These Are the Times 2

STANFORD INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

ANNUAL REPORT 2003

these are the times 2

TITLE

to seek answers to the questions that shape our contemporary world 1

How prepared is the United States for a biological or

radiological terrorist attack?

How do we design new arms control measures to reduce the

threat of nuclear proliferation?

How can Indonesia, the world’s largest Muslim country,

survive chaos and breakup?

How are animals and plants responding to global warming,

and how can we promote proactive conservation measures?

How can we mitigate the ecological and social impact

of worldwide coastal land mismanagement?

What constraints does corruption put on economic growth,

governance, and the rule of law?

How does the use of advanced medical technology around the world

affect healthcare costs and outcomes?

How is research at Stanford IIS being taught in ?U.S. and international secondary schools? these are the challenges we face as we seek to make progress toward a peaceful, prosperous world this is the research

that transcends boundaries of discipline, language, culture, and country. biology

law

medicine

political science

history

economics

sociology

engineering

THE ANSWERS TO TODAY’S BIG QUESTIONS CONCERNING INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, THE ENVIRONMENT, VIOLENT CONFLICTS, PEACEKEEPING, AND INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REQUIRE RESEARCH THAT TRANSCENDS TRADITIONAL DISCIPLINES AND ACADEMIC BOUNDARIES. THEY REQUIRE LINKING POLITICAL SCIENTISTS WITH ECONOMISTS, ENGINEERS WITH PHYSICIANS, HISTORIANS WITH LEGAL SCHOLARS, AND THEY REQUIRE SEEKING OUT NEW PARTNERS IN THE CORPORATE WORLD, GOVERNMENTS, AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS. this is the knowledge that sparks new answers to the world’s critical problems and urgent issues.

PREPARING THE NEXT GENERATION OF SCHOLARS, WHETHER IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, DEMOCRACY BUILDING, OR THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT, MEANS STRIVING FOR THE HIGHEST ACADEMIC STANDARDS. IT ALSO MEANS MAKING SURE THAT THE RESEARCH IS RELEVANT TO TODAY’S CRISES SO IT CAN HAVE AN IMPACT ON POLICYMAKING IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA.

Stanford Institute for International Studies (Stanford IIS) is Stanford University’s primary forum for interdisciplinary research on key international issues and challenges. Its goals are to influence international public policy with its scholarship and analysis; to transcend traditional academic boundaries and create new partnerships; to make its research available to a wide audience; and to enrich the educational experience of all members of the Stanford community. 10

STANFORD IIS AT-A-GLANCE

The Stanford Institute for International Studies (Stanford IIS), founded in 1987, focuses thematically on issues of international security such as nuclear proliferation and bioterrorism; the global environment; democracy building and the rule of law in developing and transitional societies; international political economy; and healthcare policy. The Institute draws together more than 150 Stanford faculty, researchers, and visiting scholars through its research centers, projects, and programs and has a number of joint faculty appointments with the seven Stanford schools. It also hosts long- and short-term visitors from other academic, government, non-proﬁt, and corporate institutions worldwide. Stanford IIS does not grant degrees, but it has active programs for training and teaching both graduate and undergraduate students, and it offers two undergraduate honors programs, in international security studies and environmental science. Most of the Institute’s activities are supported by research grants and by gifts from individual and corporate donors.

Stanford IIS consists of ﬁve research centers:

THE ASIA-PACIFIC RESEARCH CENTER (APARC) strives to build on its reputation as a leading center of academic excellence in the study of contemporary Asia. APARC is an important Stanford venue where faculty and students, visiting scholars, and distinguished business and government leaders meet and exchange views on contemporary Asia and U.S. involvement in the region. Its research results in seminars and conferences, policy papers, articles, and books. It maintains an active corporate affiliates program, involving many U.S. and Asian companies and public agencies. APARC’s mission is to produce and publish Asia Pacific-focused interdisciplinary research; to educate students, scholars, and corporate and governmental affiliates about the importance of U.S.-Asia relations; to promote constructive interaction to understand and resolve the region’s challenges; to influence U.S. policy toward the Asia-Pacific; and to guide Asian nations on key foreign relations, government, political economy, technology, and social issues.

THE CENTER ON DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPMENT, AND THE RULE OF LAW (CDDRL) seeks to promote innovative and practical research to assist developing and transitioning countries to design and implement policies which will foster democracy, promote balanced and sustainable growth, and advance the rule of law. It also supports specialized teaching, training, and outreach to assist countries struggling with political, economic, and judicial reform, constitutional design, economic performance, and corruption. The Center harbors four research programs on democracy, economic performance, rule of law, and sovereignty. It enables faculty from several of Stanford’s schools to work together on collaborative research and develop an integrated intellectual community that reaches well beyond Stanford University. The Center welcomes applications from predoctoral students at the write-up stage and from postdoctoral scholars, and it expects to award between two and four fellowships each year. 11

STANFORD IIS AT-A-GLANCE

THE CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLICY (CESP) mobilizes a network of scholars, students, policymakers, and leaders to understand and help solve international environmental problems through science and policy research. The work engages over eighty faculty members from disciplines such as biology, geology, civil engineering, economy, and law to develop new methods for environmental assessments, negotiations, remediation, and protection CESP houses the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development (PESD), a global research program on the economic and environmental consequences of global energy consumption. The Center also directs the Goldman Honors Program, an interschool honors program in environmental science, technology, and policy and contributes to the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Environment and Resources, the University’s new Ph.D. program in environmental science, technology, and policy.

THE CENTER FOR HEALTH POLICY/PRIMARY CARE AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH (CHP/PCOR) conducts multidisciplinary research to inform pressing public and private health policy issues. The Center has access to extraordinary data and its faculty have legal, economic, technological, and medical expertise. These resources enable the Center to offer new insights into the legal and regulatory milieu of healthcare both in the United States and abroad. International comparisons can illuminate many aspects of disease epidemiology, healthcare delivery, and health system performance. The analysis of international comparative data on health outcomes, population characteristics, socioeconomic characteristics, and healthcare utilization and expenditures facilitates the comparison of a broad range of approaches and policy options. CHP/PCOR is working to improve international comparative health data by promoting data collection efforts around the world and by serving as a repository for international data that are relevant to the evaluation of healthcare systems.

THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND COOPERATION (CISAC) grew from Stanford University’s pioneering commitment to explore concerns about the escalating arms competition that marked the decades following World War II. With the founding of the Arms Control and Disarmament Program in 1970, Stanford became one of the first academic institutions in the nation to commit faculty and resources to the study of the critical issues surrounding the Cold War. Bringing together scholars, policymakers, area specialists, business people, and other experts to focus on a wide range of security questions of current importance, CISAC is committed to scholarly research addressing new security challenges and to working with U.S. and foreign governments to implement appropriate policies. The Center is also committed to training the next generation of security specialists through its Interschool Honors Program in International Security Studies and its fellowship programs.

PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS: The European Forum was founded in 1997 to expand interaction with scholars from Europe within the Stanford Institute for International Studies. The Forum initiates and promotes research and teaching at Stanford relating to Europe and frames European activities within the Institute’s priority research themes. The Initiative on Distance Learning (IDL) offers Stanford courses in international security issues to a network of ten partner Russian regional universities located from the Karelian Peninsula to the Russian Far East. To date, the program has offered four courses to roughly 800 undergraduate and graduate students. The Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education (SPICE) serves as a bridge between Stanford University and K-14 schools across the nation and abroad by developing multidisciplinary curriculum materials on international themes. Its curricula and professional development seminars for teachers on contemporary issues reflect Stanford IIS scholarship. Stanford IIS also administers the Stanford Japan Center-Research in Kyoto and the Inter-University Center for Japanese Language Studies in Yokohama. 12

MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR

This past academic year was an eventful one— of the world. Slowly but inexorably, we are both within the Institute and beyond. learning that problems associated with failing On September 1, 2003, the Institute changed and failed states, the proliferation of weapons hands. After five years as director, David of mass destruction, terrorism, environmental Holloway stepped down to return to full-time degradation, and the spread of infectious disease research and teaching. I want to thank David affect all of us in direct and measurable ways. for his outstanding leadership and for leaving The Institute has played—and it will continue the Institute in such excellent shape. In one to play—an important part in bringing us closer capacity or another, David and I have worked to these problems by generating knowledge and closely together for well over a decade. I shall ideas to better inform public discourse and to miss his wisdom, counsel, and sense of humor. assist the policy process. Also on September 1 the Institute changed Two international crises preoccupied much of its name. We are now the Stanford Institute the news media this past year: the war and its for International Studies (Stanford IIS). Our aftermath in Iraq, and North Korea’s nuclear Board of Visitors, among others, urged the brinkmanship. Activities at Stanford IIS reflected modification to underscore the integrated the severity of these challenges to U.S. and nature of our relationship to the University. global security. We are delighted with the change, and hope In October 2002, with war in the Persian you are, as well. Gulf looming, the Institute and the Law School I expect the next four years will be challeng- organized a panel discussion, “Iraq: War or ing on several levels, but I couldn’t ask for a Diplomacy?” Participants included President better group of faculty and a stronger staff with Emeritus and Institute senior fellow, Gerhard whom to work. We are also fortunate to have Casper. During the war itself, the Institute in place a president and a provost who have sponsored several events, including a lively made multidisciplinary research and teaching and well-attended public forum, moderated a key part of the University’s agenda. by David Holloway. In this context, Stanford is poised to launch A public lecture series during Winter Quarter a major new initiative in the area of interna- 2003 examined “Islam and the Rule of Law.” tional studies. The Institute will help to develop Organized jointly by the Institute and the Law and to implement this important undertaking, School, the series drew large crowds, both from which promises to revolutionize the way the campus and the wider community. University thinks and acts in reference to the In February 2003, the Asia-Pacific Research world beyond our borders. For those of us Center (APARC) hosted a large two-day confer- eager to extend Stanford’s global reach, it’s an ence, “North Korea: New Challenges, New exciting time to be a part of this University. Solutions,” organized by professors Gi-Wook The demand for the kind of work Stanford IIS Shin and Daniel Okimoto and Shorenstein does has never been greater. More than two Distinguished Fellow Michael Armacost. years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, The three subsequently published a policy 2001, we continue to struggle to understand brief, “Addressing the North Korea Nuclear their true significance and broader implications. Challenge,” which was distributed widely. Among their other consequences, the attacks At a March 2003 event for the Stanford destroyed the illusion that we, as a society, community in New York City, former secretary could be sympathetic to, but somehow detached of defense William Perry and Professor Shin from, events and developments in other parts discussed the security crisis on the Korean 13

peninsula before a packed house. Perry, the Michael and Barbara Berberian Professor at Stanford and Institute senior fellow, called North Korea’s decision to go public with its nuclear weapons program “a more serious problem than Iraq.” In May 2003, as the Payne Distinguished Lecturer, Sadako Ogata, former UN High Commissioner for Refugees, delivered two lectures on “Humanitarian Action and War.” These thoughtful and well-attended talks covered her own experiences in Iraq and else- where. Humanitarian missions, Ogata argued, should include the “rebuilding of war-torn societies through phases of building security and communal reconciliation.” There is little to suggest that the tempo of events is likely to slow in the coming months ON SEPTEMBER 1, 2003, PROFESSOR COIT D. BLACKER became director of the Stanford and years. If anything, the cascade of crises with Institute for International Studies. He which the United States and the global com- succeeded David Holloway, the Raymond munity must contend seems likely to intensify. A. Spruance Professor of International This reality of a world in constant turmoil History and Professor of Political Science, impacts all institutions, including research director since 1998. universities like Stanford and research centers Blacker first came to Stanford University in 1977. He is an expert on U.S. and Soviet/ like the Stanford Institute for International Russian foreign and security policies Studies. We accept the challenge implicit in this and national and international security new and volatile situation. And we welcome relations. the opportunity to contribute. In 2001, he was awarded the Laurence and Naomi Carpenter Hoagland Prize for undergraduate teaching, and in 2002 he was named the Olivier Nomellini Family University Fellow in Undergraduate Education. Blacker has also served in government. In 1981 and 1982, he was a legislative assistant to Democratic Senator Gary Hart of Colorado. In 1995 and 1996, he served as Coit D. Blacker President Bill Clinton’s special assistant for national security affairs and senior director of Russian, Ukrainian, and Eurasian affairs at the National Security Council. During the 2000 presidential campaign, he advised Vice President Al Gore on foreign policy issues. A native of Santa Monica, Blacker earned advanced degrees in the 1970s from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. 14

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The research proﬁles on the following pages represent the wide range of issues explored at Stanford IIS. They illustrate how the work at the Institute’s research centers seeks practical solutions and policy answers to questions of security, terrorism, corruption, global climate change, technology and healthcare, and education— questions that shape today’s world.

SECURITY & TERRORISM “We can no longer pursue nuclear security in a unilateral manner,” said Scott Sagan, CISAC co-director. “For example, nuclear strategists The Five-Nation Project in the past worried only about the nuclear In December 2002, senior officials and specialists weapons in adversaries’ countries. Today, from five nuclear nations— China, India, however, a terrorist’s theft of a single nuclear Pakistan, Russia, and the United States—met weapon or a supply of nuclear materials in any to discuss and produce joint proposals to country poses a risk for all countries. Experts resolve issues of weapons of mass destruction, need to work together to improve the security the Indo-Pakistani conflict, terrorism and of nuclear weapons in our own countries, in regional cooperation at a Five-Nation Project allied countries, and even in states with whom meeting in Honolulu. they have contentious relations.” The Center for International Security and The Five-Nation Project is organized to yield Cooperation’s (CISAC) Five-Nation Project is one concrete policy-oriented results, but allows of the only forums where senior diplomats, area each of the delegations to test informally the and weapons specialists, and former or active- possibilities for cooperation on new solutions duty military officers from all five key countries to some of the most difficult international meet on a regular basis to discuss some of the security issues. Policy recommendations and most sensitive global security issues. While papers have been translated into different senior officials from China, Russia, and the languages and have been circulated privately United States meet regularly, having Indian and to senior government officials in the capitals Pakistani experts meet together with representa- of each country. tives from the “older” nuclear nations is rare. Future planned workshops will focus on Participants are convinced that the security cooperation in counterterrorism efforts and interests of China, India, Pakistan, the Russian alternative nuclear nonproliferation regimes. Federation, and the United States are interde- “The international terrorist threats we are pendent—none can assure its security alone. now facing carry us beyond local causes and 15

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familiar definitions and give us new incentives Top Officials (TOPOFF-2) for common action,” said John Lewis, director Ten CISAC scientists and social scientists, along of the Five-Nation Project and co-founder of with other Stanford University faculty, evaluated CISAC. the planning and execution of the largest drill In addition to workshops, participants in simulating biological and radiological terrorist the Five-Nation Project come to CISAC for attacks in U.S. history. extensive visits: The May 2003 exercise, TOPOFF-2 (an • K.Shankar Bajpai— who served as India’s acronym for Top Officials), simulated a dirty ambassador to Pakistan, China, and the bomb attack in Seattle, the release of a biological United States—was a CISAC visiting scholar agent in Chicago, and a mass distribution of in 2002. His article “Untangling India and antibiotics. It demonstrated the capabilities of Pakistan” appeared in the May/June 2003 federal, state, and local agencies and officials issue of Foreign Affairs. to respond effectively to a terrorist attack • Rifaat Hussein, who served as Pakistan’s using biological or radiological agents, while minister of information at the Embassy of also exposing several weaknesses in planning Pakistan in Washington, DC, and now is and coordination. chair of the Defense and Strategic Studies CISAC evaluation reports went directly to Department at Quaid-i-Azam University, senior officials in the U.S. Departments of State, completed his book, Afghanistan and 9/11: Justice, and Homeland Security, including The Anatomy of a Conflict, while a visiting Secretary Tom Ridge. scholar in 2002-2003. In a final report to exercise planners and • Senior Colonel Zou Yunhua, of China’s participants, CISAC scholars addressed concerns Commission of Science, Technology, and related to command, control, and information Industry for National Defense, will return flows, balancing short-term demands and long- to CISAC in 2004 as a visiting scholar to term consequences in crisis decision-making, research and write on the danger of radio- the use of atmospheric transport and dispersion logical weapons. (plume) models, risk communication, the use 16

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of the threat-level designation system, and the the collaboration of a number of people at international implications of terrorist attacks CISAC, SIIS, and the Stanford community,” against the United States. said Michael May, former CISAC co-director The report separately considered limitations and the principal investigator on the project. for evaluating response capacities that follow “We, as well as the people we worked with at from artificialities in the exercise. various levels of government, learned a great “Our role as outside evaluators during deal from this experience. Everyone pitched in TOPOFF-2 really tapped into CISAC’s strengths and Dr. Laura Donohue, the project director, as a research community of scientists and provided outstanding leadership. We look for- social scientists,” said Tonya Putnam, CISAC ward to continuing our association with DHS.” fellow and editor of the final report. “Collectively, we were able to offer valuable recommendations for resolving highly technical issues, such as those associated with using multiple plume models during a radiological THE RULE OF LAW emergency, in a way that explicitly factored in the organizational environment in which those recommendations would be implemented. I’m Corruption: Its Consequences not aware of too many research institutions and Cures that could achieve that.” As a university-based research center, the During the exercise, the difficulty of generat- primary purpose of the Center on Democracy, ing technical information about an evolving Development, and the Rule of Law (CDDRL) emergency and presenting it in a form useful is to generate useable knowledge. It seeks to to policymakers and first responders proved refine the understanding of and change the way to be a significant challenge. One key set of we think about how economic development, CISAC recommendations suggested ways for representational forms of governance, and insti- providers of technical information to give local tutionalization of the rule of law interrelate. officials and first responders a better under- During its first year, faculty associated with standing of the type and quality of information CDDRL organized seminars, workshops, and that model diagnostics— such as dispersion conferences on topics such as “The Rise of models of where and how radiological material Hybrid Regimes,” “Public Opinion Research or poisonous gases travel in the air— can in New Democracies,” and “The Movement provide. This, in turn, will enable better “real of Suicide Bombing.” time” decision-making on questions such as The Center also took the lead in creating an whether to advise citizens to evacuate, or “shelter international consortium to coordinate work in place,” in the event of such an emergency. on governance and development with research CISAC evaluators also made numerous groups in Oxford, Paris, and Berlin, among recommendations regarding how the government other cities. can improve its delivery of timely and accurate The conference in January/February 2003 information to the public during terrorist on “Corruption: Its Consequences and Cures” emergencies. dealt with the problem as a constraint on “We were happy to provide help to the growth and legal institutionalization both in government and the Department of Homeland the developing and the “recovering” (post- Security (DHS) in this formative period through communist) worlds. 17

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The goal of the conference was to bring recently appointed chief prosecutor for the together empirical work, much of it at the International Criminal Court. micro-level, with more macro-level research As a result of the corruption conference, generated by political scientists and legal which was organized by CDDRL faculty associ- scholars to explore avenues for future research. ates Thomas Heller (Law) and John McMillan In a real sense, however, the ultimate purpose (Graduate School of Business), a number of of the conference was not academic. Rather, it research initiatives are now under way. Among was to address the policy questions of how them are examinations of the saliency of corruption can be better managed in countries existing anti-corruption drives in Thailand lacking strong administrative capabilities. and Morocco, the persistence of corruption in The conference was one of those rare occa- post-Fujimori Peru, and the susceptibility to sions when genuine communication occurred corruption in the former communist countries across disciplinary boundaries. This was by of Eastern Europe and Eurasia. design, since discussants were assigned from disciplines other than those of the speakers. The conference also encouraged the participants to confront ideas and methodologies outside of their core competencies. The subject of corruption lends itself well to this kind of interdisciplinary cross-fertilization, which augurs well for future collaborations. In addition, the academics learned from the practitioners, who included Gherardo Colombo, Italy’s “Clean Hands Magistrate;” Domingo Cavallo, the former Argentinean economics minister; and Luis Moreno Ocampo, a director of Transparency International, who was 18

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THE ENVIRONMENT end of hibernation—now occur about 5.1 days earlier on average per decade. The average egg-laying date for female Global Warming swallows has advanced by nine days, a phenom- Global climate change—its causes and effects— enon that mirrors other North American studies is a theme that permeates many of the Center confirming higher temperatures and the earlier for Environmental Science and Policy’s (CESP) arrival of spring. research initiatives. In January 2003, Senior In Wisconsin, wild geraniums, columbine, and Fellow Terry L. Root published a report in other species are blooming earlier than before. the journal Nature concluding that global Research in Colorado also showed that marmots warming is already having a significant impact are ending their hibernations about three weeks on hundreds of plant and animal species sooner than they were in the late 1970s. around the world: Other studies confirmed that a variety of • Birds are laying eggs earlier than usual; species— including butterflies and marine • Plants are flowering earlier; and invertebrates—have shifted their ranges north- • Mammals are breaking hibernation sooner. ward as temperatures increased. Measurements Root and her colleagues analyzed 143 scien- taken in Alaska revealed that growth in white tific studies involving a total of 1,473 species spruce trees has been significantly stunted in of animals and plants. Roughly 81 percent of recent years, an expected consequence of a the total number analyzed have undergone rapidly warming climate. biological changes that were consistent with the The study also pointed out that, although scientists’ understanding of how temperature plants and animals have responded to climatic change influences various traits of a variety of changes throughout their evolutionary history, species and populations around the globe. a primary concern for wild species and their Their overall analysis of studies involving ecosystems is the rapid rate of change predicted temperate-zone species revealed that springtime during the next century. Rapid temperature rise events—such as blooming, egg laying, and the combined with other environmental pressures 19

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could easily disrupt the connectedness among devastating in Alaska, where salmon farming species and possibly lead to numerous extinctions. is prohibited and 10 percent of the work- “The problem will be the differential response force is employed in some aspect of the salmon of species,” Root said. “I call it the tearing fishing industry. apart of communities. For example, four types The report noted that Alaska’s share of the of warblers feed on spruce budworm cater- global salmon market declined from 40-50 pillars. But the birds are shifting north. What percent in the early 1980s to less than 20 percent happens when the birds no longer are present in 2000. In response, the Alaskan state govern- in the southern portion of their ranges, and ment recently declared a state of emergency the caterpillar population is no longer kept and offered commercial salmon fishermen a in check?” series of financial relief programs. The study highlights the importance of The study reports that the globalized market increasing our understanding of the responses structure and increasing international compe- of plants and animals to a changing climate. By tition for salmon products often undermine anticipating change, researchers and decision local efforts to protect environmental quality makers can improve management capability and marine resources. Raised in pens built and promote proactive instead of reactive along the shore, farm salmon are particularly conservation measures. susceptible to diseases and parasites, such as sea lice, that can be lethal to wild salmon stocks Salmon Aquaculture that swim nearby. Human modifications of coastal zones world- A more insidious ecological risk to wild wide have increasingly become a focus of salmon actually comes from the escape of farm both ecological and social concern. Over the fish, typically Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). past three years, Julie Wrigley Senior Fellow Escapees are capable of establishing and repro- Rosamond Naylor, and Josh Eagle of the ducing in the wild and competing with wild Stanford Fisheries Policy Project (Stanford Law salmon populations for food and habitat. School) have been analyzing the complex inter- The report also found that open netpen actions between environmental, socioeconomic, aquaculture can threaten other organisms by and policy factors that drive changes in coastal releasing untreated nutrients, chemicals, and land-use patterns within the frameworks of pharmaceuticals into the marine ecosystem. salmon aquaculture and traditional salmon The fishing sector is now on the verge of fisheries in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. major restructuring. In Alaska, plans are Their study, published in the October 2003 currently on the table for new cooperative fishing edition of Environment, reported that the programs and a restructuring of producer- growing popularity of farm-raised salmon has processor relationships. Despite the obvious plunged the commercial fishing industry in environmental and social impacts of salmon the Pacific Northwest and Alaska into a state aquaculture, the United States, Canada, and of crisis. other salmon fishing countries have yet to The research team found that since the late implement and enforce effective measures to 1980s, worldwide production of farm salmon protect coastal ecosystems and communities. has increased fivefold, while the market share Unless some actions are taken on the national of wild-caught salmon from Alaska, British and international level, local communities and Columbia, and Washington State has steadily ecosystems will remain at high risk from the declined. The impact has been particularly expansion of the global aquaculture industry. 20

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of spatial identity: coherence, distinctiveness, and commonality. By these geographic criteria, Indonesia’s identity appeared ambiguous at best. He then turned to history, survey research, and interviews to explore three levels of Indonesian identity. First is a “great tradition”—a dates-and-heroes narrative of independence from Dutch rule taught in schools and commemorated on patriotic holidays. Second is a “little tradition” in which Indonesia’s meaning to its citizens is filtered through the ethnic, religious, and other communities to which they belong. Third is a “personal tradition” of particular ways that an individual citizen has, biographically, experienced Indonesia. Emmerson’s preliminary findings suggest that INDONESIA apocalyptic fears for Indonesia’s near future are overdrawn. Indonesia is not about to break up. At all three levels, national identity is real. APARC Offers Hopeful Perspective But it is also diverse, dynamic, and contested. on a Troubled Country The “great tradition” has been jeopardized by The future of Indonesia, the world’s largest confidence-sapping crises since 1998. Rival archipelagic country, is in doubt. In 1998, its sources of national self-definition include secular economy shrank 13 percent. In 1999, one of democracy and literalist Islam. Especially in the its provinces, East Timor, repudiated it in a cities, endemic corruption has bred cynicism referendum and became independent in 2000. and made simple patriotism seem naïve. But In 2001, Indonesian president Abdurrahman in other places, the benefits of decentralization Wahid was impeached for corruption and are cementing voluntary identification with the incompetence. In 2002, Islamist terrorists killed nation-state. Insofar as “personal traditions” more than 200 people in Bali. In 2003, the can be assessed, Indonesia largely remains an government launched a massive assault on assumed frame within which daily lives are secessionist rebels in Aceh while simultaneously lived. In a democratic context, the new multi- repressing pro-independence sentiment in Papua. plicity of answers to the question of Indonesian These years also saw deadly riots in Jakarta, identity reflects healthy introspection— not communal bloodshed in Maluku and Sulawesi, imminent destruction. and scattered smaller-scale acts of violence by Emmerson’s research on this subject is part of and against the state. APARC’s Southeast Asia Forum, which he also In light of these events, what is Indonesia directs. In October 2003, the Forum (together today? with the U.S.-Indonesia Society and the National Professor Donald Emmerson in the Asia- Bureau of Asian Research) released a report from Pacific Research Center (APARC) began the National Commission on U.S.-Indonesian researching the question “What is Indonesia?” Relations, a distinguished nonpartisan panel on by locating the country on three dimensions which Emmerson serves. 21

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The report concludes that Indonesia is at a critical juncture in its political and economic transition, and argues that the United States should assist in this transition by giving top priority to helping Indonesian education. The Commission also recommended selectively helping to improve democratization, legal reform, and the climate for private investment. “The report has already had a big impact in government,” noted Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia and Pacific Affairs Matthew Daley. “It is no coincidence,” Daley added, “that President Bush’s announcement in Bali emphasized significant assistance to education,” as the Commission recommended. Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chair Richard Lugar also commended the report as “an important point of reference for members network, known as TECH. The project, a of Congress and the public as a whole as collaboration of medical and economics the future course of U.S.-Indonesia relations experts in 16 developed countries, is the first is debated.” research effort to comprehensively examine how different countries’ healthcare systems influence changes in medical technology, and the consequences of these changes for medical costs and outcomes. HEALTHCARE Results from the project, published as a book and in the journal Health Affairs, show that financial incentives and government Technological Change in Medicine regulations significantly impact how quickly around the World: and broadly medical technologies are adopted The Case of Heart Attack Care across countries. The study also confirms The widespread adoption of high-tech medical that medical technology is a significant cause interventions has emerged as one of the most of rising medical costs in all developed significant developments in medical care in countries. countries around the world. Yet little has been The TECH researchers— representing known about how the use of such technologies countries including the United States, Canada, differs among countries, why these differences Israel, Japan, Australia, Germany, England, exist, and what impact they may have on a Singapore, and Sweden—initially focused on country’s healthcare costs and outcomes. heart attack care. They examined how post- To address these questions, Daniel Kessler heart-attack treatment had changed in their and Mark McClellan, affiliates of the Center country over the previous decade, and they for Health Policy/Primary Care and Outcomes reviewed the economic and regulatory incentives Research (CHP/PCOR), developed the of their country’s health system during the Technological Change in Healthcare research 1980s and 1990s. 22

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The researchers found that countries with ANATOMY OF A CURRICULUM stringent reimbursement limits and regulations DEVELOPMENT PROJECT experienced relatively little growth in the use of high-tech heart attack treatments such as Teachers occasionally ask how SPICE— the catheterization, angioplasty, and bypass surgery. Stanford Program on International and Cross- As a result, the use of these treatments Cultural Education—comes up with a specific has varied substantially across countries. For topic or thematic focus for a curriculum unit example, between 1988 and 1994, the use of and how a curriculum is developed. cardiac catheterization increased by more than This is an account of a recently developed 20 percent in the United States, compared with curriculum unit called Security, Civil Liberties, less than 8 percent in the United Kingdom. and Terrorism. Trends in Australia and Israel were similar to the United States, while the use of catheterization Choosing a Topic and angioplasty appears to have increased even When choosing a topic or theme for a curricu- more rapidly in Japan. lum unit, SPICE keeps three questions in mind: The researchers found that the use of (1) Is there teacher and student need for relatively inexpensive “low-tech” treatments curriculum on the topic or theme? (2) Does varied much less among countries, regardless Stanford IIS have scholarly expertise in this of regulations or incentives. Over the past area? and (3) Is there a funding source to help decade, for example, aspirin and beta blocker cover curriculum development costs? use has increased to high levels in virtually all Earlier this year, Dr. Laura Donohue of CISAC of the countries studied. taught a course called “Security, Civil Liberties, Results from the TECH project can help and Terrorism,” through the Stanford IIS policymakers gauge how changes in healthcare Initiative on Distance Learning. The war on regulations and reimbursement (for programs terrorism has become a defining characteristic like Medicare in the United States) might affect of U.S. foreign policy in the early 21st century. the adoption of new medical technologies and Teachers need materials to help their students the cost of care. understand the war on terrorism, which has The TECH network is currently developing also been identified as one of the National a general set of standards for data collection History Standards for U.S. public high school and analysis that can be applied to other history courses. SPICE’s unit, funded by Carnegie illnesses, such as the next planned topic of Corporation of New York and Stanford IIS, investigation: osteoporosis. supports the standard: Analyze why terrorist movements have proliferated and the extent of their impact on politics and society in various countries.

Conceptualizing the Unit Establishing a framework for any curriculum unit is an enormous task. With the help of Stanford IIS faculty advisors, the curriculum writer narrows the topic to a few key objectives and organizes them into a series of lessons. Each lesson is typically composed of at least 23

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they can personally experience the dilemma of balancing respect for civil liberties and effective counterterrorism strategies.

Evaluation Every SPICE unit is reviewed and extensively field tested before it is published. The unit’s content is reviewed for factual accuracy by Stanford IIS and University faculty, as well as scholars from other universities. Middle and high school teachers throughout the United States volunteer to review and field test SPICE units-in-progress. They evaluate the lessons for pedagogical soundness and use the lessons one to two content pieces, with two to three in their classrooms, providing the curriculum individual, small-group, or class activities. For writer with practical suggestions and feedback. Security, Civil Liberties, and Terrorism, SPICE Assessment curriculum writer Greg Francis consulted with Donohue to select six of her 19 lectures to serve Assessment is an essential component of any as the main content pieces of the unit. The curriculum, as it provides the teacher with the lectures, shown to students on CD-ROM, are tools to evaluate student learning and progress. interspersed with class discussions and various SPICE curricula utilize numerous assessment activities that engage students in a challenging strategies evaluating student comprehension, and participatory learning experience. analysis, and critical-thinking skills. In Security, Civil Liberties, and Terrorism, Research and Writing students write chapters for a textbook, editorials Once the content and objectives of the lessons and letters to the editor, essays, and counter- are established, the next step is designing the terrorism legislation; and they present results specific activities, this is often the longest and of group research projects and perform role- most difficult phase of the curriculum develop- playing skits. They also take a pre- and post-test ment process. For this unit, Francis consulted at the beginning and end of the unit to assess with Donohue and the SPICE staff to design their learning gains throughout the course of activities that best reflected the complex lesson the curriculum. content. In one lesson, students are introduced Distribution to the range of counterterrorism measures through a simulation called “Terrorist in Our SPICE curriculum materials are sold to public Midst.” The teacher informs the class that a and private schools all over the world. In addition threat has been made against the class and that to SPICE’s web site (http://spice.stanford.edu) several students in the class have information and annual catalog, teachers and teacher educa- about what may happen. Students then vote tors can learn more about SPICE materials at on a list of counterterrorism measures that, domestic and international conferences. They if enacted, would allow identification of the can also preview or borrow SPICE materials possible “terrorists.” The simulation immerses by visiting any of 16 Dissemination Centers students in a context-appropriate situation so throughout the United States. 24

STANFORD IIS EVENTS

Joint Stanford IIS/Law School Forum on Iraq

CONFERENCES ISLAM AND THE RULE OF LAW QUALITY OF DEMOCRACY

IRAQ: WAR OR DIPLOMACY? Offering both a lecture series This two-day conference in October open to the public and classroom 2003, organized by CDDRL, sought In October 2002, as the probability to explore and advance the growing of a war in Iraq grew larger, the seminars for Stanford students, concern with the quality of democ- Institute and the Law School jointly “Islam and the Rule of Law” racy around the world, discussing organized a panel discussion was organized jointly by the issues of the rule of law, accounta- entitled “Iraq: War or Diplomacy.” Institute and the Law School bility, responsiveness, equality, and Participants included Gerhard during winter quarter 2003. It freedom. The conference looked at Casper, Stanford president emeritus drew the most noted scholars in paired case studies: for example, and senior fellow at Stanford IIS; Islamic law from around the Poland vs. Romania, India vs. Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall, senor country to campus. Pakistan, and Spain vs. Italy. research scholar at CISAC; Law The course was designed by The conference followed two School professor John Barton; and CDDRL’s Erik Jensen, co-director other major conferences and work- history professor Ahmad Dallal. of the Rule of Law Program at the shops by the democracy program The moderator was Law School Law School. in CDDRL. The ﬁrst one, called dean Kathleen Sullivan. NORTH KOREA “The Rise of Hybrid Regimes: WAR IN IRAQ In February 2003, APARC hosted New Challenges for Democratic As war broke out, the Institute host- a large two-day conference, Development,” looked at the tran- ed “War in Iraq: A Public Forum” “North Korea: New Challenges, sitions from communism after the in April 2003, a panel discussion New Solutions” under the leader- fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and moderated by Institute director ship of acting APARC director the second dealt with public opinion David Holloway. The panel consist- Gi-Wook Shin and his colleagues, research in new democracies. ed of Stephen Stedman, acting CISAC Daniel Okimoto and Michael THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF POWER- co-director; Elizabeth Sherwood Armacost. The three subsequently MARKET REFORM Randall, CISAC senior research published a policy brief, “Address- On February 19 and 20, the scholar; Donald Emmerson, Stanford ing the North Korea Nuclear Program on Energy and Sustain- IIS senior fellow; and Abdulkader Challenge,” that was distributed able Development (PESD), which Sinno, a CISAC postdoctoral fellow. widely. is part of the Center for Environ- 25

STANFORD IIS EVENTS

mental Science and Policy (CESP), GLOBAL PHILANTHROPY the problems of protection, resettle- hosted a major conference on “The The World Affairs Council and the ment, and reintegration. Her Political Economy of Power-Market Stanford Institute for International experiences in Iraq, the Balkans, Reform” at Stanford IIS. The con- Studies cosponsored the second and later in Rwanda confirmed her ference invited a high-level group annual conference of the Global belief that in addition to protecting of government officials, corporate Philanthropy Forum at Stanford refugees in the height of the conflict, executives, international experts, University on June 5-6. Leading the humanitarian mission should and academics to discuss the philanthropists, politicians, academ- also include “rebuilding war-torn political, legal, and institutional ics, and successful grant recipients societies through phases of building dimensions of power-market presented on topics ranging from security and communal reconcilia- reform. The conference is part of investing in education to working tion” after the conflict. This belief ongoing studies conducted by PESD in regions of conflict. The purpose served as the basis for a recent into the political economy of of the forum was to inform private- report on human security published electricity-sector reform in five sector donors and foundations of by the Commission on Human major developing countries: Brazil, the many international causes in Security, which she chaired. China, India, Mexico, and South need of support. Africa. First drafts of case studies from each of these five countries Drell Lecturer Payne Lecturers were presented to an expert audi- The 2003 Drell Lecturer, Dr. ence. After the conference, work There were two Visiting Payne Margaret Hamburg, vice president will continue to revise the drafts Distinguished Lecturers during the for biological programs at the into the chapters of a book on the past academic year. Nuclear Threat Initiative in political economy of international In the winter quarter, Walter Washington, DC, spoke on May 29 electric power restructuring, which van Gerven delivered a four-part about “Bioterrorism: A Challenge is scheduled for publication by the series regarding the European to Science and Security” at Kresge end of 2003. Beginning in fall 2003, Union, called “EU: Scandals, Auditorium, Stanford University. the research team will be hosting Reforms, Future.” Bioterrorism, Dr. Hamburg said, seminars in the five countries to Van Gerven is professor of law is an international problem that discuss and disseminate the results at the Leuven Center for a Common must be addressed internationally, of the study. Law of Europe in Belgium. He was with the recent SARS outbreak THE EU, THE US, AND THE WTO vice rector and chairman of the and anthrax cases illustrating the Tim Josling, the convener of the Social Sciences Group of Leuven and importance of advance preparation European Forum, in association president of the Belgian Banking for bioterrorist attack. with the European Union Center Commission. He has also served as The annual Drell Lecture is of California at Scripps College, advocate general of the European sponsored by CISAC. hosted a workshop on “The Court of Justice in Luxembourg EU, the US, and the WTO” on and on a committee of independent February 28 and March 1, 2003. experts to examine fraud, nepotism, The aim of the workshop was to and mismanagement in the conduct an in-depth discussion European Union Commission. about the current state of the In the spring quarter, Sadako WTO, the relationship between Ogata, former United Nations High the EU, US, and the WTO, and the Commissioner for Refugees, gave prospects for a successful Doha two lectures, collectively entitled round of trade negotiations. The “Humanitarian Action and War.” guest list included US and EU Observing firsthand the large- economists, political scientists, scale human displacements resulting and lawyers. from war, Ogata noted specifically 26

OVERVIEW & FINANCIAL REPORT

The Stanford Institute for International Studies’ revenues in the last ﬁscal year were $20 million, of which 86 percent originated from its endowment, foundation grants and contracts, and gifts. This represents a $2 million increase over the previous ﬁscal year. The Institute’s total expenses also increased by $2 million, from $16.4 million to $18.5 million. The Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) remained the Institute’s largest research center with revenues of $5 million and expenses of $4.3 million, up from $4.2 million and $3.9 million, respectively.

fy 03

Revenue by Type

% $ in thousands

10% UNIVERSITY GENERAL FUNDS ...... $2,097

3% UNIVERSITY SPECIAL ALLOCATIONS ...... $685

25% ENDOWMENT ...... $5,038

26% GRANTS & CONTRACTS ...... $5,197

22% GIFTS ...... $4,449

13% AFFILIATES ...... $2,630

100% TOTAL: ...... $20,096

Expenses by Category

% $ in thousands

54% FACULTY, RESEARCH & ADMIN SALARIES & BENEFITS .... $9,972

7% TRAVEL ...... $1,356

14% SEMINARS, LECTURERS, CONFERENCES, EVENTS ...... $2,600

6% EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, SUPPLIES, MAINTENANCE ... $1,187

15% STUDENT AID ...... $2,775

3% INDIRECT COSTS ...... $603

100% TOTAL: ...... $18,493 27

OVERVIEW & FINANCIAL REPORT

fy 03

Revenue by Center

MISC % $ in thousands SPICE 28% SIIS CENTRAL ...... $5,554 SIIS 3% AP SCHOLARS ...... $669

10% APARC ...... $2,038 CISAC 7% BIGGC ...... $1,472

AP Scholars 3% CDDRL ...... $643

13% CESP ...... $2,564 APARC 0% CHP/PCOR ...... $56 CESP BIGGC CDDRL 25% CISAC ...... $5,039

2% SPICE ...... $318

9% MISC ...... $1,743

100% TOTAL: ...... $20,096

Expenses by Center

MISC % $ in thousands SPICE 27% SIIS CENTRAL ...... $4,901 SIIS 0% AP SCHOLARS ...... $91

13% APARC ...... $2,476 CISAC 4% BIGGC ...... $786

6% CDDRL ...... $1,040

APARC CH/PCOR 15% CESP ...... $2,823

1% CHP/PCOR ...... $95 CESP BIGGC CDDRL 23% CISAC ...... $4,276

3% SPICE ...... $519

8% MISC ...... $1,486

100% TOTAL: ...... $18,493

ACRONYM LEGEND: SIIS Central—Stanford Institute for International Studies central administration; AP Scholars—Asia-Pacific Scholars; APARC— Asia-Pacific Research Center; BIGGC—Bechtel Initiative on Global Growth and Change; CDDRL—Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law; CESP—Center for Environmental Science and Policy; CHP/PCOR—Center for Health Policy/Primary Care and Outcomes Research; CISAC—Center for International Security and Cooperation; SPICE—Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education; MISC—Miscellaneous 28

SUPPORTING STANFORD IIS

Supporting Stanford IIS centers— on International Security and Support from Stanford alumni and friends Cooperation, the Asia-Paciﬁc, Environmental greatly enhances the Institute’s capacity to seed Science and Policy, and Health Policy—is wel- new research initiatives and innovative projects. comed, as is support for its curricular initiative, Discretionary gifts enable Stanford IIS to draw the Stanford Program on International and Stanford faculty together to work on multi- Cross-Cultural Education. Gifts directed to two disciplinary approaches to key international of the Institute’s newer efforts—the Initiative on concerns, such as governance challenges facing Distance Learning and the Center on Democracy, the post-communist world and strengthening Development, and the Rule of Law—are high democracy in transitioning societies. priorities, as the Institute seeks to stabilize The Institute receives just 13 percent of its support for its groundbreaking programs. annual budget needs from the University. With Targeted undergraduate gift opportunities another 25 percent coming from the income are featured as priorities within Stanford’s from established endowments, Stanford IIS Campaign for Undergraduate Education. raises 62 percent of its $20 million operating These include CISAC’s Honors Program in budget from individual gifts, corporate gifts and International Security Studies and the Stanford sponsorships, and grants from foundations. IIS Mentored Undergraduate Research Program, Because close to 75 percent of the Institute’s which awards research internships to select revenue is restricted to designated purposes, undergraduate students who wish to pursue a annual unrestricted gifts are essential to the range of international research projects through- director’s ability to respond quickly and out the Institute. appropriately to compelling opportunities. Unrestricted gifts enable the Institute to invite visiting lecturers and scholars, host topical seminars and conferences, and provide graduate fellowship and postdoctoral support. Targeted support for the Institute’s four well-established 29

DONOR PROFILE: FOCUS ON ISLAM

LOLA NASHASHIBI GRACE (’79, A.M. ‘83, M.B.A ’83), who has served on the Stanford IIS Board of Visitors since its inception, has long encouraged the Institute to engage in research and program- matic activities on the Middle East and the world of Islam. Along with her fellow board member the late Najeeb Halaby, she expressed the hope that SIIS would develop a focus on the Islamic world that could contribute to American understanding—particularly of the problems of modernization that are challenging Islamic societies and Muslim communities throughout the world.

The events of September 11 and escalating conflicts in the Middle East catalyzed new interest in Islam. The Stanford community and the public at large increasingly felt the need for information and for a context for understanding the convergence of religion with the social and historical conditions that have given rise to a radically fundamentalist jihad. Together with the Law School, Stanford IIS planned a public lecture series and an accompanying undergraduate seminar course on “Islam and the Rule of Law” for winter quarter 2003, and approached Lola Grace for support. Lola and John Grace’s generous gift permitted the Institute to bring the most noted scholars in Islamic law from around the country to Stanford. With speakers addressing Islamic legal issues of signiﬁcant contemporary interest—women’s rights, criminal law, democracy, violence and tolerance, and economic development—the public lectures drew standing-room-only crowds, and seminar students beneﬁted greatly from the insights of outstanding scholars of Islam. As President John Hennessy recently noted, “Despite its growing importance in the world, Islam is poorly and inadequately understood in our country. To serve our educational mission in the 21st century, we must expand our program in Islamic studies.” Lola Grace’s enduring interest in the Islamic world and her generous response to a timely educational opportunity will have a lasting impact on the Institute and on Stanford University. 30

DONORS

Honor Roll: $1,000,000 AND ABOVE Chang-Kang Liu Lifetime Gifts to the Anonymous donor Wendy McCaw and McCaw Stanford Institute for Elizabeth and Stephen Bechtel, Jr., Foundation International Studies Foundation Madeline Russell and Columbia The generosity of past supporters, Marjorie Kiewit and Peter Kiewit Foundation as well as those new to its donor Foundation Albert and Cicely Wheelon rolls, enables the Stanford Institute George and Ronya Kozmetsky Anne Whitehead and for International Studies to continue and RGK Fund Whitehead Foundation to seek solutions to global chal- Melvin B. and Joan F. Lane lenges through scholarly excellence Joseph Lau FOUNDATION HONOR ROLL: LIFETIME GIVING $1,000,000 AND ABOVE and expanded research and public Chong-Moon Lee Bechtel Foundation policy efforts, and to inform an Takeo Obayashi and Obayashi Carnegie Corporation of expanding audience about its work. Corporation New York The Stanford Institute for Thomas and Shelagh Rohlen Electric Power Research Center International Studies gratefully Walter H. Shorenstein (EPRI) acknowledges those listed below Henri Hiroyuki and Tomoye N. Ford Foundation for their support with gifts totaling Takahashi Richard and Rhoda Goldman $100,000 or more since the J. Fred Weintz, Jr. Fund Institute’s inception. Julie A. Wrigley and Julie Anne Wrigley Foundation William and Flora Hewlett Jerry Yang and Akiko Yamazaki Foundation Larry Yung W. Alton Jones Foundation Korea Foundation $500,000 TO $1,000,000 John D. and Catherine T. Anonymous donor MacArthur Foundation Henry H.L. Fan David and Lucile Packard Reuben and Ingrid Hills Foundation Jeong H. Kim Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Estate of Edmund Littleﬁeld Smith Richardson Foundation Donald L. Lucas Starr Foundation William J. Perry William and Reva B. Tooley

$100,000 TO $500,000 Greyson L. Bryan, Jr. Alan and Lauren Dachs William H. Draper, III William C. Edwards Barbara Finberg Peter A. Flaherty Estate of Tom Ford Barbara Hillman Franklin P. “Pitch” Johnson Raymond Kwok William Landreth The Hon. L.W. “Bill” Lane, Jr. and Mrs. Jean Lane Chien Lee 31

DONORS

The Stanford Institute for Friends of Stanford University David and Lucile Packard International Studies gratefully Foundation Foundation acknowledges the following donors Gifted Learning Institute Ploughshares Fund for their support during the 2002- Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund Lee N. Price 2003 ﬁscal year. Listed below are Lola Nashashibi Grace and John Michael and Davida Rabbino individuals, corporations, and Grace Saiyed Atiq and Noreen T. Raza foundations whose contributions Nina Lucine Hachigian and Ann and Kanwal Rekhi were received and recorded Joe Day Jesse Thomas and Melinda B. between September 1, 2002 and Philip W. and Maurine Shores Rogers August 31, 2003. Halperin Gordon Russell Robert M. and Ruth L. Halperin John and Margaret Sagan Anonymous (3) John R. Harvey and Sarah Foundation Asim and Isha Butt Abdullah Mendelson San Jose Mercury News Air Staff Ofﬁce Larry E. and Amber Spinning Sato Foundation Julia Foster Alexander Henninger George F. Schnack Jamsheed and Goli Yazdi Ameri William and Flora Hewlett Walter H. Shorenstein Foundation American India Foundation Foundation Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Myrtle L. Atkinson Foundation Japan-U.S. Friendship Smith Richardson Foundation Anne R. and Gregory M. Avis Commission Ronald P. Spogli Felicity Barringer Robert Trent and Claiborne S. Starr Foundation John M. Bates Jones, Jr. Martha Suzuki Bechtel Foundation Marjorie Kiewit and Peter Kiewit Tomoye N. Takahashi Elizabeth and Stephen Bechtel, Jr., Foundation James P. and Emily F. Thurber, Jr. Foundation J. Burke Knapp Tong Yang Business Group Estate of Bernice Brown Korea Development Institute William and Reva B. Tooley Kathleen Brown and Van Gordon Korea International Trade Union Bank of California Sauter Association Foundation Greyson L. Bryan, Jr. Korean Consulate General Emmanuel P. Vlazakis and Paula Carnegie Corporation of Wynnette LaBrosse, Agora C. Ametjian New York Foundation J. Fred Weintz, Jr. Mark Chandler and Chris Kenrick The Hon. L.W. “Bill” Lane, Jr. Anne Whitehead and Chele Upton Chiavacci and Mrs. Jean Lane Whitehead Foundation Zia Chishti Melvin B. and Joan F. Lane Winslow Foundation Lewis and Susan Coleman Laural Foundation Julie A. Wrigley and Julie Anne Commonwealth Fund Gilman G. Louie and Amy K. Wrigley Foundation Compton Foundation Chan YCY Foundation Simone and Tench Coxe Sean Lynden Crescent Foundation John D. and Catherine T. Willametta K. Day Foundation MacArthur Foundation Dong-A Ilbo Daily Jung-I Ian Mak Electric Power Research Institute Joseph M. and Elizabeth Mandato David D. and Arline L. Elliott, III Kimberly Zisk Marten Barbara Finberg Gordon and Betty Moore Peter A. Flaherty Foundation Ford Foundation New Strategy Institute of Korea Celeste Volz Ford, Thomas M. and Victoria O’Gara Stellar Solutions Foundation Foundation Freeman Foundation Rasoul M. and Afsaneh Oskouy 32