999; depressedandilliterate. Corruption also causesahigh unfortunate, bad in our society. Because it causes people in the country to stay contaminated moneyandcriminalactivities(Baker,2005).Itisvery Poisson (2005). Corruption is said to be one of the profane trinity consequence of on access, quality or equity in education” Hallak and the availability and quality of educational goods and services as a of public office for private benefit, whose impact is significant on Introduction

Monrovia is the capital city of Liberia. It is located on the Tanzi (1997:164-165) suggested that corruption is a problem Corruption in education is defined as “the systematic use Corruption in education is defined as วารสารวิชาการ

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101 Alieu Mohamed Kromah and Niwet Arunberkfa Causes ofCorruption in private schools inMonrovia,Liberia twelve” (Perkins 2006). Even within the period of a woman late president president, William Tolbert that “lowered the age of consent to Liberia passed a law in the early 1970s during the presidency of the action has been taken to correct those abuses. The government of the educational system in Liberia, yet to date; no drastic or disciplinary school administrators against both female and male students in leads to improper execution in Liberia. theplanningrule’spronouncement of transactions.Furthermore, mechanism is not proper to bring out accountability and present, justification open communications and suitable documentation “at sectors. Accordingtotheeducationalsectorsplan(2010-2020), concerns for good governing and management in the education In addition,theinternationalcommunityplanstoexpressgrave is under critical observation due to public to understanding leakages of of corruption. corruption. As a result, the education shortcomings system in in the Liberia transparency and accountability failure through districteducationofficers.Throughthat,weexperiencemany that lead the Ministry of Education supplies to the schools either directly or budget indicated for all schools through the ministry of finance while problem. been published. This has drawn the attention researcher about the have studies oncorruption. From thatpoint, various scholarlyarticles sector in the country. A few years ago, there were just a couple of long termcivil war whichhasanegativeeffectontheeducational changes, and social welfare to its people. Liberia had suffered a The practice of ‘corruption’ is a silent weapon used by teachers In the Republic of Liberia, the government approves the yearly lower institution (classroom) (Dedze, 2005). criteria link from the upper institution (government of Liberia) to the within the selected schools. The practice of corruption stakeholders, school’s and principals, community bypassing members and parents violence from teachers against students, accountability within the academic chronicle. especially girls in Liberia, is a normal practice that has little or no educational systemhasnotstopped.Violenceagainststudents, President , violence against girl’s students in the of corrupt practices are as follow; are available in the Liberian private secondary schools. Some forms to Oyinlola (2009), there are some forms of corruption practices that corrupt practicesintheschoolwhichislinewithOyinlola. According teacher’s corrupt practice and examinations corrupt practices. were found are; parents corrupt practice, student’s corrupt practice, dynamic inthisstudy.Amongsomekeycorruptionpractices that to knowthecorruptionpracticesinschoolastheyarevery in Liberia most especially in the Bushrod Island area, it is imperative Literature review This research will attempt to create academicchronicle on the

During the study, the researcher recognized some forms of In arguingtheissueofcorruptioninprivatesecondaryschools วารสารวิชาการ

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103 Alieu Mohamed Kromah and Niwet Arunberkfa Causes ofCorruption in private schools inMonrovia,Liberia African examination council (WAEC) and West Africa senior school most especially during the external examinations in Liberia; West practice involves the invigilators,supervisors,orexaminationofficers Examination Councils’CorruptPractices need to recognize the right to child’s education. school administratorsneedtoinvolveinachild’seducation andalso parents, stakeholders, community members, community leaders, and To avoidstudent’scorruptpracticeinprivateschools,thegovernment, next class. These processes lead to student’s approach laziness exam questions in and answers private or to schools. elevate them to the impact theirschoolprincipalsorinstructorstoempowerthem students or administrators while some female students utilize sex to is practice by most students whose utilizations cash to energize their Students’ CorruptPractices corruption in school, by supporting their children" school. Guardians likewise contribute to the demonstration of teachers noticed that "guardians add to student's sluggishness in school administratorsinreturnforgrades.Duringthestudy, guardians additionallygotoschoolandpaycashteachersor bolster their kids by giving those cash to pay for grades. A few that operated by most guardians in Monrovia, Liberia. The parents Parent corruptpractices

Examination council corrupt practice is a form of corrupt Student’s degeneratepracticeisaformofcorruption that Parent corruptionrehearsesisaformofcorruptpractices have decentcharacterstowardsthestudent’sachievement. accountability is implemented in private schools, all teachers will to carry on their duties in the educational sectors. When professional a means of giving responsibility and good moral behavior to teachers be promoted to the next class (David, 2002.). will have theendofyearexamandstudents must pass this exam to of corruption is where teachers are not being by paid corrupting well the children’s and mindset (Oyinlola, teachers 2009). Addition form immensely tochildren’seducationaredestroyingtheschoolsystem students in exchange for grade. The teachers money from schools eveninprivateuniversities.Teacher’sdemand who need to contribute informant who can appropriately give concrete and important data informant who canappropriatelygiveconcrete andimportant Liberia. The research utilized explicit selection to give a set of an tangible information on the problem of corruption in Monrovia, Teachers ’Corrupt Practices Teachers into the university in Liberia time Oyinlola (2009) assumed that the parents also pay astoallocatethemwhattheycallextra- to themastransportation for admission to organize the students for them to put money together and give are in grade six, ninth and twelve grades respectively. Examiners try These two examinations are taken every year by some students certificate examination who (WASSCE) and examination in the school. Methodology

The research suggests Professional accountability model as This typeofcorruptionpracticeispredominantinprivate This study employed qualitative method research to provide

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105 Alieu Mohamed Kromah and Niwet Arunberkfa Causes ofCorruption in private schools inMonrovia,Liberia collect datafromstudentsintheselectedschools. second, groupdiscussions,andprogramactivitieswere usedto records wereusedtocollectthesecondarydata.First,interview form, the selected sample size to reinforce primary data. Documents and interpreted based on Professional Accountability analysis. After behavior associated with the study. the schools of study and communities and also observed the social was in the schools, observe the context of the general condition in understand the purpose of observed phenomenon. When researcher participation. The method of observation of the researcher is to In-debt interview are used for in-dept. interviews. the Observations researcher questionnaire involve base on the objective of the study. The interviews were conducted by interviewers in accordance with interview and observation were conducted to collect primary data. according to the objective of the study. Three schoolsalongwiththreecommunitieswereproperlyinvestigated in the interview. ontheirwillingness topartake study recruitparticipant community members, 5) community leaders and, 6) students. The There are six (6) groups: 1) principals, 2) teachers, 3) parents, 4) so as to address the causes of corruption in Liberia private schools. Data analysisProcedures Data collectioninstruments

After data werecollected,interviewwasconductedwithAfter data In this study, the qualitative data was analyzed and As a qualitative method approach was employed, in-depth Scope ofresearch interpretation. and recordwerecoded,thenthemescreatedfordata translated into Standard English. The data from Conversations interviews, of the documents interview. The transcribed materials were then to the recorded tapes, and transcribed the Liberia colloquia English conducting theinterviews,researcherwroteupnotes,listens possible reforms in curbing these problems that is destroying Liberia’s educational system of the existing problem, its effects, and it willraisetheawarenessof thedifferentstakeholderstoinvolvein in solving the problem of corruption in Moreover, the this research educational will help sectors. to contribute Finally, to other researches, Liberia’s private secondary education system with empirical study evidence. will be providing insight into the phenomena that exist in Liberia; there is a high illiteracy rate in the country. Therefore, my the country and how to solve the problems. in private schools in Monrovia, Liberia, and other private schools in Liberia are choosing in order to know the root causes of corruption sectors. The principals, teachers, staff and students within Monrovia, help acknowledge the students about corruption in the educational the BushrodIslandareaandincountryatlarge.Theparentscan they can contribute immensely in the fight against corruption within parents in the selected areas. These people are chosen because students, community members including community leaders and

Corruption ineducationalsectorshasaffectedmanypeople in The participant of this study will be the school’s principal, teachers, วารสารวิชาการ

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107 Alieu Mohamed Kromah and Niwet Arunberkfa Causes ofCorruption in private schools inMonrovia,Liberia integrity andalsohaveagoodprofessionalskillas a teacher. Professional accountability is to ensure that teachers have good government, community members and community leaders. and moral behavior to teachers and encourage professional parents, accountability stakeholders, model as a means to staff, andschool’s strategy rather,itconsider also consider thegive good characters Not onlyconsideringtheschool’sprogram,structure, corruption in school through , fraud, extortion, and favoritism. order to achieve the objectives of this community study. leaders, parents The and students study had been had interviewed in investigated School principals, teachers, and community members including causes of corruption in detail in private schools in Monrovia, Liberia. model asananalyticalframework,thisstudyhadinvestigatedthe through the review of the literature. Using the the concepts, theories, professional books, and accountability related research on this study her educational quality and standards. Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework is being developed based on

towards private schools in Liberia, and (iv) laziness of students. administration, (ii) Low salary, (iii) Support from the government has been grouped into several themes. These include: result hadrevealedsomecausesofcorruption in private schoolsand (i) Educational students, parents, community members, and community leaders. The Liberia. The study interrogates school principals, teachers, senior guidelines to eliminate corruption in Liberia private study; schools the causes in of Monrovia, corruption in private schools and implementing Educational Administration Results administration. For instance, the recruitment process is not done by school. Corruptiontakesplace indifferentstructuretheeducational has todowiththerecruitment, admission,andpromotioninthe to eliminate corruption in private schools in Monrovia, Liberia. the study suggests the Professional Accountability Model information as to a obtain the guideline objective of the study. After investigation, asasourceofreceivingconcrete The studyincludestheparticipants practices intheschoolthrough management programs. practices. The researcher investigates the four forms of corrupt parent’s corruptpracticesandtheexaminationcouncil schools are teacher’s corrupt practices, student’s corrupt practices, system. Thefourformsofcorruptpracticesthatwerefoundinthe recognized four forms of corruption practices that affect the school research. In the selected schools in Monrovia, Liberia, the researcher

In private schools in Liberia, the educational administration The research was conducted base on the objective of this As mentioned in figure 1 theconceptual framework ofthe วารสารวิชาการ

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109 Alieu Mohamed Kromah and Niwet Arunberkfa Causes ofCorruption in private schools inMonrovia,Liberia to intervene in private schools as it is done in public schools. a closerelation.Toavoidfavoritism inschools,thegovernmentneeds considered. The administrators prefer to employ family members or by the teachers. One fact is that the real qualify employees is not researcher observed and took it into consideration of the statement “the administratorsarethecauseofstudent’sfailurein school” the Thestatementfrommostteachers was administrative department. whenschoolsarenotoperatingwell,itderivesfromtheproperly” emphasize that “the administration is not running the private copying fromoneanother.Accordingtothestudy, parents schools examination papers before the tests and even support the so instance as of to students obtain good grades in to pass exams freely, some female students surrendering to sexual the school. Students purchasing example, students offering a bribe to increase more educational since students opportunity are abused from multiple points of view, for educational curriculum.Anyway,corruptionpracticesdisappointthis are relied upon to be evaluated dependent on the objective of a result, the even those with qualify certificates are effected. Students isrampantinthesystemas system. Theissueofthefakecertificates to students. the qualify ones the opportunity to produce good quality education giving great opportunities to the unqualified employees and on the qualificationdepriving as well. It depends on who is pushing the file relationship with the boss. Promoting staffs or teachers is not based those who qualify for a particular job but rather, who is in close

The fake certificate isrampantintheprivateeducational The fakecertificate

to promote quality education in private schools. known that low salary receive by teacher is a huge disadvantage is notenoughtosatisfytheneeds”fromtheirperspective, itisnow they will find other suitable ways to satisfy their need received by since teachers the is that “when salary teachers receive a low salary, schools is the greed of teachers Kromah A, M, (2019). explained that one of the possible reasons for corruption in private salary is not the major cause of corruption in private. The majority employees’ salaries” although many parents emphasize that low parents is not enough to operate/manage both the schools and from the government of Liberia as a result the school fees paid by the private schools are not subsidies in indicated any that form “the of reason financial of assistance low salaries in schools private not to schools be is of because quality. During principals interview, is most one of of the them many contributing factors that are hugely none affecting will the attract students and highly acclaimed teachers. Low to thataresecond facilities withstandardsand higher education salary students not be serious for their lessons. Government investment in or extracting illegal money from students andagain, makes the because of low salary, teachers mostly engage in corruption and/ private schools in Liberia. Low salary received by the teachers/staff; workingarena.Thestudyfocusesontheemployeesin a particular Low salaryreceivebyteachers

The community member’s perspective on the low salary A Low salary is a monthly wage receives by employees in วารสารวิชาการ

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111 Alieu Mohamed Kromah and Niwet Arunberkfa Causes ofCorruption in private schools inMonrovia,Liberia to the great step ahead by his Excellency educational sectorinthecountry. Theresearcherislooking forward Dr. George Manneh Weah. the country. The policy of President George Weah is to reform the fees for every student who will sit the West African examination in for all public schools and universities in the country. He The also new pays president who the took office in 2018 announced free tuition It has been one of the root causes of suffering topayschool fees andtheWestAfrican examinationfees. student’s dropout from schools. Over the years, both parents and students have been academics. international bridge as such companies, don't attend school had decided to allow little schools or to no be subsidy run for by private private schools, and is over not 40 subsiding percent private of schools. The children Liberia government, because of Government isnotdoingwellfortheprivateschools.Thegovernment government, it will be difficult to battle corruption in the school" clarifiedthat oncetheschoolisn'tgettinganyhelpfrom further in Liberia most especially, in private schools” theschoolsystem “the governmentisnotsupporting majority teachers isthat of the principals schools in Liberia. One of the causes prescribed by the instructors/ investigate the impact of the Liberian government towards private to eliminatecorruptioninthesociety,thereforeitwasnecessary corruption in private schools in Liberia and to implement guidelines in Liberia fromthegovernmenttowardsprivateschoolsSupport

Since the study objective is to investigate the causes of

government needstoimplement educationalpolicyinallschools. therefore, deserve better education to keep them sustainable. The need toconsiderthatthechildren arethefutureleaderinsociety of handanditwillcauseamassive dropoutinschool.Parentsalso and situatingthemonthestraightpath,theywilldefinitely goout generation. process in society in order to create a better future for the young process of transforming students. It should contain a collaborating community members, and community leaders need to help in the government, administrators,stakeholders,teachers, parents, that parents need to play major roles in a child’s education. The if they are really concern about youth generation. The The government study needs to suggests support both public and private schools by the administration of the school to the seriousness of involve the in students. laziness because there are no of rules Education and needs regulations to enforced consider the right educational to arena. The child’s Liberian government education. through the Students Minister sector needs effective leadership to combat corruption in the little moneytohavepassed.Inorderacorruption-free,the because, at the end of the semester, they will still make a token of ingrained insociety,thestudentswillnottaketheirlessonsseriously something whether to make apass or not. Because corruptionis not natural but rather intentional because they will still have to pay upon offering bribe for the grade. The laziness of students is not Laziness ofstudents

Student’s laziness arises when there is no one observing them Laziness of students is when students relax at home and rely วารสารวิชาการ

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113 Alieu Mohamed Kromah and Niwet Arunberkfa Causes ofCorruption in private schools inMonrovia,Liberia the governmentneedstounderstand therighttochildren’seducation. Liberia needs to take into consideration teacher’s salaries; finally, corruption intheschoolsystem. Model is suitable to be implicated in all schools for in their Liberia doing. to According eliminate to the research, in Professional the Accountability school to allow every employee or student to be accountable of corruption. properly andtakelegalactionsagainstanyperpetratorsintheact stakeholders’ involvement is very important inschool. stakeholders’ involvement is veryimportant recommendations. eliminate corruption in the school, the researcher suggests the following to be built on principles of accountability and transparency. To structure and administrative procedures in theselectedschools need community members, and community leaders. The organizational corruption inprivateschoolstoprincipals,teachers,parents, need to involve in the betterment of students. Stakeholders, teachers, community members, and community leaders Recommendations 4. 3. 2. 1.

To increase teacher’s salaries, and also the government of The school needs to implement the accountability process Principal, asheadoftheinstitution,needstorunschool Parents, community members, community leaders, and The study provides a better understanding of the causes of

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115 Alieu Mohamed Kromah and Niwet Arunberkfa Causes ofCorruption in private schools inMonrovia,Liberia Investment, and Growth’, IMF Working Paper 139. research service com/g-gbenga. Appraisal. Retrieved, September 15, 2014 from http://www.blogger. 155–182. Income Distribution, and Growth ’‘Economics and Politics, 12(2): Productivity’, Kyklos, 564: 457–474. (IJMTBR), Tanzi, Vito and Hamid R. Davoodi.(1997).‘Corruption, Public Perkin, C.D. (2006). Career and technical education; Congressional Oyinlola O.S. (2009). Corruption Eradication in Nigeria: An Li, Hongyi, Lixin Colin Xu, and Heng-Fu Zou. (2000). ‘Corruption, Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. (2003a).‘How Corruption Affects – 61. 2(10),52 Secondary School In Bushrod Island Area, Monrovia, Liberia. International Journal of Modern Trends in Business Research