James Tobin : Su Contribucion a La M Acroeconomia Cerrada Y Abierta

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

James Tobin : Su Contribucion a La M Acroeconomia Cerrada Y Abierta JAMES TOBIN : SU CONTRIBUCION A LA M ACROECONOMIA CERRADA Y ABIERTA. por Ana María Martirena-Mantel (Instituto Torcuato Di Tella y CONICET) JEL F4 RESUMEN El propósito del trabajo es analizar la trascendencia de las contribuciones teóricas de James Tobin a la macroeconomía cerrada y abierta, como forma de homenaje en ocasión de su fallecimiento en Marzo 2002 y como forma de recordar su visita a Argentina, invitado por la XXI Reunión Annual de la Asociación Argentina de Economía Política realizada en SALTA en Noviembre de 1986. El trabajo destaca especialmente la inspiración que sus descubrimientos en el análisis Macroeconómico de Selección de Cartera tuvieron en la Macroeconomía abierta. JAMES TOBIN AND THE OPEN ECONOMY MACROECONOMICS. By Ana M. Martirena-Mantel (Instituto T. Di Tella and CONICET ) ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the significance of Tobin´s scientific contributions to closed and open Macroeconomics, on the ocassion of his recent death and as a way to remember his visit to Argentina invited to the XXI Annual Meeting of the Argentine Association of Political Economy in the National University of Salta. The paper specially emphasizes the way his discoveries on the analysis of finalcial markets and portfolio theory influenced the theory of open economy macroeconomics. ***+ 1 JAMES TOBIN : SU CONTRIBUCION A LA MACROECONOMIA CERRADA Y ABIERTA. de Ana M. Martirena-Mantel (Instituto T. Di Tella y CONICET). I—James Tobin, la persona. II—Contribución de Tobin desde la Macro tradicional Keynesiana. III—Tobin y la Macroeconomía Abierta. IV—Final. La amargura y la esperanza de Tobin. I—James Tobin, la persona. Con este trabajo rindo mi homenaje a James Tobin-- fallecido el 11 de Marzo del 2002— desde mi recuerdo como estudiante argentina que tuvo el privilegio de conocerlo y de tratarlo en la Universidad de YALE, en la década privilegiada de los años sesenta y 1luego en la de los años setenta, junto con otros argentinos “yalenses,” como Rolf Mantel, Elías Salama, María E. Sanjurjo, Jorge Sakamoto, Aldo Arnaudo, Guillermo Calvo y más recientemente, Guillermo Mondino. Este homenaje tambien recuerda la presencia de Tobin en nuestra Asociación Argentina de Economía Política, cuando lo invitamos en 1986 durante la XXI Reunión Anual que organizó la Universidad Nacional de Salta. Allí pronunció la importante Conferencia celebrando el cincuentenario de la publicación de la Teoría General de J.M. KEYNES, conferencia que publicó y editó la Editorial Tesis, para las generaciones futuras de economistas argentinos. Recuerdo a Tobin como un economista de una inmensa estatura teórica—como autor y como profesor---con un agudo sentido práctico y profunda vocación para resolver problemas y poner sus vastos conocimientos al servicio de la Sociedad. Lo recuerdo como ciudadano profundamente enamorado de su país, los EEUU, con el modelo de USA-Pais siempre en la mente. Un Scholar, un erudito humilde y a la vez profundamente irónico, unido a una generosidad proverbial como Maestro, dotado de cualidades especiales de comunicación. En el debate con colegas del mismo campo…jamás levantaba la voz, usaba argumentos suaves cargados de ironía…que llevaba al máximo al comentar los aportes de la Contrarevolución Keynesiana o de los Nuevos clásicos de la Macroeconomía…. 1 Trabajo presentado en el Ciclo de Seminarios 2002 sobre Temas de Macroeconomía, organizado por el Instituto de Economía Aplicada “Dr. Vicente Vazquez Presedo” de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Económicas, bajo la dirección del Académico Titular Dr. Alfredo Navarro. 2 Como Maestro, su generosidad era proverbial : cuando empezó a ser una figura pública (con todos sus compromisos), nunca permitió que le redujeran en Yale su carga docente. Además, si le tocaba una clase numerosa, la dividía en dos y enseñaba sus clases por duplicado para que ningun estudiante perdiera su atención personal. Más de una vez tomo sobre sus hombros el curso completo de algun profesor junior, para facilitarle la entrega final de su tesis doctoral. Cuentan tambien que cuando los empleados de Yale comenzaban una huelga haciendo de “piqueteros” en la Avenida Hillhouse que pasaba por delante del Departamento de Economía, Tobin dictaba sus clases en dos lugares. Uno, en el Departamento de Economía, en cumplimiento de sus obligaciones formales y el otro, fuera del “campus” satisfaciendo así las convicciones de aquellos estudiantes no dispuestos a “cruzar una picket line”…y asi no perdieran sus clases… Sus cursos en Yale , de Micro, Macro, Teoría económica y Teoría Monetaria, eran muy abstractos pero de forma tal que siempre le hacía ver al estudiante que la razón última para estudiar Teoría era para hacer del Mundo un lugar mejor para vivir….y enseñó durante casi cincuenta años en Yale! En 1986 escribe su propia biografía profesional que publican Breit y Spencer como “Lives of the Laureates”. Nació en el estado de Illinois, en la ciudad de Champaign, donde está la Universidad de Illinois en Urbana-Champaign, a la cual se preparaba para entrar. Su padre, periodista, leyendo el New York Times descubre que la universidad de Harvard ofrecía becas en ocho estados del medio oeste norteamericano para ampliar la base social y geográfica de sus alumnos. Tobin se presenta al concurso y gana una beca ingresando al college de Harvard con el objetivo poco claro de estudiar leyes o matemáticas ¿Como nace su interes por la Economía?. En Harvard tenía un tutor, Spencer Pollard, un estudiante avanzado que escribía su tesis doctoral. En sus reuniones periódicas, Pollard le sugiere dedicar estas sesiones a leer, “ese nuevo libro sobre el cual había escuchado muchísimo en Inglaterra, aun antes de su publicación” El libro era La teoría General del Empleo, el Interes y el Dinero de John M. Keynes, publicado en 1936. Tobin , a los 19 años de edad , lo leyó y discutió a fondo con su tutor ….y quedó completamente atrapado!… Lo decidió a ser un economista. ¿Por qué?. Por dos razones principales. a) Por la fascinación y desafío intelectual de Teoría Económica a la que veía afin a las matemáticas y al ajedrez. b) Por la relevancia de Economía para comprender y quizas remediar la Gran Depresión y sus problemas. 3 Sus padres lo habían concientizado sobre los problemas económicos de su tiempo. Su madre era trabajadora social, que lidiaba diariamente con los problemas del desempleo y la pobreza. Tobin así obtiene tres títulos en Harvard, Bachellor con major en Economía, Master of Arts y recien en 1947, el Ph.D ya que hizo un parentesis de cuatro años para alistarse en la Marina durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, decisión que toma despues del ataque a Pearl Harbor. Es en la Escuela de Entrenamiento de Oficiales donde conoce a Hernan WOUK, más tarde escritor y autor de la renombrada novela “El Motín del Caine”. Allí Wouk inmortalizó a Tobin con el personaje del marinero a quien llamó TOBIT, y fue este nombre el que Tobin usó para bautizar un método estadístico nuevo que propuso en 1958 como subproducto de su tesis doctoral. Despues de cuatro años regresa a Harvard a completar su Ph.D.. Su tesis de doctorado es sobre las determinantes de la función Consumo y Ahorro de las familias en la cual une datos de corte transversal con series temporales. Su Director fue Joseph Schumpeter “un grande, que no entendía mucho sobre el tema pero le hizo muy buenos comentarios”. Permaneció en Harvard como Junior Fellow hasta 1950. En 1950 es nombrado Associate Professor en la Universidad de Yale, solo tres años despues de haber obtenido el Ph.D. Cinco años más tarde es promovido a Profesor Titular y en 1957 es Sterling Professor, siendo finalmente Emeritus Professor cuando se retira en 1988 , pero solo formalmente porque nunca dejó su trabajo en Yale. Mientras terminaba sus estudios en Harvard comenzó a sentir gran admiración por la Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics con sede en la Universidad de Chicago, liderada entonces por Jacob Marshak y más tarde por Tjalling Koopmans. Consideraba a la Cowles como uno de los grandes logros en la historia de la investigación científica. Tobin es invitado a integrarla…pero le costaba dejar Yale para pasar a vivir en Chicago…hasta que tuvo la buena suerte que la Cowles se mudó a Yale en forma definitica . Recordemos que el angel benefactor de la Fundación Cowles fue Alfred Cowles, un graduado de Yale… Tobin es nombrado su Director en 1955 dedicándose a ampliar el programa de investigación para incluir a la Macroeconomía. En 1981 recibe el Premio Nobel de Ecvonomía en Estocolmo, “por su extenso y creativo trabajo en el análisis de mercados financieros y sus relaciones con las decisiones de gasto, empleo, producción y precios.” 4 La Academia señaló ademas que “a diferencia de otros teóricos en el campo, Tobin no solo se ocupa del Dinero, sino que cubre todo el espectro de activos y deudas”. En otras palabras, se refiere a su Teoría de Portafolios y su importancia en la Macroeconomía ( como veremos enseguida). En la Conferencia de Prensa en Estocolmo, los periodistas le preguntaron “¿qué es la Teoría de Portafolios?”. Tobin responde explicando lo mejor que pudo la Teoría de la Diversificación de carteras, pero como seguían sin entender añadió “You know , don´t put all your eggs on one basquet” Enseguida la prensa a grandes titulares reprodujo la frase del “Profesor de Yale..” Más tarde un amigo le envió un “cartoon” con un boceto del próximo ganador del Premio Nobel de Medicina. El ganador lo “explicaría” con la frase “an apple a day takes the doctor away”. Tobin siempre se interesó por la Política Económica de su tiempo. Integró el Council of Economic Advisors del Presidente John Kennedy despues de ganar las elecciones de 1961. Tobin cuenta en su autobiografía que su respuesta a la invitación de Kennedy fue “I am afraid you have got the wrong guy Mr.
Recommended publications
  • Trend Inflation, Indexation, and Inflation Persistence in The
    Trend Inflation, Indexation, and Inflation Persistence in the New Keynesian Phillips Curve∗ Timothy Cogley University of California, Davis Argia M. Sbordone Federal Reserve Bank of New York Abstract A number of empirical studies conclude that purely forward-looking versions of the New Keynesian Phillips curve (NKPC ) generate too little inflation per- sistence. Some authors add ad hoc backward-looking terms to address this shortcoming. In this paper, we hypothesize that inflation persistence results mainly from variation in the long-run trend component of inflation, attributable to shifts in monetary policy, and that the apparent need for lagged inflation in the NKPC comes from neglecting the interaction between drift in trend in- flation and non-linearities in a more exact version of the model. We derive a version of the NKPC as a log-linear approximation around a time-varying inflation trend and examine whether such a model explains the dynamics of in- flation around that trend. When drift in trend inflation is taken into account, there is no need for a backward-looking indexation component, and a purely forward-looking version of the model fits the data well. JEL Classification: E31. Keywords:Trendinflation; Inflation persistence; Phillips curve; time-varying VAR. ∗For comments and suggestions, we are grateful to two anonymous referees. We also wish to thank Jean Boivin, Mark Gertler, Peter Ireland, Sharon Kozicki, Jim Nason, Luca Sala, Dan Waggoner, Michael Woodford, Tao Zha and seminar participants at the Banque de France, the November 2005 NBER Monetary Economics meeting, the October 2005 Conference on Quantitative Models at the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, the 2004 Society for Computational Economics Meeting in Amsterdam, the Federal Reserve Banks of New York, Richmond, and Kansas City, Duke University, and the Fall 2004 Macro System Committe Meeting in Baltimore.
    [Show full text]
  • Maurice Obstfeld
    February 1, 2019 CURRICULUM VITAE OF MAURICE OBSTFELD PERSONAL DATA Address: Department of Economics University of California, Berkeley 549 Evans Hall #3880 Berkeley, CA 94720-3880 Telephone: 510-643-9646 Fax: 510-642-6615 E-mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~obstfeld EDUCATION 1975-79: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) Ph.D., September 1979. Dissertation: Capital Mobility and Monetary Policy under Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates. Adviser: Rudiger Dornbusch. 1973-75: King's College, Cambridge University (Cambridge, U.K.) M.A., June 1975 (Mathematical Tripos, Parts II and III). 1969-73: University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) B.A., Summa Cum Laude with Distinction in Mathematics, May 1973. 1 PRINCIPAL EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE Class of 1958 Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, from July 1, 1995. Chair, Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, July 1, 1998-June 30, 2001. Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, July 1, 1989-June 30, 1995. Visiting Professor of Economics, Harvard University, July 1, 1989—January 31, 1991. Professor of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, July 1, 1986—June 30, 1989. Professor of Economics, Columbia University, July 1, 1985—June 30, 1986. Associate Professor of Economics, Columbia University, July 1, 1981—June 30, 1985. Assistant Professor of Economics, Columbia University, July 1, 1979—June 30, 1981. OTHER EXPERIENCE Senior Nonresident Fellow, Peterson Institute of International Economics, Washington, DC, from February 2019. Economic Counselor and Director of the Research Department, International Monetary Fund, September 2015-December 2018. Member, President’s Council of Economic Advisers, Washington, DC, July 2014 – August 2015. One-Week Training Course, Bank of Korea Academy, August 2011, August 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Commodity ^Markets
    INDEX 1993 VOLUME 30 Articles Roman Frydman & Andrzej Rapaczynski, Mohan Munasinghe, The Economist's Approach to Privatization in Eastern Europe: Is the State Masood Ahmed & Sudarshan Gooptu, Portfolio Sustainable Development, December Withering Away? June Investment Flows to Developing Countries, March Mohan Munasinghe, Wilfrido Cruz, & Jeremy J. Luis Guasch & Thomas Glaessner, The How Asad Alam & Sarath Rajapatirana, Trade Reform Warford, Are Economywide Policies Good for the and Why of Credit Auctions, March Environment? September in Latin America and The Caribbean, September Robert Hecht & Philip Musgrove, Rethinking the Saleh Nsouli, Structural Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Dennis Anderson & Kulsum Ahmed, Where We Government's Role in Health, September Africa, September Stand with Renewable Energy, June Ian Hume & Brian Pinto, Prejudice and Fact in Michael Papaioannou & Lawrence Duke, The Nancy Birdsall & Andrew Steer, Act Now on Global Poland's Industrial Transformation, June Internationalization of Emerging Equity Markets, Warming—But Don't Cook the Books, March Dean Jamison, Investing in Health, September September Jose-Luis Bobadilla & Helen Saxenian, Designing George Kopits, Reforming Social Security Systems, Sanjay Pradhan & Vinaya Swaroop, Public an Essential National Health Package, September June Spending and Adjustment, September Guillermo Calvo & Carlos Vegh, Currency Pierre Landell-Mills, National Perspective Studies in Peter Quirk & Hernan Cortes-Douglas, The Substitution in High-Inflation Countries, March Africa: A Vision
    [Show full text]
  • PUZZLING OVER the ANATOMY of CRISES: Liquidity and the Veil of Finance
    This draft: June 28, 2013 PUZZLING OVER THE ANATOMY OF CRISES: Liquidity and the Veil of Finance Guillermo Calvo* Columbia University and NBER Abstract. The paper claims that conventional monetary theory obliterates the central role played by media of exchange in the workings and instability of capitalist economies; and that a significant part of the financial system depends on the resiliency of paper currency and liquid assets that have been built on top of it. The resilience of the resulting financial tree is questionable if regulators are not there to adequately trim its branches to keep it from toppling by its own weight or minor wind gusts. The issues raised in the paper are not entirely new but have been ignored in conventional theory. This is very strange because disregard for these key issues has lasted for more than half a century. Are we destined to keep on making the same mistake? The paper argues that a way to prevent that is to understand its roots, and traces them to the Keynes/Hicks tradition. In addition, the paper presents a narrative and some empirical evidence suggesting a key channel from Liquidity Crunch to Sudden Stop, which supports the view that liquidity/credit shocks have been a central factor in recent crises. In addition, the paper claims that liquidity considerations help to explain (a) why a credit boom may precede financial crisis, (b) why capital inflows grow in the run‐up of balance‐of‐payments crises, and (3) why gross flows are pro‐ cyclical. ___________________________________________________ * Background paper for the Mayekawa Lecture at the Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies Conference, Bank of Japan, May 29‐30, Tokyo, Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • June 2020 Ph.D., Columbia University, New York, 1988. Advisor
    June 2020 CARMEN M. REINHART CURRICULUM VITAE EDUCATION Ph.D., Columbia University, New York, 1988. Advisor: Robert Mundell. Doctoral Dissertation: “Real Exchange Rates, Commodity Prices, and Policy Interdependence.” M. Phil., 1981 and M.A., Columbia University, New York, 1980. B.A., Florida International University, Miami, 1978. PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS Chief Economist and Vice President, World Bank, Washington DC, June 2020- Minos A. Zombanakis Professor of the International Financial System, Harvard Kennedy School, July 2012 – Dennis Weatherstone Chair, Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington DC, 2011 – June 2012. Director, Center for International Economics, 2009-2010; Professor, School of Public Policy and Department of Economics, 2000 – 2010; Director, International Security and Economic Policy Specialization, 1998 – 2001; Associate Professor School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, 1996 – 2000. Senior Policy Advisor and Deputy Director, Research Department, 2001 – 2003. Senior Economist and Economist, 1988 - 1996, International Monetary Fund. Chief Economist and Vice President, 1985 – 1986; Economist, March 1982 - 1984, Bear Stearns, New York. AWARDS AND HONORS Karl Brunner Award, Swiss National Bank, planned September 2021. Mundell-Fleming Lecture, International Monetary Fund, planned November 2020. Economica, Coase-Phillips Lecture, London School of Economics, London, May 2020. FIMEF Diamond Finance Award, Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas, Mexico, August 2019. Homer Jones Memorial Lecture, St. Louis Federal Reserve, July 2019. Thomas Schelling Lecture, University of Maryland, April 2019. Carmen M. Reinhart Pa ge 1 King Juan Carlos Prize in Economics, December 2018. Wiki. Bernhard Harms Prize, Kiel Institute for the World Economy. October 2018. Adam Smith Award, National Association of Business Economists, September 2018. William F. Butler Award, New York Association for Business Economists, September 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Jagdish Bhagwati Celebrating Seventy Years Photo by Bruce Davidson
    jagdish bhagwati Celebrating Seventy Years Photo by Bruce Davidson Jagdish Bhagwati’s intellectual arc has taken him from profound theoretical analysis of international trade to deep insights into the political economy of globalization. No economist now living has displayed so potent a combination of academic analysis and practical wisdom. From: Citation on Award of Distinguished Fellowship of the American Economic Association, 2003 Festschrift Conference Program Conference in Celebration of the 70th Birthday of Jagdish Bhagwati International Trade and Factor Mobility: Theory and Policy Venue Columbia University, SIPA Building on 118th Street & Amsterdam, 15th Floor Friday, August 5, and Saturday, August 6, 2005 Organized by Robert Feenstra, Douglas Irwin, and Arvind Panagariya Friday, August 5, 2005 8.45-9.00am: Welcome remarks: Robert Feenstra (UC Davis and NBER) 9.00am-1.00 pm: Part I: Issues in International Trade Theory and Policy 1. Theory of Commercial Policy and Growth (9.00-10.15am) Chair: Don Davis (Columbia) Panel: Robert Baldwin (Wisconsin), Elias Dinopoulos (Florida), and Arvind Panagariya (Columbia) 2. Positive Theory of International Trade: Comparative Advantage and the Transfer Problem (10.15-11.30am) Chair: Jonathan Eaton (NYU) Panel: Don Davis (Columbia), Alan Deardorff (Michigan), and Sajal Lahiri (Southern Illinois University) 3. Preferential Trade Agreements (11.45am-1.00pm) Chair: V.N. Balasubramanyam (Lancaster) Panel: Pravin Krishna (Johns Hopkins), Nuno Limao (Maryland), and Arvind Panagariya (Columbia) 1.00-2.30pm: Lunch (Outside the Conference Room): Food & Reminiscences: Robert Baldwin, Magnus Blomstrom, Guillermo Calvo, Gene Grossman, Steve Magee, Maurice Obstfeld Festschrift Conference Program 2.30-6.00pm: Part II: Political Economy 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Microfoundations of Inflation Persistence in the New Keynesian Phillips Curve Marcelle Chauvet and Insu Kim
    Center for Quantitative Economic Research WORKING PAPER SERIES Microfoundations of Inflation Persistence in the New Keynesian Phillips Curve Marcelle Chauvet and Insu Kim CQER Working Paper 10-05 November 2010 Center for Quantitative Economic Research ⎮ WORKING PAPER SERIES Microfoundations of Inflation Persistence in the New Keynesian Phillips Curve Marcelle Chauvet and Insu Kim CQER Working Paper 10-05 November 2010 Abstract: This paper proposes a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model that endoge- nously generates inflation persistence. We assume that although firms change prices periodi- cally, they face convex costs that preclude optimal adjustment. In essence, the model assumes that price stickiness arises from both the frequency and size of price adjustments. The model is estimated using Bayesian techniques, and the results strongly support both sources of price stickiness in the U.S. data. In contrast with traditional sticky price models, the framework yields inflation inertia, a delayed effect of monetary policy shocks on inflation, and the observed “reverse dynamic” correlation between inflation and economic activity. JEL classification: E0, E31 Key words: inflation persistence, Phillips curve, sticky prices, convex costs The authors thank Tao Zha and participants of the 17th Meeting of the Society for Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics and of the University of California, Riverside, conference “Business Cycles: Theoretical and Empirical Advances” for helpful comments and suggestions. The views expressed here are the authors’ and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta or the Federal Reserve System. Any remaining errors are the authors’ responsibility. Please address questions regarding content to Marcelle Chauvet, Department of Economics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, [email protected], or Insu Kim, Institute for Monetary and Economic Research, The Bank of Korea, 110, Namdaemunro 3-Ga, Jung-Gu, Seoul, 100-794, Republic of Korea, [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Inside the Economist's Mind: the History of Modern
    1 Inside the Economist’s Mind: The History of Modern Economic Thought, as Explained by Those Who Produced It Paul A. Samuelson and William A. Barnett (eds.) CONTENTS Foreword: Reflections on How Biographies of Individual Scholars Can Relate to a Science’s Biography Paul A. Samuelson Preface: An Overview of the Objectives and Contents of the Volume William A. Barnett History of Thought Introduction: Economists Talking with Economists, An Historian’s Perspective E. Roy Weintraub INTERVIEWS Chapter 1 An Interview with Wassily Leontief Interviewed by Duncan K. Foley Chapter 2 An Interview with David Cass Interviewed jointly by Steven E. Spear and Randall Wright Chapter 3 An Interview with Robert E. Lucas, Jr. Interviewed by Bennett T. McCallum Chapter 4 An Interview with Janos Kornai Interviewed by Olivier Blanchard Chapter 5 An Interview with Franco Modigliani Interviewed by William A. Barnett and Robert Solow Chapter 6 An Interview with Milton Friedman Interviewed by John B. Taylor Chapter 7 An Interview with Paul A. Samuelson Interviewed by William A. Barnett Chapter 8 An Interview with Paul A. Volcker Interviewed by Perry Mehrling 2 Chapter 9 An Interview with Martin Feldstein Interviewed by James M. Poterba Chapter 10 An Interview with Christopher A. Sims Interviewed by Lars Peter Hansen Chapter 11 An Interview with Robert J. Shiller Interviewed by John Y. Campbell Chapter 12 An Interview with Stanley Fischer Interviewed by Olivier Blanchard Chapter 13 From Uncertainty to Macroeconomics and Back: An Interview with Jacques Drèze Interviewed by Pierre Dehez and Omar Licandro Chapter 14 An Interview with Tom J. Sargent Interviewed by George W.
    [Show full text]
  • Lacea 2004 Table of Contents Pag
    LACEA 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAG th COMMITTEE 2 9 annual meeting WELCOME 3 Latin American and Caribbean SPONSORS 4 GRATEFULNESSES 4 Economic Association LIST OF REFEREES 5 PROGRAM OVERVIEW 7 OVERVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM 8 INVITED SESSION I 11 CONTRIBUTED I 11 INVITED SESSION II 13 CONTRIBUTED II 13 CONTRIBUTED III 15 ROUND TABLE I 17 CONTRIBUTED IV 17 ROUND TABLE II 20 INVITED SESSION III 20 COMBINED SESSION 20 (Invited I-II & Contributed V) ROUND TABLE III 22 INVITED SESSION IV 22 CONTRIBUTED VI 22 ROUND TABLE IV 24 ROUND TABLE V 25 INVITED SESSION V 25 CONTRIBUTED VII 25 INVITED SESSION VI 27 RULES FOR PRESENTERS AND 28 SESSION CHAIRS SECURITY RECOMMENDATIONS 28 LACEA 2004 PAG 2 COMMITTEE LACEA OFFICERS President Mariano Tommasi Universidad de San Andrés Vice-president: Treasurer: Secretary: Andrés Velasco Sergio Schmukler Ariel Fiszbein Harvard University The World Bank The World Bank PAST PRESIDENT Sebastián Edwards University of California, Los Angeles Guillermo Calvo Nora Lustig Albert Fishlow Chief Economist, Inter-American Universidad de las Américas, Puebla. Columbia University Development Bank EXCECUTIVE COMMITEE Nancy Birdsall François Bourguignon Raquel Fernández Center for Global Development The World Bank New York University Francisco H.G. Ferreira Nora Lustig José A. Ocampo The World Bank Universidad de las Américas, Puebla University of Notre Dame Guillermo Perry Carola Pessino Carmen Reinhart The World Bank Universidad Torcuato Di Tella University of Maryland Andrés Rodríguez-Clare Jaime Saavedra Cristina T. Terra Inter-American
    [Show full text]
  • Monetary Policy in Emerging Market Countries
    Post-Conference draft, Oct.27+ Nov. 1, 2009 Presented at the European Central Bank, October 29, 2009 Monetary Policy in Emerging Market Countries Jeffrey Frankel, Harvard Kennedy School Written for the Handbook of Monetary Economics, edited by Benjamin Friedman and Michael Woodford The author would like to thank Olivier Blanchard and Oyebola Olabisi for useful comments on an earlier draft. Abstract Among the characteristics that distinguish most developing countries, compared to the large industrialized countries, are: greater exposure to supply shocks in general and trade volatility in particular, procyclicality of both domestic fiscal policy and international finance, lower credibility with respect to both price stability and default risk, and other imperfect institutions. Models of dynamic inconsistency in monetary policy and the need for central bank independence and commitment to nominal targets apply even more strongly to developing countries. But because most developing countries are price-takers on world markets, the small open economy model, with nontraded goods, is often more useful than the two-country two-good model. Contractionary effects of devaluation are also far more important for developing countries, particularly the balance sheet effects that arise from currency mismatch. The exchange rate was the favored nominal anchor for monetary policy in inflation stabilizations of the late 1980s and early 1990s. After the currency crises of 1994-2001, the conventional wisdom anointed Inflation Targeting as the preferred monetary regime in place of exchange rate targets. But events associated with the global crisis of 2007-09 have revealed limitations to the choice of CPI for the role of price index. The PPI is an alternative candidate, for countries subject to volatile terms of trade, that has received insufficient attention.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Crises: Evidence and Insights from East Asia
    JASON FURMAN Harvard University JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ World Bank Economic Crises: Evidence and Insights from East Asia THE EAST ASIAN crisis is only the latest in a series of spectacular eco- nomic catastrophes in developing countries. In the past twenty years at least ten countries have suffered from the simultaneous onset of cur- rency crises and banking crises. This has led to full-blown economic crises, in many cases with GDP contractions of 5 to 12 percent in the first year and negative or only slightly positive growth for several years after. Many other countries have experienced contractions of similar magnitude following currency or banking crises. Financial crises are not strictly exogenous; in many cases the slowdown itself, or the very factors that led to it, have helped to cause a financial crisis. But there is no doubt that the standard features of financial crises, including overshooting exchange rates, withdrawal of foreign capital, fail- ure to roll over short-term debts, internal credit crunches, and the process of disintermediation have also been important. Crises are also becoming increasingly frequent, at least relative to the post-World War II period. There has been, in Gerard Caprio's memorable phrase, a "boom in bust[s]."' Caprio and Daniela Klinge- We wish to thankAndrew Berg, AmarBhattacharya, William Easterly, Eve Gerber, Will Martin,Lant Pritchett, John Williamson, participantsof seminarsat HarvardUni- versity and the Centrefor Economic Policy Research, and the Brookings Panel, espe- cially our discussants, Barry Bosworth and Steven Radelet, for helpful comments. Jessica Seddon, Dennis Tao, and Maya Tudorprovided excellent researchassistance. The findings,interpretations, and conclusions expressedin this paperare entirely those of the authors;they do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its executivedirectors, or the countriesthey represent.
    [Show full text]
  • Pricing$To$Market, the Interest$Rate Rule, and the Exchange Rate"
    Pricing-to-Market, the Interest-Rate Rule, and the Exchange Rate Maurice Obstfeld University of California, Berkeley First draft: April 2004; revised, October 2006 Abstract Even when the exchange-rate plays no expenditure-switching role, countries may wish to have ‡exible exchange rates in order to free the domestic interest rate as a stabilization tool. In a setting with nontraded goods, exchange-rate movements may also enhance inter- national risk sharing. The beauty of economics as an intellectual pursuit is its position at the intersection of formal theory, statistical analysis, and human events — cou- pled with its ultimate potential to improve peoples’everyday lives. A master economist must assume away the distracting inessential details of a situation in the interest of mathematical clarity. At the same time, he or she must see how relevant subtleties may a¤ect the interpretation of data and the applica- bility of di¤erent models in real life. Because the ultimate policy decisions at stake are so complex, with such vast potential to do harm or good in the world, economics (and especially macroeconomics) is perpetually unsettled, subject to constant questioning and reassessment. Guillermo Calvo must be ranked as one of the great masters of economics, and one of the most unsettling. Time and again, starting with his classic work on the dynamic Prepared for the conference in honor of Guillermo A. Calvo, International Monetary Fund, April 15-16, 2004. I thank Ricardo Caballero, Mathias Ho¤mann, and conference participants for helpful comments. This paper will appear as a chapter in a festschrift in Calvo’shonor, to be edited by Carmen Reinhart, Carlos Végh, and Andrés Velasco (MIT Press, 2007).
    [Show full text]