Erfaringens Udsigelse / Udsigelsens Erfaring

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Erfaringens Udsigelse / Udsigelsens Erfaring ERFARINGENS UDSIGELSE / UDSIGELSENS ERFARING Subjektivitet og neutralitet i Samuel Becketts sene prosaværk ERFARINGENS UDSIGELSE / UDSIGELSENS ERFARING JACOB LUND PEDERSEN 2 JACOB LUND PEDERSEN INDHOLDSFORTEGNELSE KAPITEL I Introduktion 4 KAPITEL II The Unnamable og ekspropriationen 27 KAPITEL III Texts for Nothing og tavsheden 43 KAPITEL IV How it is og stemmen 59 KAPITEL V Company og erfaringen 77 KAPITEL VI Konklusion 99 Bibliografi 107 3 ERFARINGENS UDSIGELSE / UDSIGELSENS ERFARING Le neutre, le neutre, comme cela sonne étrangement pour moi. Maurice Blanchot Du er den der skriver og bliver skrevet. Edmond Jabès My work is a matter of fundamental sounds (no joke intended) made as fully as possible, and I accept responsibility for nothing else. Samuel Beckett 4 JACOB LUND PEDERSEN KAPITEL I. INTRODUKTION TESE Centralt i Samuel Becketts idiomatiske forfatterskab befinder sig en subjektivitets- problematik. Denne problematik afstedkommes af et komplekst forhold mellem sprog og subjektivitet, idet sproget hævdes at være det, der konstituerer mennesket som subjekt, i.e. skabende og tænkende. I Becketts tekster synes sproget at aftegne en usikker, imperceptibel grænse mellem det menneskelige og det ikke-menneskelige, det personlige og det upersonlige. Hans litterære erfaring har at gøre med en udviskning af det, man kunne betegne erfaringssubjektet, i mødet med det litterære sprog, hvorfor erfarings- og udsigelsessubjekt ikke er sammenfaldende, men ved en neutralitets mellemkomst altid differerer, bliver forskellige fra hinanden og udsættes i begæret efter kongruens. Det empiriske jeg – den skrivende eller læsende – der aktualiserer sproget, er ikke identisk med det jeg, som bliver subjekt for teksternes sætninger. Erfaringssubjektet kan ikke appropriere det personlige pronomen, udsigelsessubjektet, som sit eget, kan ikke (gen)kende og (gen)finde sig selv som sig selv i sproget. Hos Beckett fungerer jeget ikke længere, i en bemestring af sproget, som subjekt, men forvandles gennem selve skrive- eller læseprocessen til skriftens objekt – alt imens neutralitetens upersonlige stemme blot taler og taler, ubønhørlig. BIOGRAFI. ERFARINGSSUBJEKTET Hvem var den person, som underskrev sine breve »Sam«? Samuel Barclay Beckett fødtes langfredag den 13. april 1906 i den mondæne Dublin-forstad Foxrock. Familien tilhørte den protestantiske højere middelklasse; faderen William var en succesrig, velhavende entreprenør, moderen May af god familie, i.e. tidligere landejere, såkaldte gentlemen. Sam gik først på privatskole nær hjemmet, blev senere, som 13-årig, sendt på den for velbemidlede irske protestanter traditionsrige kostskole, Portora Royal School, og havde en relativt problemfri "lykkelig barndom", hvilken han senere ironisk har kaldt sit største kunstneriske problem. Som 17-årig begyndte han i 1923 at læse fransk og italiensk på Trinity College, Dublin, hvorfra han med guldmedalje dimitterede 1927. Året efter fik han Trinity Colleges udvekslingslektorat i engelsk på École Normale Supérieure og flyttede til Paris. Her 5 ERFARINGENS UDSIGELSE / UDSIGELSENS ERFARING mødte han en række ligesindede – hvad Dublin havde skortet på – og blev en del af Paris' frugtbare 20'ermiljø. Det måske vigtigste møde for forfatterskabet var det nære venskab med landsmanden James Joyce, der blev en slags mentor for den unge Beckett, og hvem denne hjalp med Work in progress, der senere udkom som Finnegan's Wake.1 Efter École Normale-lektoratets udløb vendte han i slutningen af 1930 tilbage til Dublin for at undervise i fransk på Trinity College, men frustreredes hurtigt over det akademiske arbejdes futilitet og de studerendes manglende engagement.2 Kæmpende med symptomerne af en dyb depression opsagde han december 1931 sin stilling på Trinity for atter at tage til Paris, men måtte pga. manglende opholdstilladelse efter et halvt år igen forlade Frankrig. Uden penge og plaget af fysiske helbredsproblemer vendte Beckett efter et ophold i London tilbage til et Dublin og en familie, han som 26-årig ikke følte var hans rette sted. Drikkeriet, der var begyndt under det første Paris-ophold, helbredsproblemerne og depressionen tiltog og kulminerede, da den elskede og højtrespekterede fader pludselig døde af et hjerteslag sommeren 1933. Becketts fysiske og psykiske tilstand var yderst kritisk, og da hans læge ikke kunne stille nogen diagnose baseret på det fysiske, opfordrede han ham til at gå i psykoanalyse. I december 1933 tog Beckett derfor – det var på daværende tidspunkt forbudt at praktisere psykoanalyse i det reaktionære Irland – til London for der de følgende to år at lade sig behandle af Wilfred Bion, hvis terapeutiske metoder eklektisk baseredes på Freud, Adler og Jung. Opmuntret af analysens resultater begyndte han at sætte sig ind i den psykoanalytiske skole og fulgte bl.a. Jungs Tavistock-forelæsninger. Efter terapien blev den arrogant reserverede, selvfordybende, elitære Beckett mindre depressiv og mere udadvendt og 1 Venskabet varede frem til Joyces død i 1941 og grundlagdes bl.a. på fælles interesser inden for kunst generelt, eksempelvis for Schuberts lieder, Cézannes maleri, Synges drama og Chaplins film, men også rent professionelt, idet begge havde en universitetsgrad i fransk og italiensk, var polylingvister og lidenskabeligt dyrkede, hvad nærmest må betegnes som en ord-fetichisme. Desuden fandt Beckett i Joyce en samtalepartner, der i lige så høj grad som han selv værdsatte og kendte den bog, han aldrig holdt op med at genlæse, og som udgør hans værks vigtigste intertekstuelle reference: Dantes Den Guddommelige Komedie. Det var således Joyce, der i en samtale om Skærsilden gjorde Beckett opmærksom på, at der hos Dante ikke så meget er tale om en længsel efter Paradis som en nostalgi efter væren: »Everyone in the poem says 'Io fui' – I was, I was.« Joyce citeret af Beckett i interview med Richard Ellmann, den 28. juli 1953, cf. James Knowlson, Damned to Fame. The Life of Samuel Beckett, p. 638, note 44. 2 James Knowlson citerer ham for efterfølgende ofte at have sagt: »He could not bear teaching to others what he did not know himself.« Op. cit., p. 128. 6 JACOB LUND PEDERSEN engageret i sine omgivelser.3 Bion, der var stærkt optaget af mekanismer og drivkræfter i den kunstneriske skabelsesproces, forsøgte ikke at eliminere Becketts solipsistiske tendenser, men at lade det for helbredet destruktive virke konstruktivt i skrivearbejdet, hvilket kom til at betyde, at Beckett frem til sin død opfattede selve det at skrive som essentielt for sit mentale og fysiske velbefindende.4 Under opholdet i London og en efterfølgende periode tilbage i Dublin havde Beckett på egen hånd tilegnet sig det tyske sprog – som han også tidligere havde gjort det med spansk – og rejste 1936-37 rundt i Tyskland.5 Her mødte han en række malere og brugte megen tid på fordybelse i den af de florentinske Renæssance- værker vakte interesse for billedkunst, der, ud over skriveriet, skulle blive hans hovedbeskæftigelse, skønt han aldrig selv malte.6 Desuden begyndte også her – foranlediget af det nazistiske partis antisemitisme og den "apopleksi", Hitler og Goebbels udtrykte i deres radiotaler – et større politisk engagement, der, hvad tysk nationalsocialisme angik, karakteriseredes ved en ubetinget antinazisme. Becketts indignation over naziregimet og en begyndende depression, der steg i takt med hans Schopenhauer-læsning, fik ham til endnu en gang at vende tilbage til sit fædreland og 3 Mod behandlingens slutning skriver Beckett til den nære ven Tom MacGreevy: »For years I was unhappy, consciously and deliberately ever since I left school and went into T.C.D. [Trinity College, Dublin], so that I isolated myself more and more, undertook less and less and lent myself to a crescendo of disparagement of others and myself. But in all that there was nothing that struck me as morbid. The misery and solitude and apathy and the sneers were the elements of an index of superiority and guaranteed the feeling of arrogant "otherness," which seemed as right and natural and as little morbid as the ways in which it was not so much expressed as implied and reserved and kept available for a possible utterance in the future. It was not until that way of living, or rather negation of living, developed such terrifying physical symptoms that it could no longer be pursued, that I became aware of anything morbid in myself. In short, if the heart had not put the fear of death into me I would be still boozing and sneering and lounging around and feeling that I was too good for anything else.« Brev af den 10. marts 1935, Trinity College Dublin Library, citeret i James Knowlson, Damned to Fame. The Life of Samuel Beckett, p. 173. 4 De to havde ca. 150 sessioner i alt. For en interessant redegørelse for det instabile forhold mellem analytiker og analysand, hvem, der var hvad, og Becketts indflydelse på Bions forståelse af det psykoanalytiske arbejde, cf. Bennett Simon, The Imaginary Twins: The Case of Beckett and Bion, pp. 456- 490. 5 I forbindelse med begrænsningerne af hans talte tysk ved opholdets begyndelse skrev han i sin dagbog den 18. oktober 1936: »How absurd, the struggle to learn to be silent in another language! I am altogether absurd and inconsequential. The struggle to be master of another silence!« Citeret i James Knowlson, Damned to Fame. The Life of Samuel Beckett, p. 218. 6 Blandt Becketts venner taltes langt flere billedkunstnere end forfatterkolleger, eksempelvis Jack B. Yeats, Henri Hayden, Francis Picabia, André Masson, Pierre Tal Coat, Alberto Giacometti, Marcel Duchamp og van Velde-brødrene
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