DOCSLIB.ORG

Biology and Control of Tsetse Flies (1)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biology and Control of Tsetse Flies (1) Mission Entomologique 0.R .S .T .O .&5 o aupres de 1 O .C .C .G .E Biology and Control of Tsetse Flies (1) JeHamon , A,Challier , J.Mouchet & J,Rageau --h--------------------,-------------------------------------------~ (1) Ce document est bas4 sur un cours fait lors du S6minaire 0.T'tPn.S. .inter+r6gional sur les m6thudes entomologiques de contrble des vecteurs qui a eu lieu en U.R.S.S. en Septembre-Octobre 1965 I1 est diffus6 car il pourrait être utile aux entomologistes devant faire des cours sur les glossines dans les pays d'af- fectation . IC1 conviendrait alors de compl6ter la bibliogra- phie ' nQ Ia 8)iology and Control of Tsetse plies . _.. * .. "... _, . .. I' by J .Hamon -I. , A .Challier', J and J ,Rageau+' Medical Entomologists, Office de la Wecherche L. Scientifique & Technique Outre Yer I. 1. IlYTEODUCTIOR . For centuries human and animal trypanosomiasis have ravaged vast areas of tropical Africa. As recently as 20 years ago sleeping-sick- ness was considered one of the most terrible of all endemic diseases affecting the African continent, Animal trypanosomiasis,render stock- raising difficult, if not impossible, in *any areas, and in cattle- grazing arieaa bordering on the Glossina zones livestock is weakened and does not supply any draugh$-anima$ (VAU@EL.~&al.,f963 - WILSON & al., - FOED, 11963) . liesearch efforts undertaken both in the Laboratory and in the field have supplied in recent years better methods of prevention, detection and treatment of trypanosomiasis. During the same period spreading possibilities of the disease have increased through comfiu- nica tion improvements and development ok workers migrations between neighbouring countries (ABEDI & I!AXLLBB, 1964). Human sleeping-sickness prevalence has been reduced to an extremely low level, but the disease is far from eradicated and many small foci either remain active or even,appear in previously cleared areas. The situation is slightly / ... -----I--------_----____l_l________e____l-~----------------~,---------- . + Q.L<.S.T.O."F. Team near O.C.C.G.E., P.O.B. 171, Bobo-Dioulasso, Upper - Volta . ++ O.B.S.T.0.:~. 70-74, route d'Aulnay, 93-Bondy, France . '. 6etter in West Africa, where the parasite Trypanosoma gambiense has apparently no aninal reservoir, than in East Africa where occurs also T.rhodesiense with both human and animal hosts (ROFBRTSQN, 1963 - WLL- LETT, 1963). Glossina-borne animal trypanosomiasis are always very wides- pread and hinder econornic developmeni of the majority of African states, ~ Chemotherapy cannot be extended to all domestic animals and has its .l setbacks, including drug resistance of the trypanosomes, Co tsetse fly control has an important part to play in the development oi the bfri- .; caan continent . 2. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF TSETSE FEfiS . - Glossina sp. infest about 16.000.000 km' on the Airrican mainland. The,ir present distribution has been recently summarized by POBP (1963) but more accurate data for french-speaking states of \?est Africa can be found in MAILL6T i1952), RAGEAU & ADAPI (19SrS)j RICHEM- 3ACH (196%) and FINIBLLB i& al.(P963). Tsetse fly distribution is.,not en- tirely stable, even in absence of man interference. For exanlple seve- ral species retreated from large areas of south-east Africa during the Great Rinderpest of 4896,' and sinc'e this period d.pal1idipe.s and G, morsitans, followed by G.austeni, move slowly south in :!ozambique and .Rhodesia, restoring the situation i,rior to the rin'derpest . In West Africa, during the last P5 years, G.submorsitans has extended northwards its distribution ('dILSOPd, 1958). Such changes in distribu- ir tion are probably of comnon occurence, but escape detection by lack of accurate base data and surveys . \ Tsetse f1ie.s are classified into three groups, kypifhedi res- I pictively by G.palpalis, C.morsitans and G.fusca; their distributions are the following ones : I ni , 2.1. Glossina palpalis group (.. .. The palpalis group includes five species and four sub-spe- cies and is'restricted to idest and Central Africa, witb relics in E- thiopia arLd Arabia. L G.tachinoides occurs in the sudanese savannah and in the southern part of the sahelian area of West Africa, with residual foci 'in north-eastern Africa and in the South-east of the Arabian peninsula, It can withstand very dry conditions, but congregates in the dry sea4 son around water holes, residual pools of temporary rivers', and so On. .. 3 G.palpalis and G.fuscipes occur in the forest as well as in the guinean and sudanese savannahs. In the savannahs they are res- 'tricted to the inmediate vicinity of rivers and rivulets. In fores- ted areas also they congregate along watercourses, but not as stric- tly a6 in savannah, using them more for the flight linesthat they ef- fer than for their microclinate, 9 L , i G-pallicera occurs in rain forest areas, but can be encoun- * tered sometimes in the gallery forests of the guinean savannah . G.caliginosa is restricted to the coastal rain forest and to the mangrove areas . G.tachinoides, G.palpalis arid G.fuscipes are the main vec- tors of the human sleeping-sickness caused by T.gambiense . I 2.2. G.morsitans group . The morsitans group ihcludes seven species and three sub- \ species, all inhabiting savannahs , Gjmorsitans complex occurs mainly in sudanese savannahs, with C.submorsitans in Nest and Central Africa, and G.morsitans in East Africa , G .longipalpis is restricted to guiniean savannahs and to sou,.. partly deforested areas of the forest zone of +lest Africa . G.austeni is mainly a lowlands and coastal species of East Africa . G,swynnertoni and G.pal1idipes aro highland species of 3ast Africa. The,first one restricted to Kenya and Tanzania. The seconu H is species occurs from-Bthiopia to Yozaanbique and is present in some has the but r coastal areas; it occured in past in ïlata1 has been era- dicated there . 4 G .borgesi has been recently described from ?"ozambique (FIXEL .1 1960). G .niorsitans and G.swynnertoni are the normal vectors of the normal vectors of tile second form of human sleeping-sickness, caused 4 by T.rhodesiense; they are also, with G.pallidipes and G.submorsitnnf very importaitt vectors of' several aninal trypanosomiasis (caused by T.brucei, T.vivax, T.congolense) T.rhodesiense has beeil also rece- 1 vered f roin G,pallidipes since 1940 (;-acK1CC'IiAM, 1944) and more recen- tly froln G.fuscipes (80UTI33N & XOG'E&TSilPJ, 1961 - WICLETT & A1.,1964-I WPEL3TT, 1965) , .. 4 2.3. G.fusca group,' The fusca group includes 12 species and two sub-species, " Which inhabit mainly densely forested areas . Gknnshi, G.schwetzi, C,tabnniformis, C.haningtoni, G.seve- rini, G.vanhoofi a'nd G,fuscibleuris occur in the Lower guinean forest: sonetimes in very restricted area's 1 G.f~scaoccurs in all forested areas, from Sierra Leone to Uganda and in some of the larger gallery forests of the guinean sa- vannah . G.nigrofusca is widespread in the Upper guinean forest and in the northern gart of the Lower guinean forest, from Guinea to Ugar - da. G.inedicoruiii is restricted to the Upper guinean savnnnah anC forest . G,brevipalpis is very widespread in gallery forests and sa- vannahs of Prlali Bast Africa from Natal to Bastern Congo (Leopoldvil- le) and to Southern Ethiopia and Somalia . G.longipennis also an eastern savannah species) but Pes- is C tricted to Kenya, Ethiopia Southern Soinalia, South-eastern Sudan, North-western Uganda ar,d Northern Tanzania . The most common species belonging to the fusca group are important vectors of animal trypanosomiasis caused by ?'.vivax and T.congolense (J02DAN,P961 & 1965 a). 3. BIOLOGY OF TSETSE FLIES . 3.1. Keproduction cycle . Tsetse flies mate during the days following emergence, when the females are teneral. One insemination is sufficient for the who- le life of the female, but ;'*ales mate several times during their lif~ , and probably some females do the same; recent investigations carried out in Upper by one of us (A.C.) on G.galpalis have shown that Volta - non-teneral wild caught females are almost always inseminaled; howe- ver the percentage of inseminated females with incompletely filled - spermathecae reaches about amongst teneral flies, against only 51% in flies belonging to. the next two older age groups; so it is very probable that females cf C.palpalis several tisnes during their first days of life. Jemales yresect thsir.:naxinum attractive- ness for males When they are only 3 days old, andiare less attracti- ve with increasing age, although being always able to mate (NkSEi,l95f 5 JOhDBN, 1958 *) * ,Homologous matings are the rule, but sometimes :nating occurs in na- ture between closely related species; such matings are generally not fertile and can be lethal for the female The two ovaries are composed of two ovarioleg each, and each ovariole develops in turn (SBUHDERS, 1962 - CWALLIBW, 1963 b). The first ovulation occurs S to'U days after the emergence of the female; the mature ovocyte is not laid, but paskes into the female utr rus where fecundation occurs; then the larva grows inside the uterus, the food being supplied by the "milk glands" of the feaale; the la- te third instar larva is laid on the ground and pupates usually two :..& to five centimeters below the surface, some hours later. Larval de- velopment, in utero, takes about 10 days, during which the females bites at least three times, but the first larva is laid when the fe- male is about 16 days old, or moro. Yhen the first larva is laid the I secor,d ovocyte passes into the uterus, and so on. The duratiou; of the pupal life varies from 2Q to 60 days, according to temperature, The adult can fly some hours after its emergence from the pupariun and is able to bite the following day ., 3.2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Morphometric Characterization of Three Tsetse Fly Species - Glossina M
    International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-3, Issue-1, Jan-Feb- 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.1.30 ISSN: 2456-1878 Morphometric characterization of three Tsetse Fly Species - Glossina M. Morsitans, G. P. Palpalis and G. Tachinoides (Diptera: Glossinidae) from Ghana Edwin Idriss Mustapha1,2*, Maxwell Kelvin Billah3, Alexander Agyir- Yawson4 1African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science (ARPPIS), University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana 2Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute, (SLARI) PMB 1313, Tower Hill, Freetown, Sierra Leone 3Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Box LG 67, Legon-Accra Ghana 4Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana Abstract– Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are the main distinguished fly populations into four groups, Northern, vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), or Eastern, Western and the lab colony; this is an indication sleeping sickness and Animal African Trypanosomiasis, that hind tibia/wing length is a good morphometric feature (AAT) or Nagana in Sub Saharan Africa. In Ghana, whilst which can be used to discriminate flies from different HAT is no longer a major public health issue, AAT is still regions of Ghana. widely reported and causes considerable losses in the The principal components and canonical variates as well as livestock sector resulting in major impacts on agricultural Mahalanobis squared distances confirmed linear and ratio production, livelihoods and food security in the country. separations. Therefore based on these differences in Application of morphometric techniques can reveal the morphometric characters observed, the three tsetse species existing level of population differentiation in tsetse flies, were distinguished from each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Distribution of Glossina Sp. and Trypanosoma Sp. in South-Western
    Duguma et al. Parasites & Vectors (2015) 8:430 DOI 10.1186/s13071-015-1041-9 RESEARCH Open Access Spatial distribution of Glossina sp. and Trypanosoma sp. in south-western Ethiopia Reta Duguma1,2, Senbeta Tasew3, Abebe Olani4, Delesa Damena4, Dereje Alemu3, Tesfaye Mulatu4, Yoseph Alemayehu5, Moti Yohannes6, Merga Bekana1, Antje Hoppenheit7, Emmanuel Abatih8, Tibebu Habtewold2, Vincent Delespaux8* and Luc Duchateau2 Abstract Background: Accurate information on the distribution of the tsetse fly is of paramount importance to better control animal trypanosomosis. Entomological and parasitological surveys were conducted in the tsetse belt of south-western Ethiopia to describe the prevalence of trypanosomosis (PoT), the abundance of tsetse flies (AT) and to evaluate the association with potential risk factors. Methods: The study was conducted between 2009 and 2012. The parasitological survey data were analysed by a random effects logistic regression model, whereas the entomological survey data were analysed by a Poisson regression model. The percentage of animals with trypanosomosis was regressed on the tsetse fly count using a random effects logistic regression model. Results: The following six risk factors were evaluated for PoT (i) altitude: significant and inverse correlation with trypanosomosis, (ii) annual variation of PoT: no significant difference between years, (iii) regional state: compared to Benishangul-Gumuz (18.0 %), the three remaining regional states showed significantly lower PoT, (iv) river system: the PoT differed significantly between the river systems, (iv) sex: male animals (11.0 %) were more affected than females (9.0 %), and finally (vi) age at sampling: no difference between the considered classes. Observed trypanosome species were T. congolense (76.0 %), T.
    [Show full text]
  • Attraction of the Tsetse Fly Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans to Acetone
    Retour au menu Rev. Elev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1984, 37 (4) : 468-473. Attraction of the tsetse fly ~Glossina morsitans submorsitans to acetone, 1-octen-3-01, and the combination of these compounds in WeSt Africa par H. POLITZAR and P. MÉROT Centre T.E.M.V.T./G.T.Z. de Recherches sur les Trypanosomoses Animales (C.R.T.A.), B. P. 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. RÉSUMÉ SUMMARY POLITZAR (H.), MÉROT (P.). - Pouvoir attractif pour POLITZAR (H.), MÉROT (P.). - Attraction of the Glossina morsitans submorsitans de l’acétone, du l-octen- tsetse fly Glossina morsitans submorsitans to acetone, 3-01 seuls ou associés, en Afrique occidentale. Rev. Eh. 1-octen-3-01, and the combination of these compounds in Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1984, 37 (4) : 468-413. West Africa. Rev. Elev. Méd vét. Pqs trop., 1984, 31 (4) : 468-473. Le pouvoir attractif du 1-octen-3-01 (octenol) et de I’acé- tone ayant été montré au Zimbabwé pour G. pallidipes et 1-octen-3-01 (= octenol) and acetone that had proved to G. m. morsitans, ces deux produits ont été testés vis-à-vis be potent olfactory attractants in Zimbabwe for G. palli- de G. m. submorsitans au Burkina Faso. Les essais, faits dipes and G. m. morsitans were tested against G. m. successivement en saison des pluies puis en saison sèche, submorsitans in Burkina Faso. Experiments were carried ont été réalisés selon le protocole des carrés latins. out in the rainy season and in the dry season. TO compare L’analyse des résultats obtenus en saison des pluies a mis the efficacy of acetone, octenol, acetone-plus-octenol - en évidence un accroissement significatif des captures de baited and non baited traps, a series of randomised 4 x 4 6,7 fois lorsque les deux produits étaient associés au piège.
    [Show full text]
  • The Distribution of the Vectors of African Pathogenic Trypanosomes*
    Bull. Org. mond. Sante 1963, 2.8, 653-669 Bull. Wld Hth Org. I The Distribution of the Vectors of African Pathogenic Trypanosomes* J. FORD 1 The author lists the species, subspecies and races of tsetse fly now recognized in three morphologically distinct groups. The distribution of each group is mapped and described in relation to climate and vegetation, with some indication ofthe partplayed bypast climates and orogenies in determining the modern pattern. The importance of different species as vectors of human or bovine trypanosomiasis, or both, is noted, and examples are given of the part played by human settlement as a secondary limiting factor. The author suggests that many modern problems of control are the consequences of the recent invasion of the African ecosystem by the outside world. Although there are local exceptions, the broad pattern of Glossina distribution has not been significantly changed by the entomological approach to the trypanosomiasis problem. So little is known of the role of haematophagous belt of the Koalib Hills in Kordofan and at least insects other than tsetse flies as vectors of African six species in scattered foci in western and southern pathogenic trypanosomes that, although the so- Ethiopia. These relics have survived a southward called " mechanical transmission" occasionally expansion of the Sahara (see, for example, Huzayyin, assumes local importance, discussion must be con- 1956). fined to Glossina (Muscidae, Diptera). The genus Bursell (1960) has suggested that climates showing occurs only in Africa, between latitude 14°N and a mean temperatures for the length of a pupal period line drawn from Benguela to Durban which is of 16°C or less (three months) or of 32°C (three indented by the Bihe Plateau in Angola (Sousa Dias, weeks) provide limits to the distribution of G.
    [Show full text]
  • Original Article
    Available online at http://www.journalijdr.com ISSN: 2230-9926 International Journal of Development Research Vol. 08, Issue, 01, pp.18459-18464, January, 2018 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLEORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS STUDY OF DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF TSETSE FLY (GLOSSINA SP.) IN GASHAKA-GUMTI NATIONAL PARK, NIGERIA 1,*Wama B. E., 2Naphtali, R.S., 1Houmsou, R.S., 1Joseph J., 2Alo, E. B. 1Department of Biological Sciences, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria 2Department of Zoology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: A study on the distribution and abundance of tsetse flies was conducted between November, 2016 Received 25th October, 2017 and January, 2017 at Gashaka-Gumti National Park (GGNP), Nigeria. The aim of the study was to Received in revised form determine the distribution and abundance of the fly (Glossina sp.) in the Park. Thirty (30) 06th November, 2017 Biconical traps (Charlier and Laviessiere, 1973) were used to trap the tsetse flie in three locations Accepted 20th December, 2017 (Kwano, Gashaka and Mayo-kam). A total of six hundredand ninety eight (698) flies were caught st Published online 31 January, 2018 during the study period. Kwano, Gashaka and Mayo-kam had 372 (53.3%), 168 (24.1%) and 158 (22.6%) respectively. Location of the traps varied significantly with tsetse catch (χ2 = 250.150; Key Words: P<0.000). Glossina tachinoides. Glossina palpalis, Glossina morsitans and Glossina fuscipes were Distribution, trapped in the area. Overall, Glossina tachinoides had higher frequency of 476 (68.2%) and least Abundance, from Glossina fuscipes 6 (0.9%).
    [Show full text]
  • The Glossina Genome Cluster: Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Vectors of African
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/531749; this version posted January 27, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 The Glossina Genome Cluster: Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Vectors of African 2 Trypanosomes 3 Authorship: 4 Geoffrey M. Attardo, ([email protected]) *22; Adly M.M. Abd-Alla, (a.m.m.abd- 5 [email protected])13; Alvaro Acosta-Serrano, ([email protected])16; James E. 6 Allen, ([email protected])6; Rosemary Bateta, ([email protected])2; Joshua B. Benoit, 7 ([email protected])24; Kostas Bourtzis, ([email protected])13; Jelle Caers, 8 ([email protected])15; Guy Caljon, ([email protected])21; Mikkel B. Christensen, 9 ([email protected])6; David W. Farrow, ([email protected])24; Markus Friedrich, 10 ([email protected])33; Aurélie Hua-Van, ([email protected])5; Emily C. 11 Jennings, ([email protected])24; Denis M. Larkin, ([email protected])19; Daniel Lawson, 12 ([email protected])10; Michael J. Lehane, ([email protected])16; Vasileios 13 P. Lenis, ([email protected])30; Ernesto Lowy-Gallego, ([email protected])6; 14 Rosaline W. Macharia, ([email protected], [email protected])27,12; Anna R. Malacrida, 15 ([email protected])29; Heather G. Marco, ([email protected])23; Daniel Masiga, 16 ([email protected])12; Gareth L. Maslen, ([email protected])6; Irina Matetovici, 17 ([email protected])11; Richard P.
    [Show full text]
  • Tsetse Flies
    178 CHAPTER 2 • TSETSE FLIES CHAPTER 2 Tsetse flies Vectors of sleeping sickness Tsetse flies are bloodsucking flies of the genus Glossina. They occur only in tropical Africa and are important as vectors of African trypanosomiasis in both humans and animals. Sleeping sickness, as it is commonly called, is generally fatal in humans if left untreated. Sleeping sickness occurs in scattered foci throughout Africa south of the Sahara. In 1996, it was estimated that between 20000 and 25000 people die from the disease annually; however, the risk of severe epidemics continues to exist. Biology Tsetse flies are robust, 6–15mm in length, and can be distinguished from other biting flies by their forward-pointing mouthparts (proboscis) and characteristic wing venation (Fig. 2.1). There are about 30 known species and subspecies of tsetse flies belonging to the genus Glossina. They can be divided into three distinct groups or subgenera: Austenia (G. fusca group), Nemorhina (G. palpalis group) and Glossina (G. morsitans group). Only nine species and subspecies, belonging to either the G. palpalis or the G. morsitans group, are known to transmit sleeping sickness (Table 2.1). Life cycle The female tsetse fly does not lay eggs but produces larvae, one at a time. The larva develops in the uterus over a period of 10 days and is then deposited fully grown on moist soil or sand in shaded places, usually under bushes, fallen logs, large stones and buttress roots. It buries itself immediately and turns into a pupa. The fly emerges 22–60 days later, depending on the temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • Quality Control for Expanded Tsetse Production, Sterilization and Field Application
    Quality Control for Control Quality Expanded Tsetse Production, Tsetse Expanded Sterilization and Field Application Field and Sterilization IAEA-TECDOC-1683 spine 7,4 mm IAEA-TECDOC-1683 n QUALITY CONTROL FOR EXPANDED TSETSE PRODUCTION, STERILIZatioN AND FIELD APPLicatioN 130110–9 VIENNA ISSN 1011–4289 ISBN 978–92–0– INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC AGENCY ENERGY ATOMIC INTERNATIONAL Quality Control for Expanded Tsetse Production, Sterilization and Field Application The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA NIGERIA ALBANIA GREECE NORWAY ALGERIA GUATEMALA OMAN ANGOLA HAITI PAKISTAN ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PALAU ARMENIA HONDURAS PANAMA AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PAPUA NEW GUINEA AUSTRIA ICELAND PARAGUAY AZERBAIJAN INDIA PERU BAHRAIN INDONESIA PHILIPPINES BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF POLAND BELARUS IRAQ PORTUGAL IRELAND BELGIUM QATAR ISRAEL BELIZE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BENIN ITALY ROMANIA BOLIVIA JAMAICA RUSSIAN FEDERATION BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOTSWANA JORDAN SENEGAL BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BULGARIA KENYA SEYCHELLES BURKINA FASO KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BURUNDI KUWAIT SINGAPORE CAMBODIA KYRGYZSTAN CAMEROON LAO PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC SLOVAKIA CANADA REPUBLIC SLOVENIA CENTRAL AFRICAN LATVIA SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIC LEBANON SPAIN CHAD LESOTHO SRI LANKA CHILE LIBERIA SUDAN CHINA LIBYA SWEDEN COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CONGO LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COSTA RICA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CÔTE DIVOIRE MADAGASCAR THAILAND CROATIA MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CUBA MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
    [Show full text]
  • Tsetse Flies
    Gashururu et al. Parasites Vectors (2021) 14:294 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04786-3 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access An update on the distribution of Glossina (tsetse fies) at the wildlife-human-livestock interface of Akagera National Park, Rwanda Richard S. Gashururu1,2,5* , Samuel M. Githigia2, Methode N. Gasana3, Richard Habimana1, Ndichu Maingi2, Giuliano Cecchi4, Massimo Paone4, Weining Zhao4, Daniel K. Masiga5 and James Gashumba6 Abstract Background: Glossina (tsetse fies) biologically transmit trypanosomes that infect both humans and animals. Knowl- edge of their distribution patterns is a key element to better understand the transmission dynamics of trypanosomo- sis. Tsetse distribution in Rwanda has not been well enough documented, and little is known on their current distribu- tion. This study determined the current spatial distribution, abundance, diversity, and seasonal variations of tsetse fies in and around the Akagera National Park. Methods: A longitudinal stratifed sampling following the seasons was used. Biconical traps were deployed in 55 sites for 6 consecutive days of each study month from May 2018 to June 2019 and emptied every 48 h. Flies were identifed using FAO keys, and the number of fies per trap day (FTD) was used to determine the apparent density. Pearson chi-square (χ2) and parametrical tests (t-test and ANOVA) were used to determine the variations between the variables. The signifcance (p < 0.05) at 95% confdence interval was considered. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between tsetse occurrence and the associated predictors. Results: A total of 39,516 tsetse fies were collected, of which 73.4 and 26.6% were from inside Akagera NP and the interface area, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Tsetse Fly (Glossina Pallidipes) Midgut Responses to Trypanosoma Brucei Challenge Rosemary Bateta1,2,3*, Jingwen Wang3,4,5, Yineng Wu3, Brian L
    Bateta et al. Parasites & Vectors (2017) 10:614 DOI 10.1186/s13071-017-2569-7 RESEARCH Open Access Tsetse fly (Glossina pallidipes) midgut responses to Trypanosoma brucei challenge Rosemary Bateta1,2,3*, Jingwen Wang3,4,5, Yineng Wu3, Brian L. Weiss3, Wesley C. Warren6, Grace A. Murilla1,3, Serap Aksoy3 and Paul O. Mireji1,2,3,7* Abstract Background: Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) are the prominent vector of African trypanosome parasites (Trypanosoma spp.) in sub-Saharan Africa, and Glossina pallidipes is the most widely distributed species in Kenya. This species displays strong resistance to infection by parasites, which are typically eliminated in the midgut shortly after acquisition from the mammalian host. Although extensive molecular information on immunity for the related species Glossina morsitans morsitans exists, similar information is scarce for G. pallidipes. Methods: To determine temporal transcriptional responses of G. pallidipes to Trypanosoma brucei brucei challenge, we conducted Illumina based RNA-seq on midgut organ and carcass from teneral females G. pallidipes at 24 and 48 h post-challenge (hpc) with T. b. brucei relative to their respective controls that received normal blood meals (without the parasite). We used a suite of bioinformatics tools to determine differentially expressed and enriched transcripts between and among tissues, and to identify expanded transcripts in G. pallidipes relative to their orthologs G. m. morsitans. Results: Midgut transcripts induced at 24 hpc encoded proteins were associated with lipid remodelling, proteolysis, collagen metabolism, apoptosis, and cell growth. Midgut transcripts induced at 48 hpc encoded proteins linked to embryonic growth and development, serine endopeptidases and proteosomal degradation of the target protein, mRNA translation and neuronal development.
    [Show full text]
  • Tsetse Fly Species Diversity in Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria
    African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 3 (10), pp. 753-758, October 2008 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR ISSN 1991-637X © 2008 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Tsetse fly species diversity in Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria Ajibade, W. A.* and Agbede, S. A. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Accepted 19 September, 2008 A survey of tsetse flies was carried out at the two sectors of Kainji Lake National Park. Gouteax fly traps, the drum shaped and biconical-shaped, were used. The traps were set adjacently at the same location. Four traps were set in each vegetation zone. At Borgu Sector, 20 traps were set, while 24 were set at Zurguma sector. Cattle and Pig urine (Mixture) were used as attractant. The traps were set in the mornings and harvested in the evenings. Harvests were reserved in 4% formalin and identified later in the laboratory under microscope. Three species of tsetse flies were identified. These include; Glosina morsitans, Glosina palpalis and Glosina tachnoides. They belong to the family Glosidae, the class insecta (hexapoda) and order Diptera and genus Glosina. G. morsitans were found all over the wooded vegetation zones while G. palpalis and G. tachnoides were restricted to the Oli complex and the riverine vegetation zones at Borgu sector. At Zugurma sector; G. tachnoides was restricted to the riverine forests of River Nuwanzurugi. The reason for these findings is that morsitans group mostly live in open savanna while G. palpalis and G. tachnoides inhabit the riverine area. The two types of traps were equally efficient in catching the three species of flies (P≤0.05) using one tailed t-test.
    [Show full text]
  • Odor Coding in the Antenna of the Tsetse Fly Glossina Morsitans
    Odor coding in the antenna of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Neeraj Sonia, J. Sebastian Chahdaa, and John R. Carlsona,1 aDepartment of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 Contributed by John R. Carlson, May 20, 2019 (sent for review April 25, 2019; reviewed by Vikas Bhandawat and Walter S. Leal) Tsetse flies transmit trypanosomiasis to humans and livestock Physiological data on the olfactory sensilla of G. morsitans across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse are attracted by olfactory antenna are sparse. The sensilla are very dense; they protrude cues emanating from their hosts. However, remarkably little is from the antennal surface at an acute angle, and many are dif- known about the cellular basis of olfaction in tsetse. We have carried ficult to penetrate with a recording electrode. These anatomical out a systematic physiological analysis of the Glossina morsitans features have made it challenging to record physiologically from antenna. We identify 7 functional classes of olfactory sensilla that them. Here we have overcome this difficulty by modifying the respond to human or animal odorants, CO2, sex and alarm phero- electrophysiological methods and have tested each of 182 sen- mones, or other odorants known to attract or repel tsetse. Sensilla silla with an ecologically relevant panel of 16 odorants, that is, differ in their response spectra, show both excitatory and inhibitory n > 2,900 recordings. The results provide an initial view of the responses, and exhibit different response dynamics to different odor functional organization of the G. morsitans olfactory system. The stimuli. We find striking differences between the functional organi- organization is similar in some respects to that of Drosophila zation of the tsetse fly antenna and that of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the fly whose olfactory system has been best melanogaster.
    [Show full text]