Rlııılı I Iı` Iı"Iı

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Rlııılı I Iı` Iı Darl* t e'. keMedia di " at "a "" SuaraPinggiran di Sarawak rlýýýlý ý ýý` ýý Y'w.,r+,.._ , ý. ý -lA flit" ý ýhpatn ha il ý' `ý' ý, ý s: hý^ n,. _ s''r. ý" pý; r'o,:. h:ti: Hý^-- ... ,: . n(x'ý a! vý'. ýý\ . i-. .. "=ýv. ýý . _. ý_ f Cý ýýc;.. ý ý. -o ,I-- . -ý..w L. r -- >....... ._: _..... ý. 'el ýý"ýý Se ýýna., I CUSýms «ýýQýCa ýý - .t_ ý` ý. 11 S I 0 t, k i`\., uti 11ý%"'. I t. NV. 4//' IY Aw IV 27/ tim pbhl+, . ýý 1'criººlt /AZ! ocww ý schcluºtý aw ýfrý lIyi.ýýý V AmpACJ" uni v PN 5449 S3 J51 /ý/ r Dari t tSudava keMedFla Mengangkat Suara Pinggiran di Sarawak Buaaya MengangkatýMedfa Suara Pinggiran di Sarawak jeniri Amir Universiti Malavsia Sarawak Kota Samarahan 2005 Cetakan Pertama 2005 O Jeniri Amir Hak cipta terp<:lihara. Setiap bahagian daripada terbitan ini tidak boleh diterbitkan disimpan semula, untuk pengeluaran atau dipindahkan kepada bentuk lain, sama ada dengan cara elektronik, mekanik, gambar, rakaman clan sebagainya tanpa izin bertulis daripada Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Diterbitkan di Malaysia oleh Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia. Dicetak di Malaysia oleh THE SARAWAK PRESS SDN. BHD. Lot 231, Jalan Nipah, Off Jalan Abell, 93 100 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Data Pengkatalogan-dalam-Penerbitan Jeniri Amir, 1959- Dari Budaya Ke Media : Mengangkat Suara Pinggiran di Sarawak /Jeniri Amin ISBN 983-9257-49-8 1. Newspaper publishing--Sarawak. 2. Mass media-Sarawak. 3. Mass media and culture--Sarawak. 4. Journalism-Sarawak. 5. Communication--Sara'.. !:. 1. Judul. 070.57220959522 Kandungan Prakata vi Bab 1. Dari Fajar Sarawak ke Utusan Sarawak 1 Bab 2. Utusan Sarawak 1949: Pencetus Semangat Nasionalisme 32 Bab 3. Cabaran Akhbar di Sarawak 52 Bab 4. Akhbar di Sarawak: Impian dan Kenyataan 64 Bab 5. Peranan Akhbar Dalam Memperkasa Bahasa 74 Bab 6. Rahsia Penulis Berjaya 94 Bab 7. Akhbar Wadah Integrasi Budaya 105 Bab 8. Dari Pinggiran ke Meta Naratif 126 Bab 9. Media Dalam Komunikasi 151 Bab 10. Pengukuhan Hegemoni Melalui Media 169 Bab 11. Sumbangan Penulis Bukan Melayu 189 Bab 12. Anjakan Suara Pinggiran Ke Pusat 215 Bab 13. Rujukan 231 Bab 14. Indeks 237 V Prakata Akhbar dan komunikasi memainkan peranan penting dalam menanjakkan budaya bangsa dalam era globalisasi. Sebagai wahana penting untuk mengungkapkan pelbagai isu yang menyangkut manusia dan masyarakat, dan komunikasi akhbar sering pula terbentur antara memenuhi objektifnya dengan beraneka macam cabaran yang tidak mungkin dapat dielakkan. Akhbar berhadapan dengan tugas berat untuk mendidik masyarakat dan memajukan budaya bangsa tatkala peranannya semakin dipertikaikan oleh masyarakat kerana kecenderungannya untuk tidak bersikap objektif dan cenderung berita mengutamakan yang memenuhi selera rendah dan aspek komersial demi kepentingan pendapatan daripada periklanan. Dengan menyedari hakikat yang demikian, maka relevan ditanyakan dan dibahaskan fungsi akhbar dan komunikasi dalam membantu mendidik masyarakat, meneguhkan jati diri dan budaya bangsa. Budaya tidak akan dapat berkembang dengan subur tanpa dibantu oleh alat komunikasi, lebih- lebih lagi tatkala ia berhadapan dengan bukan sedikit cabaran. Pelbagai strategi dan langkah disyorkan dalam buku yang menghimpunkan kertas kerja dan esei yang telah dibentangkan dalam seminar peringkat negeri, kebangsaan dan antarabangsa ini. Buku ini akan dapat membantu pembaca untuk lebih memahami pelbagai peranan akhbar dan komunikasi serta budaya dalam kehidupan moden kerana persoalan tersebut dibincangkan dari pelbagai perspektif dengan menggunakan beberapa kerangka teori komunikasi dan media. Buku ini sesuai untuk bacaan mereka yang berminat dalam bidang media, komunikasi dan budaya, terutama pelajar di pusat pengajian tinggi. Jeniri Amir 2005 VI Bab 1 Dari Fajar Sarawak ke Utusan Sarawak SEPANJANG abad ke-20, kelahiran akhbar Melayu di Sarawak adalah disebabkan tuntutan sosiopolitik masyarakat Melayu. Akhbar lahir sebagai manifestasi daripada keinginan masyarakat untuk mengubah nasib bangsa yang "amat miskin dan daif', terutamanya pada dekad 30-an ketika Fajar Sccr"uwakmenjelma. Meskipun berperanan sebagai wahana politik dan sosial, terutamanya dalam zaman moden, namun akhbar Melayu tidak dapat membebaskan dirinya daripada peranan klasiknya untuk memberitahu, mendidik, dan menghiburkan khalayak. Malah, akhbar Melayu dari mula lagi telah memainkan peranan utama dalam mengembangkan bahasa. Gaya kewartawanan berkembang dan berubah mengikut zaman, daripada yang bergaya "hikayat" dan teknik penulisan ala cerpen kepada yang berpegang pada teknik piramid terbalik dalam penulisan berita, sesuai dengan gaya kewartawan terkini. Kalau di Tanah Melayu lahir ii'crrta Malaya pada 1930, di Sarawak pula muncul Fajcn" Sar"att"ak, setahun lebih awal dari akhbar, tifaj/i. c di Tanah Mclayu. Di Tanah Melayu pada dekad 30-an sahaja telah lahir sekurang- kurangnya II buah akhbar dalam bahasa Melayu, terniasuk C'fusan Melat"u dan Utusan 7uman pada tahun 1939. Kebanyakannya herpangkalan di Pulau Pinang dan Singapura. Di Sarawak hanya munCUl sehuah akhbar pada tempoh tersebut. Keadaan im berbeza dengan akhbar dalam bahasa ('ilia. Dari 1913 hingga 1990, terdapat 64 buah akhbar dalam hahasa C'ina diterbitkan. Malall dari 1913 hingga 1940 sahaja, terdapat lapan buah akhbar dalam hahasa C'ina di Sarawak; tiga daripadanya berpangkalan di Sibu. Jumlah Inl begitu luar 1 Dari Budaya ke Media biasa jika dibandingkan dengan akhbar Melayu meskipun jumlah penduduk Cina di negeri ini masih rendah, iaitu 123,626 orang pada 1939 dan 229,154 orang pada 1960. Namun, kebanyakan akhbar itu tidak dapat bertahan kerana jumlah edaran yang terhad dan kedudukan kewangan yang tidak kukuh. Sebelum Perang Dunia Kedua telah muncul akhbar seperti Shen Won Kie Ming Sing Pao (1913), Xin Min Ri Bao (1927), YueFeng, GujingXinwen Rikan, dan Harian Sarawak pada 1937 yang kesemuanya berpangkalan di Kuching. Yang berpangkalan di Sibu ialah Berita Harian Sibu (1939). Bagaimanapun, kesemua akhbar harian dan mingguan berkenaan telah terkubur ketika Pendudukan Jepun di Sarawak. Dari 1945 hingga 1963, terdapat 30 akhbar dalam bahasa Cina; 12 daripadanya berpangkalan di Kuching, 14 di Sibu, dan empat buah lagi diterbitkan di Miri. Fajar Sarawak merupakan akhbar Melayu pertama dan terakhir yang diterbitkan sebelum Perang Dunia Kedua di Sarawak. Akhbar itu lahir 54 tahun selepas akhbar Melayu yang pertama, Jawi Peranakan dilahirkan di Tanah Melayu. Akhbar dwibulanan Fajar Sarawak lahir dalam keadaan sosiopolitik yang membara dengan semangat kesedaran, termasuk semangat kebangsaan di kalangan masyarakat Bumiputera, terutama di kalangan intelektual. Golongan inilah yang menjadi penyemarak semangat kebangsaan dan membakar kesedaran supaya masyarakat bangkit daripada terus dibuai lamunan. Berada di barisan depan, antara lain ialah Muhammad Rakawi Yusuf, novelis yang mencatat sejarah dengan kelahiran novel Melati Sarawak pada 1932. Fajar Sarawak yang muncul sebagai akhbar pertama di Sarawak berpunca daripada kesedaran Muhammad Rakawi untuk memperjuangkan nasib anak bangsa. Beliau bernasib balk kerana mempunyai rakan-rakan yang mempunyai jiwa perjuangan yang sama, seperti Mohd. Johan Anang, Haji Abdul Rahman, Haji Daud Abdul Ghani, dan Mohammad Awl Anang. Syarikat Putera Sarawak milik Mohammad Awi ditubuhkan bagi mengendalikan urusan penerbitan akhbar tersebut. Mengikut Haji Mohammad Hasbie Sulaiman (1989), tujuan penerbitan Fajar Sarawak adalah untuk meningkatkan syiar Islam, pendidikan dan kesedaran politik serta memupuk semangat perpaduan masyarakat Melayu dan berikhtiar untuk mengukuhkan muhibah sesama rumpun Melayu seluruh Nusantara. Meskipun diterbitkan dengan tujuan untuk membangkitkan kesedaran dan perpaduan dari segi sosiopolitik, ekonomi dan menegakkan 2 Dari Fajar Sarawak ke Utusan Sarawak syiar Islam, Fajar Sarawak turut berperanan untuk mengkritik golongan pembesar Melayu. Golongan pemimpin tradisional daripada kalangan Datu ini yang mendapat perlindungan daripada pemerintahan Brooke atas alasan politik. Namun dengan kemunculan golongan muda yang terpelajar, kedudukan mereka mulai tercabar. Tentang pemimpin tersebut dan nasib yang menimpa Fajar Sarawak, R. H. W. Reece dalam artikel "The First Malay Newspaper in Sarawak" (Sarawak Gazette, April 1981) menyatakan: instead investing their capital in shops and business, which would ...and of employ other Malays, they seem to have been content to sit on their money or to spend it on fine houses, motor cars and lavish weddings. It was invitable that even veiled criticism along these lines should offend the traditional leaders, who according to one account, allied themselves with the Brooke government to close Fajar. Fajar Sarawak berjaya menyemai dan membangkitkan kesedaran tentang kedudukan daif sosioekonomi masyarakat Melayu hingga akhirnya ditubuhkan Persatuan Melayu Sarawak (PMS) pada 1939. Bagaimanapun, kritikan Fajar Sarawak terhadap golongan pemimpin Melayu yang berpengaruh itu telah memakan diri. Golongan Perabangan Melayu telah memberikan tekanan yang hebat kepada akhbar itu. Sebagai akibat daripada diterbitkan tekanan golongan berkenaan, Fajar Sarawak hanya dapat untuk 10 keluaran, bermula pada Februari 1930. Mungkin sahaja ada faktor lain, termasuk kurangnya sambutan pembaca kerana kadar celik huruf clan minat membaca yang rendah yang menyebabkan akhbar itu terpaksa ditutup. Modal yang tidak cukup untuk menampung penerbitannya turut menyebabkan akhbar itu ditutup. Jumlah gratuti yang diterima oleh Rakawi tentu tidak dapat menampung kos pengurusan,
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