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Pdf | 144.01 Kb United Nations A/HRC/17/28/Add.3 General Assembly Distr.: General 14 March 2011 Original: English Human Rights Council Seventeenth session Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Philip Alston Addendum Mission to Albania* Summary The visit of the Special Rapporteur to Albania focused primarily on extrajudicial executions in the context of blood feuds and domestic violence. Both in terms of economic and social development and of respect for human rights and the rule of law, Albania has achieved an enormous amount in a very short period of time. The communist era was characterized by extreme repression, persecution, the imprisonment and killing of thousands for political purposes, and economic isolation and stagnation. Since its transition in 1991, Albania has enacted comprehensive democratic, economic, social and legal reforms. These impressive achievements should serve it well as it proceeds towards candidacy for membership of the European Union. At the same time, Albania continues to face strong challenges, including corruption and the need to implement its ambitious reform agenda with limited resources and in the face of political gridlock between the main parties. These challenges make it all the more important that issues of justice and accountability be addressed effectively. The blood feuds dealt with in the present report involve the pre-meditated revenge killing of a member of a murder victim’s family, committed in order to restore the honour lost as a result of the initial murder. Such killings have decreased steadily over the past five years, but the phenomenon has not been entirely eliminated, and the broader implications of the feuds continue to have a corrosive effect on society. The most important problems are * The summary of the present report is circulated in all official languages. The report itself, contained in the annex to the summary, is circulated in the language of submission only. GE.11-11765 A/HRC/17/28/Add.3 significant self-isolation by families fearing a revenge killing, and a continued belief in the legitimacy of collective punishment of a wrongdoer’s family members, even when they are completely innocent in the matter. It is, however, also important not to exaggerate the magnitude of the problem. While the Government has taken important steps to address blood feuds, much more can be done to ensure adequate research to address root causes and to bolster and target education efforts so that individuals do not resort to private violence or collective punishment of family members as a means of dispute resolution. The Special Rapporteur also investigated domestic violence against women, which is pervasive in Albania and has resulted in victims’ deaths. Despite efforts by the Government and international donors, much remains to be done by the Government, including the allocation of necessary financial and other resources to fund shelters, counselling and educational programmes. The Government should also prioritize accountability – with action and not just words – for past crimes, including cooperation with the various investigations into killings that allegedly took place in Albania following the Kosovo war, prosecution of all those responsible for the deaths in Gërdec, and a full and transparent accounting for the thousands of disappearances and deaths during the communist era. 2 A/HRC/17/28/Add.3 Annex Report of the Special Rapporteur on the extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Philip Alston, on his mission to Albania (15-23 February 2010) Contents Paragraphs Page I. Introduction............................................................................................................. 1–2 4 II. Blood feuds ............................................................................................................. 3–51 4 A. What is a blood feud? ..................................................................................... 4–12 4 B. Disputed extent of blood feuds ....................................................................... 13–20 6 C. Causes............................................................................................................. 21–43 8 D. Socio-economic effects................................................................................... 44–45 14 E. Need to increase efforts to address blood feuds.............................................. 46–51 14 III. Domestic violence................................................................................................... 52–59 15 IV. Disappearances and killings after the Kosovo war.................................................. 60–65 17 V. Gërdec ................................................................................................................ 66 18 VI. Communist-era abuses ............................................................................................ 67–69 18 VII. Conclusions and recommendations......................................................................... 70–79 20 A. Blood feuds..................................................................................................... 70–71 20 B. Domestic violence .......................................................................................... 72–73 20 C. Disappearances and killings after the Kosovo war ......................................... 74 20 D. Gërdec............................................................................................................. 75 21 E. Communist-era abuses.................................................................................... 76 21 F. Justice system and anti-corruption reforms .................................................... 77–79 21 Appendix I Programme of the mission ..................................................................................................................... 22 Appendix II Police statistics....................................................................................................................................... 23 3 A/HRC/17/28/Add.3 I. Introduction 1. I visited Albania from 15 to 23 February 2010 to investigate extrajudicial executions, primarily in relation to blood feuds and domestic violence. I also investigated issues of accountability relating to other alleged killings. 2. The cooperation provided to me by all levels of the Government of Albania was exemplary. I am also grateful for the cooperation extended by international and domestic civil society representatives, victims’ family members, and witnesses. I deeply appreciate the support provided by the United Nations Resident Coordinator, the Human Rights Adviser and other members of the United Nations country team in Albania. II. Blood feuds 3. Despite their anachronistic nature, blood feuds are still a significant problem in Albania. Relevant policies and programmes can only work, however, if based on an accurate and well-rounded understanding of the problem. Unfortunately, the statistics on those killed, and families isolated as a result, vary wildly from one source to another. Factors that have combined to create confusion and misunderstanding include terminological imprecision; sensationalist media coverage, especially by the international press; international donor fascination with what appears to be an “exotic” remnant of the country’s feudal history; civil society incentives to be overly inclusive in their counting; and Government sensitivity leading to a concern to downplay the issue. A. What is a blood feud? 4. Blood feuds generally arise out of an argument, usually between two men whose families are neighbours or friends. The argument could have any cause, including an accident, a perceived insult, a property ownership disagreement or a conflict over access to electricity, water or fuel.1 The argument escalates into a physical fight, and one man kills the other. The victim’s family then feels that it is “owed blood” by the killer’s family. This blood debt carries a related loss of honour, which can only be satisfied by taking the life of a member of the killer’s family. The situation is generally governed by culturally embedded rules, generally derived from the kanun, as codified by Lekë Dukagjinit in the fifteenth century and updated in the first half of the twentieth century by Shtjefën Gjeçov.2 1 Feuds have often been over “seduction, abduction, runaway wives, or the refusal of a girl to marry the man she was betrothed to . and land disputes.” Mentor Mustafa and Antonia Young, “Feud narratives: contemporary deployments of kanun in Shala Valley, northern Albania”, Anthropological Notebooks, vol. 14, no. 2, Slovene Anthropological Society, 2008, p. 93. 2 Despite the importance of these codification efforts, the kanun is largely a set of orally transmitted customary rules, the content of which differs from region to region and over time. See ibid., p. 94 (“Ethnographic studies of blood feuds find that the kanun should be considered the ‘ideal’ version; but in reality, blood feuds are managed quite differently in different local contexts.”). Under the traditional requirements of kanun, as soon as one person kills another, the murderer should inform the victim’s family, so that there is no confusion regarding the identity of the perpetrator. Kanun, art. 164. After the initial killing, the kanun calls for a truce so that the murderer can
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