Caribbean Tourism Organization
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National Library Bibliothèque nationale 191 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Your fi& Votre dièrence Our fi& Notre rd#rence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microforin, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. Abstract ...............................................................il Table of Contents .......................................................iii ListofTables ...........................................................v List of Figures .........................................................vi .. Acknowledgments ......................................................vil Chapter One MTRODUCTION ...........................................1 1.1ScopeoftheStudy ..............................................1 1.2 Research Objectives. Questions and Rationale ........................3 1.3 The Historical Development of Dominica ............................6 Agriculture and Farming ......................................6 Women in the Eastern Caribbean ...............................8 Tourism ...............................................11 A Note on Proverbs and the Kwéybl Language .................... 14 1.4 Organization of the Thesis .......................................17 Chapter Two METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS .................... 18 2.1Introduction ..................................................18 2.2 Research Setting ...............................................19 Area .....................................................19 History ................................................... 24 LandTenure ............................................... 27 Economy ................................................. 30 SiteandPopulation .........................................38 2.3 Epistemological Bases for Choosing Qualitative Case Study Research ....40 2.4 Data Collection ............................................... 41 Documentation ............................................. 42 Archival Records ...........................................42 Direct Observation .......................................... 43 Participant Observation ...................................... 43 Interviews .................................................44 Taped semi-stmctured depth interviews ...................45 Untaped informal interviews ............................47 Sampling and Contacts ...................................... 48 Data Analysis ..............................................49 2.5 Research Biases and Limitations ..................................50 2.6 Review ......................................................56 Chapter Three THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS .......................... 58 3.1 Introduction ..................................................58 3.2 Food Sec* and Development ..................................60 3.3 Food Security in the Dominican Context ............................ 65 3.4 Food Security Linkages .........................................69 Agriculture ................................................70 Wornen-in-Development .....................................71 Tourism ..................................................72 3.5 Review ......................................................74 Chapter Four CASE RESULTS ..........................................77 4.1 Introduction ..................................................77 4.2 Roseau: The Case Setting .......................................78 4.3 Roles and Experiences of the Interview Participants ...................87 4.4Review .....................................................100 Chapter Five DISCUSSION ............................................101 5.1 Introduction ................................................. 101 5.2 The Myth of 'Alternative' Tourism? ..............................102 5.3FoodSecurity ................................................110 5.4 Review .....................................................115 Chapter Six CONCLUSION ...........................................1 17 6.1 Introduction .................................................1 17 6.2 Summary of Empirical Resdts .................................. 1 18 6.3 Summary of Theoretical Results ................................. 119 Tourism and Development ................................... 120 FoodSecurity .............................................120 6.4 Implications of the Research ....................................122 6.5 Suggestions for Future Research .................................123 BIBLIOGWHY .............................................127 APPENDIX ONE : SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW GUIDELINES . 143 APPENDIX TWO : INTERVIEW INFORMATION SHEET ........... 145 APPENDIX THREE : INTERVIEW SCHEDULES .................... 146 APPENDIX FOUR : SELECTED DATA ANALYSIS CODES ......... 147 APPENDIX FNE : HOTEL MENU. DOMINICA ................... 148 APPENDIX SIX : SOILS AND SOL LOSS. DOMINICA ........... 150 LIST OF TABLES Table: 2.1 Land Tenure ('ïhousands of Hectares) in Dominica. 1995 .................27 2.2 Nurnber of Farms by Hectares in Dominica. 1995 .......................29 2.3 Age of the Individual Farrners in Years. Male and Female ................ 32 2.4 Total Stay Over Tourist Amvals Dominica. 1988 .1998 ................. 36 2.5 Economic hdicators of Selected Caribbean Nations .....................37 LIST OF FIGURES Figure: 1.1 Dominica and the Caribbean Region ................................ vii 1.2 Study Rationale ...................................................5 2.1 Dominica, Settlement .............................................22 2.2 Dominica, Physical Relief .......................................... 23 2.3 Dominica, Vegetation .............................................23 2.4 StudyArea ...................................................... 39 2.5 Data Collection and Analysis in Field Research ......................... 46 3.1 Main Questions Addressed in this Chapter ............................. 59 3.2 Three Pillars of Food Security .......................................63 4.1 Field Observations of the Social Geography of Roseau ................... 80 4.2 A 'Typical' Hotel Houseyard ........................................ 85 ACKNO WLEDGMENTS My thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Colin J.B. Wood, for his time, knowledge and guidance over the past two years. Dr. Wood's udagging support for my studies - including allowing me to troop- off half way around the world to conduct this research - during my time at Wichas challenged me to creatively explore the possibilities of graduate research. 1would also like to thank my cornmittee members, Dr. Philip Dearden and Dr. Margot Wilson for their tirne; expertise and good humour. hly fellow graduate students in the Department of Geography, with whom I spent many hours philosophizing on the "couch of sages", made the lonely hours of writing bearable. My special thanks to Denise Pritchard, Anne Hammill and Ranu Sharma for their fnendship and their chesterfields - which consistently afforded me a place to crash during my many voyages across the ocean. The support, encouragement and editing skills of my farnily enabled me to actually complete this thesis. Thanks to Kaycee and Niko for always providing a listening ear and helpful advice. 1 am especially indebted to my parents, Keith and Therese Wright, who graciously supported, fed and accommodated me for much longer than I'm sure they ever expected! 1 owe a special acknowledgment to my mother, whose stories of her experiences in Dominica in many ways inspired this study. Most importantly, I would like to express my gratitude to my fnends and 'farnily' in Dominica who opened their homes, hearts and lives to me and without whom this research would not have been possible. My thanks to al1 the interview participants who allowed me to infringe upon their time and who generously shared their stories with me. To my 'Aunty' Ruth Nicholas who guided, housed and fed me, to Denise DeFoe, Paula St. Rose, Emelda Patrick, Clara George, Alphonse Hamilton, Marilyn Costello (PBVM), Sara Hynes (PBVM), Bro. Edward Wakeham (CCB), the Honychurches, the Agars, the Barrons and the Signeourets, your generosity and warmth made Dominica rny home. And to the countless other Dominicans who shared their expertise and knowledge with me during my stay on their island, Mesi pou lavi lonng se pli lespwi (Thank you for expenence is the greatest of teachers). Figure 1.1 Dominica and the Caribbean NB: The program used to create some of the figures for this thesis was incompatible with the text and thus are not contained in this document. For a copy of these figures please request the printed and bound copy of this thesis fiom the University of Victoria Library. CHAPTER ONE.