NDC) and Proposals from the Civil Society for Climate Action
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Analysis of Chile’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Proposals from the Civil Society for Climate Action Fernanda Salinas Urzúa (Editor) 1 © 2020, Sociedad Civil por la Acción Climática. This book may be reproduced in whole or in part, citing the source and its relevant chapters. Quote: Analysis of Chile's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Proposals from the Ci- vil Society for Climate Action. Salinas, F. (Ed). 104 pp. Santiago, Chile. Text in Neuton font Design and Layout Constanza Núñez Translation of this document was made possible by the European Climate Foundation. 2 Index Presentation ................................................................................................................................................ 4 First Part ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 Human rights and Indigenous peoples ............................................................................................. 6 1 Gabriela Burdiles and Monserrat Madariaga Gender and NDC: A cross-cutting approach to climate change actions ........................................ 17 2 Karen Pradenas and Antonia Zambra Climate change and socio-environmental emergencies ............................................................... 25 3 María Inés López Social and solidarity economy and climate change ..................................................................... 32 4 Raúl González Meyer, Marilú Trautmann and Hernán Torreblanca Second Part ............................................................................................................................................... 38 Water and glaciers ............................................................................................................................ 39 5 Pamela Poo Land use, land use change and forestry to face the climate crisis ................................................. 45 6 Fernanda Salinas and Ariel Valdés Agroecology to face the climate crisis ............................................................................................ 55 7 Fernanda Salinas Energy ................................................................................................................................................ 62 8 Claudia Fuentes and Celia Iturra Transport and sustainable cities ......................................................................................................71 9 Celia Iturra and Fernanda Salinas Household waste .......................................................................................................................... 78 10 Mariela Pino, Daniel Maluenda and Karina Arteaga NDC, Industrial processes and product use ............................................................................... 86 11 Mariana Bruning, José Huepe, Jorge Miranda and Gabriela Quintana Oceans, climate change and Chile’s NDCs ................................................................................ 94 12 Javiera Calisto, Valentina Muñoz and Cesar Astete 3 Presentation This book is the result of a joint effort of representatives of Sociedad Civil por la Acción Cli- mática, aimed at consolidating a vision that guides our transition towards climate sustai- nability. The book is divided into two parts. The first part of the book analyzes cross-cut- Presentación ting societal dimensions on which climate change and sustainability measures should be based, such as human rights, gender, socio-environmental emergencies and the economy. The second part deals with proposals and transitions that are essential to move towards sustainability in different areas, such as water, land use, agriculture, energy, cities and transport, household waste, industrial processes and product use and oceans. 4 Presentación First Part 5 1 Human rights and Indigenous peoples Gabriela Burdiles - ONG FIMA [email protected] Monserrat Madariaga - PUCV [email protected] I. Introduction Climate change impact on human rights has been widely documented in many UN resolutions1. Such reports acknowledge that climate change impact is unevenly distributed, disproportiona- tely affecting the poorest and most vulnerable regions and countries, preventing the fulfillment and enjoyment of human rights2. Additionally, there might be impacts linked to government measures to combat climate change. For instance, the production of agro fuels, which has put at risk the right to food of the most vulnerable people, by contributing to food price increases3. Another example is the extraction of lithium from salt flats to produce batteries and store renewable energies, which is already affec- ting the territories of indigenous communities in Chile, Argentina and Bolivia4. In this regard, the Preamble of the Paris Agreement states that, “Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on human rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples, local communities, migrants, children, persons with 1 Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, Consejo de Derechos Humanos. 2009. Informe de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos sobre la relación entre el cambio climático y los derechos humanos. A/HRC/10/61 de 2009, A/HRC/10/4 de 2009 y A/HRC/20/25 de 2014. 2 Ibid., Resolución 10/61, pp. 5 and 8. 3 Ibid., Resolución 10/61, p. 22. 4 Horvath E & A Romero. 2019. En riesgo, los medios de vida de los pueblos indígenas en la lucha por el litio, el nuevo “oro blanco”. Bussiness and Human Rights. Available on: https://www.business-humanrights.org/es/blog-en-ries- go-los-medios-de-vida-de-los-pueblos-ind%C3%ADgenas-en-la-lucha-por-el-litio-el-nuevo-%E2%80%9Coro- blanco%E2%80%9D. Retrieved: June 1st, 2020. How to cite this chapter Burdiles G & M Madariaga. 2020. Human rights and Indigenous peoples. In: Sociedad Civil por la Acción Climática. Salinas F (Ed.). Analysis of Chile’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Proposals from the Civil Society for Climate Action (pp. 6-16). Santiago, Chile. 6 disabilities and people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, as well as gender equality, empowerment of women and intergenerational equity”5. With this reference, States are reminded of their obligations under the human right treaties ratified by them6. In other words, when developing measures to address climate change, States should ask themselves how to implement these actions in line with their human rights obliga- tions. This human rights perspective must be present throughout the life cycle of climate poli- cies7, in their preparation, implementation and reporting stages. This section proposes the effective and specific inclusion of the human rights perspective in our climate policies, to promote coherence, legitimacy and sustainability in their results8. II. Including a human rights perspective in the NDCs Climate policies should include different aspects of human rights, noteworthy among which are9: i. Respect for economic and social rights: One of the many impacts of climate change is the risk to the right to housing, food, water and health10. For instance, in terms of access to water, projections indicate that renewable surface water and groundwater resources will be sig- nificantly reduced in most subtropical dry regions, thus intensifying inter-sectoral competition for water11. Regarding food security, projections indicate that “(a)ll aspects of food security are potentially affected by climate change, including access to food, the use thereof and the stability of its prices”12. Additionally, maintaining the productivity of fisheries in sensitive regions will be made difficult. As for the right to health, climate change is expected to “increase poor health in many regions, especially in developing and low-income countries”13. Finally, concerning the right to housing, the report warns that climate change will increase the number of displaced people in the world, due to rising sea levels in coastal areas, droughts, fires and extreme weather events, 5 Acuerdo de París de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, Conferencia de las Partes N°21, París. 6 Savaresi, A. 2019. The Paris Agreement: a new beginning? Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 34 (1): 16-26. 7 Mary Robinson Foundation. Climate Justice. 2016. Incorporating Human Rights into Climate Action. Version 2. Dublin, Ireland. 16 pp. 8 Knox J. 2016. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment. Report to the 31nd session of the UN Human Rights Council (A/ HRC/31/52). pp. 7-13. 9 Gender equity is not mentioned in this section, as this aspect will be dealt with extensively in the next chapter of this book. 10 IPCC. 2014. Cambio Climático 2014: Impactos, adaptación y vulnerabilidad. Conclusiones de nivel superior del Resumen para responsables de políticas de la contribución del Grupo de trabajo II al Quinto Informe de Evaluación. Available on: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/WGIIAR5_SPM_Top_Level_Findings_es-1.pdf. Retrieved: June 1st, 2020. 11 Ibid. p. 2. 12 Ibid. p. 3. 13 Idem. 7 among others. In light of these risks, it is the duty of Chile to respect and protect human rights when developing the NDCs and climate policies. For this, they must first determine how climate change will impact human rights,