Memoirs Oe Tiie Geological Survey

MEMOIRS OE TIIE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

SPECIAL R EPORTS ON THE MINER AL

_4 RESO URCES OF GREAT BRITAIN.

— L XX II . VO . V COPPER OR ES

COR NWALL AND DEVON

D H ENRY EWEY.

’ P BLIS E B OR DER OF T‘I E’ LOR DS COMMI SSIONER S OF H IS MAJESTY S R S U H D Y T EA U R Y.

L O N D O N PR INTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF H IS MAJESTY ’S S A I N FFI T T O ERY O CE .

To b e pur c h ased from 12 1 and 14 L N A E E S ANF D LTD . 3 G CR LON D N 2 . O W . C. T OR , , , , , O , , ; A L D 8 K J T . 6 AN O ER E ET D N B H W . . . NS N ST I R G OH TO , , , H V R , E U ; LTD D I I o . 20 N AS A TR EET and G F GG S C . HO ES , , , , S U S , 1 18 FR E D ER I C TR E ET D LI N 7 , K S , U B ; or from any Agent for th e sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or thr ro th e D AL ough any Bookseller ; f m IR ECTOR GENER . R DN AN CE S R E S U TH A MP T N O U V Y , O O .

MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL S RVEY U .

SPECIAL R EPO RTS ON THE MINERAL

RESO URCES OF GREAT BR ITAIN.

X — PP R L X I I . C R VO . V O E O ES

COR NW ALL AN D DEVON

D HENRY EWEY .

’ PUBLISH ED BY OR DER OF TH E LOR DS COMMI SSIONER S OF H IS MAJESTY S TR EASU R Y.

L O N D O N PRINTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF H IS MAJESTY’S A I I ST T ON ERY OFF CE .

To b e purchased from

. S AN D E N D N Z F L D 12 1 and 14 L N G ACR L O. T . 3 W . E T OR , , , , , O , O O , ;

. A K . J L 8 AN ER TR E E T D I NB R GH . NS N TD . 6 S W OH TO , , , H OV , E U ; DG FI GGI L 2 N A SSA STR E E T and S S Co . TD . HO E , , , 0 , U , 1 7 1 FR E D E R I C TR E ET D BL IN 8 K S , U ; , or fr om any Agent for th e sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or h o an oo se le ro th e DI C G N AL t r ugh y B k l r ; f m RE TOR E ER ,

R DN AN CE S R E S TH AM T N . O U V Y , OU P O

1 923 .

Price 28 . 6d. N et. PR EFA E C .

The history of mining for c opper - ore in Cornwall and Devon no to o o m e goes back doubt a rem te peri d , but the ti of greatest th e n n activity was about middle of last ce tury , whe this district took a prominent place am ong th e c opp er - producing districts of o in n e in e n o and the w rld . S ce the the d cl e has b en co tinu us in n th e o n e to ﬁ rece t years utput has dwi dl d a very small gure . There is reason to believe that many of th e fam ous old mines are

and o - o n to practically exhausted , c pper res have te ded become b - o of n for tin y pr ducts mini g and tungsten ores .

n n o e ne o Much has bee writte ab ut thes mi s , th ugh the n n o n n ot of ' l or n ﬁ i formatio is fte a very detai ed scie ti c character , and in th is volume the prin cipal facts concerning the m have n o o e c an bee br ught together , with statistics of utput wher these o n n m o n n o n be btai ed . O ly the more i p rta t mi es or gr ups of mi es h e e e n on n of n ave r c iv d special atte ti , but as the umber mi es which produced only small supplies or were worked for a sh ort perio d nl is and n o n o n n o y very great , the i f rmatio ab ut them ofte sca ty , n o attempt has been mad e to describe every min e which has n yielded copper in Cornwall a d Devon . D h as In order to bring the information up to date Mr . ewey visited every active mine and man y of those recently aband oned r n ur n to n or of hi sto i c imp orta ce . O tha ks are due the prese t n y and n l mine ma agers for their courtes assista ce . Fu l use has been made of the published accounts of mining in Cornwall and D n and e en e to n o in on evo , r fer c the pri cipal s urces of formati o n and will be found in the text and fo otnotes . S me of the pla s sections of min es h ave alread y appeared in Geological Survey Memoir s ; the statistics have been brought up to date as far as A is n n on d n d t in p ossible . l t of the pla s of aba d e mi es eposi ed en n n A n the Min es Departm t is give in a ppe dix .

o th e - n h m i and C pies of six i c geological aps , publ shed n sh d on in l of o u publi e , may be c sulted the ibrary the Ge logical L n n S . urvey , o do

OH . L ETT J N S F ,

Director . O ﬁ Geological Survey f ce , 28 n , Jermy Street , I L n n S .W . . o do , 2 4th n 1 9 3 . Ja uary , CONTENTS .

PR E FA CE BY TH E D I R E CT OR

- R D I CH AP TE R I . I TR O U CT ON

ine l a c on n c o e . 1 . D u o o f th e M ra s th t tai pp r , p istrib ti n

O e . 1 . a c e o f th e o e O e . 3 . H o r s , p Ch ra t rs C pp r r s , p ist ry,

. 9 7 . S . . p tatisti cs , p

P E - D E T I N E CH A T R I I . AIL S OF TH E M S — I . Th e St . us D c . 1 2 1 7 . I I . Th e m o e R e r u J t istri t , pp Ca b rn , d th —41 S c o e Di r c . 1 7 . and rri r st i ts , pp

— A IL H E I N E S n ed CH AP TE R I I I . D E T S OF T M (conti u )

— ‘ 42 4 . I . 1 1 1 . Th e St . A u e ll D c . 5 V Th e a on st istri t , pp C rad — 4 4 . . D c . 6 5 Th e E a o nw ll and D evon istri t , pp V st C r a — 1 — 4 . . Th e u l D . 1 2 D c . 5 6 VI S o o o c 6 6 istri t , pp th M t n istri t , pp

AP P E N D IX Plan s of A band o n e d Mines ; L ist o f pu blishe d six - inc h G eologic al m aps of C o rnwall

I N D E X

ID ( 78 01 941 6 Wt 24550—8 7 50 8 123 lu d‘ S I LL USTR ATI ONS .

E T X T FI GU R E S . PA GE — 1 . L evan t Min e L o ngitu din al se c ti on S h eW ing levels and workings — 2 . L evan t Min e . W orkings in Main (or North ) L o d e — 3 . D olc oath Min e . Trans verse s ec ti o n — ’ 4. Wh eal S eto n . S ec ti o n at Ti lly s Shaft — 5 . Wh e al S eto n . S e c ti o n at th e Bu ll Shaft — 6 . Co ns olidate d Mine — 7 . W e P o ldic e e n W o o st Min , U ity d — r 8 . T esavean Min e — 9 . Cons olidate d Min es — 1 0 r Cliﬁ or d Am algam ated Mines — 1 1 . Fowey Cons ols Min e . — l 1 2 Ph oenix Min es . L ongitu din a sec tiOn o f the MainL o de — 1 3 D evo n Great Cons ols . Cr o ss sec ti ons of lodes

PL A TE S .

- e l f m ac I . Graph sh wing yi e d o c o pp er fro Cornish ores f ing — 11 Map shewin g di stri c ts in Co rnwall W here c opper - o res have ee e ac in 3 b n rais d . f g — m e II I o f th e n c l lOdes and mi e the o n Map pri ipa n s in Ca b r , R edru th and S c o rri er distri c ts “ — “ . f h e L e 1V D olc oath Min e . S ec ti o n o t Main o d COPPER OR ES OF COR NWALL AND DEVON

A I CH PTER .

I D I NTRO UCT ON .

L H A ON TA I O E MIN E R A S T T C N C PP R .

‘ ’ o e o r in n e in th e n e or C pp r ccu s atur ativ . metallic state , an in th e o of e o e on e and o d also f rm sulphid s , xid s , carb at s ther Th e nam es and o o on of in o e c omp o unds . c mp siti the pr cipal r s

’ of o and n e of on ne in th em are c pper , the perce tag metal c tai d , given in the fo llowing table : Metalli c copper o e i e o n e Chalc cit , redruth t , c pper gla c

- r 7 9 8 or vitreous copper o e Cq . Cu .

- - 66 5 Cove llite or indig o copper ore CuS . e o ni or h orseﬂesh ore Gu F e S Erub scite , b r te 3 3 o o e or Chalc pyrite , c pp r pyrites ,

- F e o r Cu . yellow c opper e Sz i r F eS in n Cupr ferous py ites z , carry g small qua ti e of e ti s copp r . A u e e or on z rite , ch ssylit blue carb ate H e OnCO Cu . of c opp r ( 3 ) 2 (O 2 ) Malachite or green carb onate of CuCO Cu H 62 o e O . . c pp r 3 , z Cu

f o e u 7 ° 5 Melac oni te or black oxide o c pp r C O. 9 8

8 - Cu . 8 8 Cuprite or red zO Gu iO 2H 3 6 Chryso colla S 3 20 .

3Cu 2As 48 - n S S . 3 E argite 2 , z 3 Formerly many of these minerals were raised in Cornwall and

D e on in en e th e n ore won w th e tin - ore v , but rec t y ars pri cipal ith has b een chalc opyrite .

DI TR I B TI ON OF TH E R E S S U O .

Dur in g the early part of the 1 9th centur y m ore than half of ’ th e world s o utput of c opper - ores was c ontributed by Co rnwall and D e on o e one e o v , but the richest c pp r z was p ass d thr ugh as I n th e ne e e ene and th e o e l e n e . mi s wer de p d , utput st adi y d cli d

1 840 rich dep o sits ofc opper - o re s were discovered in S outh Am e rica and e in e o and n e o n aft rwards M xic the U it d States , but the am u t of copper - ore raised in Cornwall and Devon increased until 1 8 60

H I 1 941 6 A 3 2 COPPER OR ES :

and en l o - r th fel rapidly . The pr portion of copper o e c ontributed ’ - n n and e to n n ﬁ n to day by E gla d Wal s the world s output is i sig i ca t . P e I and a on 9— 1 1 d e lat , the t bles pp . show the stea y decr ase n 1 860 and n k n si ce , as the mi es are wor i g each year at deeper th e o is not ik to n levels utput l ely be i creased .

In o n and D on nin - C r wall , ev there are several mi g districts

o - o n i in ll n and o where c pper res are bei g ra sed sma qua tities , s me others where there are no active min es ; but the assemblage of m n not m me i erals is everywhere the sa e . For rly rich grey ore was

n in . an d o d . A an k mi ed St Just , Breage St ustell ; red blac xides and blue and green carb onates in the Caradon district ; great cin dery cour ses with rich gossans in Gwennap ; and siliceous ore in i 4 on . all of o Tav stock ; but , as described p , these res were b ab l e e n o pm y d riv d origi ally fr m chalcopyrite .

e - o i on not n in Copp r res , despite their wide d stributi , are fou d o n n and o in or all the C r ish mi es , , although they ccur habitually n th e n do not o o of o ear gra ite masses , ccur over the wh le th se areas . are e n n There several productiv areas , each ear a gra ite mass , i are n o P e I I n l wh ch i dicated n lat by the umera s I to V . The o i in of in P n m st westerly of these l es the parish St . Just e with ’ and en to n n of L n End n adj ac t the wester margi the a d s gra ite , L n is o m o n n il n o o where eva t the m st i p rta t mi e , wh e a ther gr up ,

in of . I e o n s to no t . the parish St v s , is f u d a few mile the r h The sec ond district includes all the principal active mines and m ost of th ose that have produced th e largest quantities of ores in the e n and past . Th y are situated arou d the Carn Brea granite include o P oo Tresavean D olc oath Tinc roft and South Cr fty , East l , , , In n f Grenville . the adj oini g parish o Gwenn ap the Great Con solidate d Gro up was formerly th e chief producer of copp er - ore s and o n nn o , alth ugh all the mi es are idle , the district ca t be regarded e e Th e to n in as xhaust d . same remark applies the mi es the of o n and on nn D o n parish Cr wa the Bi er w s .

D I i n II . A n istrict , St ustell , y elded u til rece tly a small output

of e - r l copp r o e from th e S outh Po gooth min e . The rich lodes of F owey Con sols are largely stoped away and the min es long since n n aba do ed .

District IV consists of the mines in the s outh - east of the Bodmin Moor granite and in cludes the Caradon group ; these

mines are inactive and the chance of their re - openi ng is c onsidered o to be rem te .

Th e e o in on D o n Ki t ll and ar a ab ut H gst w , Hi Tavistock is n in D V D n on o i cluded istrict , where the evo Great C s ls still o d of o o e ore an l o n e . pr duces s m , a s a few to s precipitated c pp r Smaller quantities of c opper - ores have been raised at is olated o o i ne n and ne l calities , such as C pper H ll ar Okehampto some mi s n o n in D on i e r n ear South M lto North ev sh re , but th se requi e o ly on so n a brief descripti . There were al umerous small producers in orn and D n hi i and r C wall evo , w ch the l mits of space thei relative n insigniﬁ c anc e render unnecessary to e umerate .

h whent eon: i= Ces sn a v carrieda goodgoes : I n 15 fathom helmm 0 .

k r ‘ ills rew ét inUz

andt hewhole is(m g I N TR OD CTI ON U .

OR I GIN A N D IOD E OF O CCUR R E N C E O F COR N W AL L A N D D E N VO .

As th e c h arac tc r f th e o res is not speciﬁed of c opp er mining in mation relating tc detailed re cords c 1 9th centur y sh c IV (1 ) the upperm o s t ) 1' zone of sulphide enric h me Hand (3 ) th e m ost abun dant or i and always r th e ello vore of py ites , y the o e m e s oated masses , s m ti with or crust , when the ore is de srib ed as peacock ’ o o sm or on - carried a g od g ir hat , 1 50 b elow vh ich th e fathoms , came b red o e assin down wards n o xid s , p g i t de scribes th e c h arater of th e lodes killas respectively 1 the yield c oppe r ore in ganite surface t usu it does in slate : as t Tre n s so 1 s is ot always o f (. ugary) or so but op ens in small irrgular masses w Large luantities of and the whole Is ofte smeared with coating of earthy blc k c opper ore m entioned sub stanm vitreous copper w a r when they contain seld om productive in sch o rl contain (gossan ) of a pale l minerals are m Ob tl tions is generally small quantities of these succeeded s ; ﬂuor i : o c asio nally mixed with d U nit Wood Wh eat Devonsh ire etc , y ,

E CH AR AC E R S OF TH E COPP R O R ES .

C o rnwall the o ne of e nrichme nt yielde d

o e - ore in uantit e l t e of it us c pp r q y, but v ry it l

1 Gd l 1 4 T a n . l v r s R o . . S o C o rn w l vo . 8 3 y c . a , , , 1 9416

4 COPPE R OR E S :

L n e o on ore 1~ at eva t wh re it f rmerly c stituted the principal . Cha c oc ite e o o on en n is deriv d fr m chalc pyrite by sec dary richme t , n of 46 n of o with a gai per ce t metallic c pper . Sec ondary enrichm ent is a natural process that has been observed at practically all workable dep osits throughout the o w rld . The original ores are leached by circulating atmospheric waters whi ch become concentrated and dep o sit c opper in favour e l o n abl places e sewhere . The c pper is dissolved ln regio s where sulphate s or chlorides o ccur and precipitated from these acid waters by reactions upon th e un derlying sulphi des where oxygen e hi o to n is exclud d . T s pr cess leads a vertical z o al distribution of o th e and on n or n res , oxides carb ates lyi g in the upper oxidisi g e and o o o n o lay rs the res of more c mmercial imp rta ce , chalc cite , o n and o th e b r ite chalc pyrite in deeper parts of the mine . The phenomen a of secondary enr ichment c an often be observed in o i e en o n to n p l shed sp cim s , where chalc pyrite is see have bee on e n o o n o n n o and o li in o c vert d i t b r ite , b r ite i t covellite , c vel te t 1 e n chalcocite . Thes phe om ena have been observed at the gre at in Ar n I n o ne z on Mon n e o a d Pe . c pper mi s i a , ta a , M xic , Chili ru m ost of these dep osits the superfi cial alteration of copper pyrites n e on n and in fin e yields ma y s c dary mi erals a fairly de ite ord r , n e l ili on e and o e the ative m tal , su phates , s cates , carb at s xid s . Continued action of cir culating waters has sometim es carried the o e on o n n o of on en m n and xidis d z e d w wards i t that sec dary rich e t , less fre quently parts may have escaped se c ondary enrichment nd o n a f rm ker els of inferior material in a richer matrix . Similar phenomena were observed during the time that the on o of n e ne L o n e e n Carad gr up mi s , ar iskeard , C r wall , w r bei g o e At o on n th e th e o on n w rk d . S uth Carad , ear surface , l des c tai ed on e on e e i much lim ite with m lac it , cuprite , malachit , chessyl te and n o i e th e o o i o n ative c pper , wh l at l wer levels chalc pyr te , b r ite and o e e e r e n on e n chalc cit mad th i app ara ce , with c siderabl qua tities 2 of o e and fluors ar chl rit p .

The characters of the country - rocks that are the most favour able for the developm ent of copp er - ores have b een observed from the early days of min in g and are described in some detail by 3 All en o in o and o n . H w od his classic w rk , by thers si ce his time th e authors agree that whe re a lode cro sse s ro cks of differen t n n en n e in on characters its mi eral c o t ts cha g . The pr cipal variati of this kind is where a lode bears cassiterite while in th e granite I n n e of and c opp er ores when it enters slate or greenstone . sta c s t h n e are n o n o n th e n e his c a g k w ar u d all gra ite mass s , but it is n o t an n e e for th e e e o n in e i variabl rul , r v rse was f u d the lod s at Vor I t o e n r all e n n ot Wheal . has als b e obse ved that s dime ts are e qually susceptible to th e ac tion of emanations that produce

- o een o n n in n c opp er ores in lod es . Th se which have b f u d duri g m i g

1 ’ e mm e E r c m e o f O re D e o . B ull. 625 U S . e W . H . E o Th S ns , n i h nt p sits ( 1 1 7 Geo l. 9 . ’ 2 lli W e f E l M R e o 1 9 1 2 . 253 . H . C e o J . o ns , Th st ng and ining gi n , , p

l 1 84 . l oc o wall . v 3 . Geo S C rn vo Tram R oy. . . , , IN D I 5 TR O UCT ON . operation s to be the most productive are certain argillaceo us slates which accompany th e red or variegated slate s of the (Gwennap) district and which have a ﬁne grain and a blue - grey ” 1 2 n o k l o of c olour . Car e rec rds that the i las was m st productive o —o in all n of and o c pper res cases whe it was light blue colour s ft , 3 while Hunt states that a clay - slate (killas) of a pale greyish lo n in o hi and and yel w hue , passi g t a dull w te , here there marked e n th e nae in n b twee lami with a few bluish spots , with ter al lamellar r in of o o n o n e structu e , but a state dec mp sitio , acc mpa i s the richer p ortions of the copper lodes of Cornwall when they pass th ro ugh it into a deep blue quartz or killas the mineral dep osits ” en I t either dwindle gradually away or sudd ly disappear . was also observed that copper lodes were frequently enr iched in the ne o n ighb urhood of elva dykes . I t appears that where lodes li e in igneous rocks the principal ‘ o - r It r c pper o e is the vitreo us variety . was obse ved by Henwo od to in n one L n and o ine occur the gree st at eva t , Botallack ther m s d in P o n and in . an n Trenwith St Just , the r vide ce mi es Wheal ,

I . I n o n in n St . ves the great pr duci g m es betwee Camb orn e and e and o e o k Vor and Trannac k R druth als at Gr at W r , Wheal Wheal , — vitreous copper ore o ccurred more frequently in the gran ite than in th e l i l Tresavean f o ki las . S mi arly at the lode a f rds large quantitie s of copp er pyr ites in the granite but very little in the e and in th e ne o r oo o of slat , same ighb u h d the l des Wheal Jewel and East Wheal Damsel produced vitreo us copper - ore only where

e n e n . At nn k l o is in th y e t r the gra ite Gu isla e a s , which granite , the vitreous and black c opper - ores were almo st the only minerals ined m .

n 5 n o e o e k e Hu t t s s m remar s made by the lat Capt . Charles “ Thomas on the alignment of the min eral z ones in Cornwall and If in e due n D n . n b e a n o evo a ce tral l , mag etic east , dr w fr m St . on to i o and and two o e Just Tav st ck Exeter , th r parallel lines n one n and th e o o n n a be draw , orth ther s uth of this ce tral li e , nd e n o o n on of e e i six mil s dista t fr m it , f rmi g a z e tw lve mil s nbreadth this z one will b e foun d to enclo se nearly all th e productive mines ” in two c orm ties of tin o . , lead , or c pper the The great n n on o not o o n on mi i g z e d es f ll w the gra ite , but c tinues in the i e on n n n n d r cti of a right a gle to the prese t mag etic curre t . A nd en in on of e on n wh ever , that directi , the great beds s c dary gra ite ,

o - n n n ki c mpact clay slate , gree sto e with gra ular llas and elvan n o of o courses are fou d , there the greatest dep sits c pper have been found .

In the secondary granite and quartzose micaceo us clay - slate ne on o of tin in arest the backb e , are the great dep sits ; granite

1 ’ D e la Bec e R e . Ge olo of Co r w ll De vo H . T . h , p gy , d W e S o m e r e t n a n an st s t,

9 . 335 . 1 83 , p 2 l 2 Ge o wa ll v . iii 1 o ol S c . C orn o 8 8 . Tr ans . R y . , , 3 M i 1 884 . 203 . Br itish in ng, , p

- i 1 90 1 2 . c t. . 9 0 p . , pp 5 ’ M 1 8 84 . 19 9 200 202 . British ining, , pp , and 6 COPPE R OR E S : a little further removed as well as in green

n and k - o e ki n e n o and sto e , compact dar col ur d llas ear lva c urses , in i o o and ki l n nul b e un l ght c l ured white l as whe gra ar , will fo d o c pper . The following are some of the fe atures of the productive n : and n n gra ite fracture rough irregular , very j oi ty , freque tly on n n n n and l e e c tai i g hor ble de ch orit , is traversed by irr gularly o e n u f rm d elva co rses . That primitive granite contains n o metalli c ores of value that tin ores are found n earest to it ” and of n n or n to in . copper ores value ever it , very ear it The comp osition of lodes in different rocks was thoroughly 1 n e n wh o e n e i v stigated by He wood , stat s the ge eral law se ms to b e that a change of rock is characterised by an instant and c orre sp onding alteration in both the metalliferous and e arthy n I n mi erals of the lodes . the St . Just district vitreous o —ore o L evant Bota llac k Wh eal Cock and in o c pper ccurs at , , , m st of its mines worked in the greenston e ; whilst tin ore is the only of hi are in n e produce all those w ch wholly the gra it . I n I o ore and o the St . ves district vitreous c pper c pp er pyrites l o n li n o n Wh eal Trenwith are a m st the o ly metal c mi erals f u d at , P rovidenc e M ines and o o in n n and , thers w rked the gree sto e , slate o s n on tin f rmation ; whil t in gra ite ly ore is found . The w n and o n in o n and G i ear Cr wa district is chieﬂy the slate f rmatio , copper pyrite s is the product of the min es in that rock At Gr eat Wor k in e on of Wh eatBrea e , the H lst district , the passage g lode from granite to slate i s attended by the instant disappearance n e i o tin on n . On n of the ore it c tai d the f rmer the other ha d , Wheal Vor in e ne o o at , the sam ighbourh od , the lode is pr ductive ”

tin in and o e e o in ni t e . of ore slate , bec m s utt rly w rthless gra ’ In Dolcoath Cook s - Kitch en Tincro t and Cairn Brea , , f , the M ines lodes in n in n on n o tin ore , the the gra ite ge eral c tai m re n do in and e en o of o and h tha they slate , fr qu tly m re vitre us , eart y black copper ores als o

I A o - un in o e n the St . ustell district c pper ores abo d the schist s e o P embr oke E ast Crinnis and F owe Consols b ut slat r cks at , , y ; in o of P ol ooth Ch arles the quartz se slate g , the micaceous slate of to wn M ines and h o ni h n o , t r ughout the gra tic tract of t at eighb ur o tin o e on o n h od , r s ly are f u d

l n e o - ore o in n Sma l qua titi s of vitre us copper ccur the gra ite , n n on i n L evant and o ear its j u cti with the slate , s me u and in i i on and i e n in . other mi es St J st ; s m lar situati s , m x d

n n a I . with native copper a d c opper pyrites e r St . ves At Gr eat Work and in Wh eal Vor a little black copp er - ore o ccurs n and Wh ea l Trewavas and Wh eat Trannack in the gra ite ; at ,

n n o r o o o - ore and o i the same eighb u h od , vitre us c pper c pper pyrites n I n n n have b een plentiful in gra ite . the gra ite of the Cambor e n n n of o ore e district , ear the j u ctio the slate , vitre us copper mix d ’ o at Dolcoath Cook s Kitc h en with c opper pyrites has ccurred , ,

Tinc roft and the Cairn Brea M ines .

1 1 189 9 . ci t. . 0 0 p . , pp , I TR OD CTI O 7 N U N .

In Tresavean the lo de affords enormous quantities of c opper in n e n e o o n n n pyrites the gra it , but is exceedi gly d teri rated e teri g the slate ; a similar fact presented itself in the adj oining mine of P enstrutha I n th e r o des o h eatJewel t. same neighbou ho d the lo f W and E ast Wh eal D amsel have produced copper pyrites whils t in

S o and o - o onl n n late , but vitre us black c pper res y whe they e ter the A d n . t nni in n e i o an gra ite Gu slake , which is gra it v tre us o o e li black c pper r s are alm o st the only metal c mineral . At B otallack one of the lodes passes no less than thr ee different o i n o e and n in ni times fr m gran te i t slat , at every cha ge , the gra te tin o on e it yields res ly , but wh rever it traverses the slate its ” 1 l o r metal ic pr duce is who lly vitreo us copper o e . I n the minerali se d area around Carn Brea there have been oun two of o e n e l e to no f d series l d s , which u d r ie respectiv ly the rth and to the s outh and differ the one from the other in their mineral on n o i e c te ts . Th se wh ch underlie to the north are characteris d by n n f i e o e u i e o e o . the abu da c m x d s lph d r s (chalc pyrite , pyrites , etc ) in ass ociation with arsenide (mispickel) and tungstate s (wolfram and i in n un scheel te) , but are less rich cassiterite tha those der n o in . e on on are oo lyi g s uth The latt r the c trary p r sulphides , n e a d n e r n ne o e n arse id n tu gstates . Th i ga gue mi rals als pr se t o o o r n o e u n gr up characters , quartz with sch rl ccu ri g m r freq e tly in no - n il n n the rth dippi g lodes , wh e those dippi g south co sist of o e e ﬁ uors ar A o and o on un . n chl rit , p ach ccasi al b ches of p m g the lode s which underlie north and c ontain the sulphide - arsenide n e e n on L o tu gstat assemblag may be me ti ed , the South de , the Gre at L ode and th e Rogers L ode at East Po ol the North Tinc roft L ode and th e North Tinc roft South L ode at S o uth o and o Tinc r ft Lo e Tinc roft Cr fty the N rth o d at .

R HI STO Y .

De la Beche gives a sh ort acc oun t of the history of copper 2 o e o e nn n mining in Cornwall and Dev n . Pr vi us to the b gi i g of n en o o e n the eightee th c tury c pper res w re but little u derstood , but ab o ut 1 7 1 8 s ome adventurers from Bristol taught the Cor nish men e a d o e e of ni n n and the valu n the pr p r m thod mi g , dressi g e n o in ore o e e n t sm lti g the res . The pr cipal was c pp r pyrit s , the ex o n ore and o e e in imp rta ce the grey the black xid r spectively, l a e on red o and n whi e the blue nd gre n carb ates , the xide the ative 3 an m etal were never of much mining importance . Pryce gives account of the copper - ores sold in Cornwall from 1 72 6 to 1 77 5

i n o oun e in o to n . clusive ; th“e t tal am t d that peri d to s De la Beche compiled a list of the produce of copper mines 1 7 7 1 and 1 83 8 o n 1 7 90 be tween the years , mitti g the years to “ ns u 1 7 93 ; it amo unted to to . He says tho gh it would appear that c opper was raised in De von early in the last

1 — 4 2 4. R o eol o orn wall vol. v 1 8 3 . 1 9 19 Trans . y. G . S c . C , , , pp 1 ‘ — e l w D e vo W e S om e se 1 839 . 5 90 608 . R pt. Ge o . Corn all. n and st r t, , pp 3 ’ l i is I o uc o . xv. Minera ogia Cornub ens , ntr d ti n , p 1 c i t. . 6 . Op . , p 06 8 COPPE R OR E S :

n not n o n ce tury , it was u til the c mme cement of the present ” 1 n o ne in n e o n ce tury that the c pper mi s that cou ty becam imp rta t . He gives a table showing the ore and metal raised chieﬂy fr om min es near Tavistock between 1 80 1 and 1 837 it am ounted to on of and on of o t s ore t s metal . Fr m these data he deduced that the produce of the ores varied from ab out 8 2 to per cent and to have been frequently from 9 to 10 per n f . o l o e ce t metal ic c pp r . At the famo us copper mines known as Devon Gre at Consols o o on not n 1 844 o i seri us perati s were started u til . Fr m that t me un til 1 903 th e sales amoun ted to over fo ur million p ounds in 2 A li sterl g . ttle previous to this tim e th e group of rich lodes 3 on n o e Th e fe of of at Carad had bee disc ver d . li the West ' 4 England copper mines was calculated by Hunt for a period of 30 en 3 5 ne e 20 e 40 n e for 1 0 e years wh mi s last d y ars , mi s y ars , 3 1 n for 5 and 1 14 e n 5 e mi es years , last d less tha y ars . The number of mines yieldin g copper has steadily decre ased from 90 in 1 863 to 3 in 1 9 1 8 in o 40 on and e produc g ver t s , sev ral o l o D u n 1 0 n e 1 9 1 7 thers with smal er utputs . ri g years e d d n l 42 n o on of ore to er e . Of C r wal produced t s , equal p c t the o o for n n n t tal utput E gla d a d Wale s . The widths of the c opper lode s in Cornwall and Devon were 5 n n th e o o . e oo o o e n i vestigated by W J . H w d , fr m wh se r sults f ll wi g table is c ompiled

Ave rage L o des L o des width less than m ore than L o de in L o des in o f th e D istri c ts s l . 1 00 fathoms 1 00 fathoms granite . s ate c opp er

deep . deep . and tin

lo des .

M e an 2 9 6

Thes e are from single e xamples only .

1 608 . c it. . 0 . , p p ’ 1 ll s Th e W e o f E l Mi i R e o 1 9 12 . 265 . J . H . Co in , st ng and n ng gi n, , p ’ 1 G H i o r o f Mi i n th e C o L s e D c W e bb eac h , st y ning arad n and i k ard istri t ,

o 2ud c d . 1 8 63 . 1 . 8 vo . L ond n , , , p ’ 1 B r M . 83 itish ining , p 0 , 5 4 T le CI . G C orn wall v l. v 1 8 3 o eo l. S oc . o Tram . R y. , , , ab D I 9 IN TR O UCT ON .

On the wh ole the lodes whi ch o ccur in the gran ite are smalle r o in e n of o n than th se the slate , the m a width the f rmer bei g 1 en oo o o n feet an d of the latter fe et . H w d als f u d 2 82 o 1 1 7 n o 90 o and that of l des dipped rth , dipped s uth , the nd n D In th e . a rest in other directions . St Just Gwi ear istricts o di o e o o in the maj rity p s uth , wher as the pp site is the case the

o n and e n no . Camb r e Redruth area , wh re a large perce tage dip rth 309 o 1 62 e o n Of lodes bserved , dipp d t wards the mai body of and 1 1 1 o e n n the nearest granite away fr m it , the r mai der bei g r o o o n and perpendicular or doubtful . Th ugh ut C r wall the west ° D on e n of th e o o 70 o of ev , the m a dip l des may be ab ut fr m the n 2 horizo .

The maps referred to in the following pages are deposited in f th e o o and erm n the Library o Ge l gical Survey Museum , J y

M of th e - n I and c an on . W . S . Street , , be c sulted there ost six i ch un i of th e li in maps are publ shed , but a list pub shed maps is pr ted 9 I n e en of o n 6 . on p . the adv rtisem t a list mem irs deali g with 74 the resource s of other minerals will be found (pp .

of o re o o n o 1 854to 1 9 1 7 Output in tons C pper O fr m C r wall fr m , o 1 892 with Copper Pre cipitate fr m .

om le om th e ne l S c 1 8 54to 1 8 8 1 th e H om e (C pi d fr Mi ra tatisti s , Ofﬁc e R etur ns and fro m th e Co rnish Cham be r o f ne Y e o o Mi s ar B k ,

1 i 241 . c t. . 0 p . , p 2 247 T le I 0 . c it. . CI . p , p , and ab 1 0 COPPE R OR E S :

Output in tons of Copper - Ore and Copper from Parishes of o n l 1 8 1 5 to 1 905 C r wa l from . m m u 4. S r of o es for m eol r A I I . . 1 3 1 9 06 M e . G . S a a a y Pr gr s ( ) , pp . , p

St . A gnes

St . A u stell

S t . Blazey

St . Breward

St . Cleer

S t . E rth

St . E we

St . H ilary

St . I ve w e G in ar S t . I ves

Illogan St . Jus t

K ea St . Mewan

Kenwyn St . Neo t

L anive t St . Stephen in L anlivery Brann el

Lin kinh o rn e St . W inn ow L u dgvan Sith n ey L u xuli an S ou th H ill Marazi o n Sto ke Clims lan d Newlyn T owe dnac k No rth H ill Tywardr eath Pau l U ny L elant Perranu thno e W adebridge P e rranzabulo e W arleggon Ph i llac k W endr on R edru th Zenno r

- 1 1 7 Output in tons of Copper Ore from D evon from 1 854to 9 .

om le om th e e l S c 1 8 54to 1 88 1 and th e (C pi d fr Min ra tatisti s , ,

H om e ﬁ c e R e ur 1 8 8 2 o w . Of t ns , n ards )

1 2

CHAPTER II .

D AIL F MI ET S O THE NES .

1 TH E . D T . ST I R I S JU ST CT .

Th e o e o n o n o o hl pr ductiv gr u d f rms a arr w strip , r ug y parallel o e n n for n of of with the c ast , ext di g a dista ce upwards fo ur

- mile s . The c ountry rock c onsists of grani te and the adjacent in e n e o o e S e and en on n t s ly metam rph s d lat s gre st es . There are ma y imp ortant lodes and som e other bodies of indeﬁn ite form kn own o oo D n th e e of l cally as ﬂ rs . uri g tim formation of th e lodes there

e e e e - o n hi o - ﬁllin w re succ ssiv arth m veme ts , w ch br ke up the lode g n o o o e o of n on hi re i t breccia , f ll wed by p ri ds mi eralisati w ch n e th e en At L e n ceme t d fragm ts . va t cassiterite acts as the n L ceme t . arge crystals of cassiterite are there seen whi ch were broken up int o angular fragments and afte rwards recemente d n e o f n e with um r us small crystals o cassiterite . Take as a whol th e o - ore of t on of o e c pper the S . Just district c sists chalc cit rather t n o e ha chalc pyrit .

L E A N I N T EI ST . ST . V M , JU (A ctive )

L e n o no of o l and Shafts at va t , ab ut half a mile rth B tal ack f two miles n orth o St . Just Church .

El a s - One - n N ew e ie n n e and eo o 35 1 p i ch S r s Ord a c G l gical ,

- 7 n o n 6 S W . Six i ch C r wall , ’ ’ M o r Th e o o of L n s E nd 5 6 8 6 em i . 9 3 95 Ge l gy a d , pp , , , .

I n the existing sett the following min es are embraced z— Wheal S earn and S earn on S earn o o e ni and p p C sols , p M r , Wh al U ty

- L evant ; only the last n amed mine is n ow w orkin g .

The co untry - rock c onsists of killas and greenstone meta Th e n e e to th e m orph osed by grani te . gra it ris s surface at the 1 7 5 n e . n Trezis Shaft (Fig l ) , is at fthms depth at the E gi e Shaft , 2 nd n o 200 th e S S . a fthms at kip haft (Fig ) , steadily falli g t wards

2 6 - f o th e 3 . o the west , is j ust bel w fthm level west the Skip Shaft . o e n ot n for th e n e e in e The sl p is eve , gra it ris s larg hummocks ,

- l e o and b etween th e 1 80 and th e 2 10 fthm . ev ls it actually ver

- 5 th e r . A e 3 . e o hangs . dit l vel is fthms b l w su face L 1 are ou ri n e on So . There f r p cipal lod s , but ly the uth ode (Figs n f L e n o e and 2 ) and th e Pri ce o Wales od are bei g w rk d . The ° 2 n d e of L . 7 IV e S . an Princ Wales ode bears N , u d rlies , carries an abundance of arsenical pyrites and a g ood deal of chalco

- t th e o L At th e 300 . e e n e . pyrite . fthm l v l it u i s with S uth ode The S outh Lode is now the principal lode in th e mine and m o st 1 3 COR NW AL L .

th e o n on in of res are bei g raised from it . Eastwards it is c t uous ° 4 n e i 0 . t L I t o . W of h e o . with part Old Bal de c urses N , u d rl es

- o m e a d n n o . s uth from surface down to the 230 fth . lev l n the rth

- In f 27 8 m . parts o its course it is nearly vertical . The fth level has been driven seawards for a distance of over 850 fthms .

W af f a‘ h o au

o i i ec o . n M n L n ud na win lev L va t i e. t l s ti n ske e F I G . 1 e g g ls nd or k n s a w i g .

K I L LA S

S c al e o f f ath o m

F I G . 2 . L n n n M n or r n Worki s i ai N o L o . eva t M i e. g ( th ) de

o L o e o e for o - o e The S uth d is the m st productiv c pper r s , but has

e lk of e o th e 27 8 - u . e e it yi lded the b th m bel w fthm l v l , where has o I n l 1 9 1 8 tin o e an n n n . d a rtherly u derlie Ju y , , c pp r arse ical ores were b e ing min ed at th e 3 1 4 the 32 6 the 33 8 and the 350 o n to of fthm . levels ; all in w rki gs that lie the west the New ine Submar Shaft . East of that shaft m o st of the ore con sists of cassiterite and

e - very littl c opper ore is raised . o L o L and o L n The N rth de , Old Bal ode , S uth ode , u ite at a n of 35 n and 3 1 5 dista ce fthms . east of the New Submari e Shaft , h f . o th e ft ms west coast . The S outh L ode in its upper parts con tains large quantities

e and o n a o and o - o of arthy red br w h ematite , yell w grey c pper res ’ and n in n e or . I cassiterite leaders , vei l ts squats its deeper parts 1 4 COPPE R OR E S :

a e n there is less h ematite , but a mor i timate association of cassi te rite and o of I n . of , quartz res copper some the deep workings and e l 338 - . o and c in special y at the fthm level , chalc pyrite a nam on - colo ured garnet are closely intermixed to form a rock ‘ in n 1 described by the m ers as spelter . He wood records the distri b ution ore o n to 1 40 I n of the d w the fthm . level . the upper levels was e on ore o o there much arthy red ir , with s me Vitreous c pper

r A - - o e . t 94 o e r the fthm . vitreous c pp r o e in creased in quantity

and e n e of th e 1 44- greatly there w re large qua titi s it at fthm . s level . The characteristic of th e lodes of thi min e is th eir intense ly and hl sili c iﬁed hi S n hard hig y walls , w ch require pecial mea s of o n o e - ore n ow o st pi g . Most c pp r c mes from W est of th e New n and e tin o n i o 500 m Submari e Shaft ; the b st gr u d l es ab ut fth s .

of n 278 - n e 5 - west the coast betwee the fthm . a d th 3 0 fthm . levels . i The North L ode lies next to the South ; it meets and cuts o th e o L o e s of and n ot acr ss S uth ode , but bec m s poor we t it was ° ° o o It o r o 2 8 and n i 20 f ll wed . c u ses ab ut W . N . u derl es at

. in n oo h as n on o e in S The lode the gra ite is p r , but bee l g w rk d

en on or r on - ll 200 - e the gre st e i ki as , where , at the fthm . l vel , the chalc opyr ite is associated with garnets . The Sh op Lode c o urses north and south and underlies to the It c on nl of n and o west . sists mai y limo ite quartz , with vitre us

o - r c pper o e at depth . L n and o e o The Old Bal ode hades orth at c urs s fr m N . ° ° 30 2 In th e old 3 . W . to N . W part of the mine it was the n o not e n o k Its mai l de , but seawards it has b e much w r ed . o n o e of th e o L o e s uther branch bec m s part S uth d . The min e has been worked for a distance of I i mile s from th e A o o of th e c oast and down to a depth of 3 60 fthms . lth ugh m st e n e sea n k dr in l vels are u d r the the mi e is remar ably y, but the h t 1 o o n air o n 9 . l west w rki gs the is , the temperature bei g F The min e is worked by many submarin e levels and two sub ri and n n S n ma ne shafts , the E gi e haft which is situated ear the

ed f f Th e old S n l 220 . ge o the cli fs . ubmari e Shaft ies about fthms

nd 2 10 - o n to from the Engin e Shaft a is sunk from the fthm . level d w

- 2 2 n i o 00 . the 30 fthm . The New Submari e Shaft l es ab ut fthms n nn 260— hm th e 350 f urther to th e west a d co ects the ft . with h n o th e ft m . level . The levels exte d westwards fr m New Sub marine Sh aft for a distan ce of ab out 500 fthm s . M ost of the productive ground in Levant lies in the green st o ne and the killas c ountry and the lodes bec ome imp overished th Th e lo are n o in o on n in e granite . des arr w c mparis with ma y o e in o n on n of n e in n th rs C r wall , but c tai a variety mi rals , cludi g b n on of n ismuth , bismuthi ite , carb ate bismuth , malachite , ative o and en e of on on e Oth ite c pper silver , fahlerz , ars iat ir , arag it , g , n n e e h i gar et , gypsum , ativ silver , scheelit , tetra edr te , cuprite , 2 cassiterite and mispickel .

1 wa ll vo l. v 1 4 T le I X . G . orn l. S oc C 8 3 R o . eo Trans . y , , , ab ’ 1 9 l. 1 07 . L E n d D c M em . Geo Th e Geo logy o f th e and s istri t ( , pp

- 1 08 1 09 . R N W AL L 1 5 CO .

I n treating the mixed ores by calcination the sulphur elimin

ate d is in part recovered in ﬂue - tank s and made into sulphuric

- n on on . acid , used for precipitati g copper scrap ir The o utput in recent years has been about 1 25 tons of rough

- copper ore and 45 tons of copper precipitate per annum . The

precipitate averages ab o ut 60 of metallic copper . to of or Th e yield of copper averages from 5 to 6 lbs . per n e

- oo of e are n e . treated , but a g d deal the larg r pieces ha d pick d The o utput between 1 820 and 1 841 and from 1 845 to 1 905 o n on ore n n li am u ted to t s of , yieldi g to s of metal c

copper .

MI N E T ST . OTA LL AC S . B K , JU

(I dle . )

n no Shafts at Botallack early a mile rth of St . Just Chur ch n tow .

M a s —One - n e n n and o 35 1 p i ch New S ries Ord a ce Ge logical ,

- 6 n o n 7 S W . Six i ch C r wall ,

’ ’ E d 9 95— 8 Jlf emoir o of L n n . 3 9 The Geol gy a d s , pp , , 1 02

n k n M n Truth well The sett i cludes Wheal Coc , the Crow s i e , ,

Carn orth Owles and l . y , Wheal Botal ack

n - o k n o n n n The cou try r c is gra ite . verlai west of the E gi e Shaft by metam orphosed greenston e or iron - killas and a narrow strip of alte red slate . The lodes have been worked un der the sea for a distance of ne 60 k and on ne arly 0 yards . They were remar ably rich c tai d a great variety of minerals and often presented un usual modes of u n o n l in occ rre ce . The cuprifer us mi era s cluded vitreous

o - and r - ore n c pper ore , atacamite , black pu ple copper , blue carbo ate o n e o hl and of c pper , malachite , ativ c pper , cuprite , fa erz , copper p y rites . The prin cipal lode is the Narrow or Crowns L ode ; it varies in 1 2 th e e o e width from 2 to fe et ; oth r l d s are small . The bearin gs

f iff r en n n o - e o o . the l des d er , but thei g eral tre d is rth w sterly I n workin g the mines the richest zones were followed and as these o ccur n ear the j unction of the grani te with the killas and en on o k n ne e and in i on gre st e , the w r i gs deepe d s awards a d recti n parallel with th e surface of the gra ite . Botallack has been worked to a depth of 240 fthms ; Carn 1 2 o 2 6 s i yorth to a depth of 3 fthms . bel w adit ( fthm ) ; wh le k in 1 7 7 8 1 0 at Wheal Coo the workin gs were over 0 fthms . deep

and far out beneath the sea . of on o n n o The statistics producti fr m these mi es are i c mplete , 1 o n to o li n - ore 1 8 1 5 but acc rdi g J . H . C l s the copper sales from to 1 5 6 8 amoun ted to tons .

1 ’ Th e e f E l M R e o 19 12 . 42 1 . W st o ng and ining gi n, , p 1 6 COPPE R OR E S :

ME LL AN EA R I N E ST . R TH M , E .

(I dle . ) Th e shafts are situated ab out gmile south of Hayle station

— - M a s One n e n n and o 35 1 p i ch New S ries Ord a ce Geol gical , V - n o l 69 n N . V . Six i ch C r wal , ’ ’ M emoir o of L n End 9 8 1 1 3 1 2 8 1 4 . 3 . The Ge logy a d s , pp , , , The country - ro ck consists of L ower Palaeozoic slates and n on o an n n no sa dst e (the Myl r Series) ; with elva dippi g rth . There are two lodes known re spectively as the Main L ode and L o o e . o o . . and n the N rth d They b th c urse E N E . u derlie

N . N . W . at a high angle . They are c ontin uous with the lodes o th e Al M e n . o on n w rked at fred i s The l des c tai ed copper pyrites , n n d o on an oo e n n . iro pyrites , s me ti st e a g d d al of zi c ble de Th e ne e n o to a of 1 0 and mi has b e w rked depth 0 fthms . was o e o n in 1 889 cl s d d w . Th e o utput from 1 8 66 to 1 8 88 amounted to tons o f

o e - or e and on of e 1 8 1 5 c pp r t s metallic copp r . Between and 1 8 64th e neighb o uring Wheal Alfred and Alfred Consols had an o of on of o - r utput t s c pper o e .

a d D a The St . Erth n Gwinear istrict c overs n area of ab out e n n een and God twelve square mil s , lyi g mai ly betw Hayle the l hin n n o . e e o e n of p gra ite Ther are ma y disus d c pp r mi es , which e o b ut few wo k to a s veral were large pr ducers , were r ed e n 2 It n gr ater d epth tha ab out 00 fthms . has bee essentially o ore e e in n a c pper district , but the was always d velop d bu ches

n Th o un - and patche s and ot in c ontin uo us lodes . e c try rock c onsists chieﬂy of clay—slate with dykes of e lvan and masses of greenstone and is characte rised in places by its highly brecciated 1 n I n h n n in o e of c onditio . t e Gwi e ar Co sols M e sm o th pebbl s granite of several p ounds in weight were met with in th e lode 1 ene and n t o 00 fthms . b ath the surface early hree miles fr m the ” 2 e nt o o e en l in an - no granit c ou ry . The l des c urs g eral y east rth i e on e to th e o n e D o n east d r cti , but som s uth of Gwi ar w s are a d e As not n n e e k nearly e ast n w st . it is ge erally co sid r d li ely e ne o to o en o in e that the de per mi s w uld pay re p , the foll w g tabl of th e n n of n o e pri cipal mi es these districts is give with ut d tails , 3 which c an be obtain ed from the undermentioned publications . ine o o of n ' 9 000 n of ore M s with a t tal utput less tha , to s are omitte d . n th D o n e Th e output from all the mi e s in e St . Just istrict am u t d

- o to tons of c oppe r ore and tons of c opper . Fr m n nd o th e districts of Gwi ear a St . Hilary the utput was

1 T o m M inin F ields 1 8 67 . C. h as , g , 2 l ra . R Geol. S oc l W . R un e l in T ns o . . 9 it S ee o W . Th o mas, 0 7 . c . a s d y

ii 1 8 65 . 7 a ll v l. v 3 C orn w , o , , p ’ 1 lli O e v o on th e W e o f E l M n R e o Trans . J . H . Co b i g d g g , ns , s r at ns st n an ini i n ’ G i 1 1 2 Th e Geo lo of th e L E nd wa ll v l. x v 9 l oc . C orn o eo . S R oy . , , , and gy and s

Geol. S ara 19 07 . Dis tric t (M am. ) ,

1 8 C OPPE R OR E S :

hi and n o of n th e t s area i clude such gr ups mi es as Basset , the e n R oskear Condurrow th e Poldic e S to , the , the , Buller , the , th e lff Am Poo Peevor n th e Tol us C i ord algamated , the l , U ited , g , o Tre av a Tinc r ft and D olc f s e n o oath . e o the Cr fty , , The s ries “ lodes worked in these mines occur b oth in the granite and in the o o e to Th e on of th e metam rph s d rocks adj acent it . distributi ores b oth in depth and laterally has already b een described on

6 A Tr n - d n . . t esavea o o n i p , c pper res are still bei g raise fair n and o no l th e i o e qua tities fr m ab rmal depths , whi e mp verish d o and f n e z ne the z one o cassiterite beneath it have b oth b ee prov d . I A l o n the St . gnes area the mines are a m st exclusively tin n on o n - o Po mi es , but pr ceedi g south westwards t wards rth o n o o o of o tin and o e T wa the l des bec me pr ductive b th c pp r , while at P ort-h Towan they were practically worked only for copper ore o in e en o n e . The l des this district hav a g eral s utherly u d rlie ° f n and a of 20 o o . A n average strike E . N . N rth St g es is situated

- P n e n n o for o ore . Wheal rude c , a mi e pri cipally wr ught c pper The lodes may be regarded as belonging to th e se rie s worked t a d e L e in n o in P S . G o n the erran e rge Wh al eisur m es at Perra p rth , ° 1 2 e o v n on . 1 9 0 . on ik n . N str i g E Bey d the r c rd of output , gi e p t ne but very little has been publis hed ab o u these mi s .

T E A R T OE T E OR GE A N D DR OS KY N OOD OR N S . G F U , P G , E R R A N ZA B L OE P U .

n e li a The shafts are situated ar C gg Head .

— e - n n n and G o o 346 M ap s On i ch New Series Ord a ce e l gical , ’

- 4 n o n 8 N . W . Six i ch C r wall ,

- l o n r of k an The country rock c onsists a m st e ti ely illas , but h e elvan traverse s t sett . L The Main Lode bran ches into the North and S outh odes .

B oth lodes underlie north .

Drosk n M n P n o - 10 At the y i e , erra p rth , the adit level is at

d . and o o n 40 . o a fthm s . the l west w rki gs at fthms bel w the it o and L e M n At the Great St . Ge rge Wheal isure i es there are ° d in o Lo . 5 . an three lodes . The S uth de bears E N varies width 4 — o 36 6 . from two to ﬁ ve feet . Fr m the to the fthm level the lode ° 30 to It on o n r on - un derlies S . c sists of earthy br w i ore , black and vitreous copper - ore and iron and c opper pyrites with quartz . ’ Calloway s Lode bears east and west and is from one to two — h 2 6 to 46 . n de . o t e and a half ft . wi Fr m the fthm levels it u der ° ° 45 to 60 and on n n ri and lies N . c tai s copper pyrites , iro py tes

- t wi r and eo ore . quar z , th pu ple vitr us copper ’ ° 4° 50 ° 20 N . n o rnic k s L . Ke ode bears E , u derlies s uth to It n s in . and varies from half a foot to twelve ft . width co si ts

- n of t o k and o e , quar z , c pper pyrites , blac vitre us copp r ore iro

n n e - pyrite s and zi c ble d . The output of copper ores from these 1 n 9 . mines is given o p .

1 1906 Ali te r in Th e Ge olo o f ew u M a m. Geol. S um , , D . A . M ac s gy N qay ( )

1 2 . pp . 9 , 9 COR W AL L 1 9 N .

R D E N E H E A L T AGN E S C S . . P U , W ,

(I dle . ) Th e shafts are situated on the c oast ab out one and a half

- of Trevaun anc e o miles north east C ve .

M a s —One - n n n and o o 346 p i ch New Series Ord a ce Ge l gical , — 4 n o n l 7 S E . Six i ch C r wal ,

The c ountry - ro ck consists of killas with an elvan in the lower f ne workings o the mi . n o o of n n There are ma y l des , m st them bei g early vertical . Henwood 1 gives the following particulars of the North L ode — the S outh L ode and the Caunter Lode The North L ode c ourses ° 5 and in wi o 6 n to 2 . o E 3 N . varies dth fr m i ches ft . Fr m ° - m un 80 to 1 10 . o 1 0 the the fth level the derlie varies fr m N . to on of d n . an ri N The lode c sists quartz , slate , copper iro py tes n and some blende a d cassiterite . °

30 . o th e 47 The South L ode c ourses E . N Fr m to the 1 1 0

o n ﬁ e n - fthm . level the l de u derlies south from v to twe ty two d 1 10 I an in . t n degrees , varies width from AJ to ft co sists of n i n and o e n quartz , fragme ts of slate , ro c pper pyrit s with ble de

and some cassiterite . ° °

n L . 20 S . o 5 The Cau ter ode courses E , dips south fr m to ° 1 n n It 0 and is one foot to eightee i ches in width . c onsists

of quartz with copper pyrites .

F or o see . utput , below

A n and P lo n L M ne in . n ot n ist of i s St g es erra zabu e , i cluded in o n o o n the foreg i g pages , with t tal utputs exceedi g tons of copper - ore

Ou t Q u p“ Six - inc h In ions In

. D Parish ate . o e on I ’ C pp r t s Ci rapéu. or e . Cop

p er .

— A e 5 N . E . h arles W h eal St . n 6 2 2 C , g s 85 1 8 1 1 834 — lo e Wh eal St . A ne 5 6 N . E . 1 82 1 Char tt , g s 0 85 6 eo e Gre at St . G rg — k e nz 48 . and D r os yn P rra abuloe N W . 1 8 1 5 1 840 Great Wh eal 48 — e W . L eisur e P rranz abuloe N . 1 832 1 83 61 1 852— 1 853] — 4 . L e ur e W e l e n uloe 8 N W . 1 829 1 832 is , h a P rra zab 1 1 84 0 . f 4 — e r W . 2 e W e l uloe 8 N . 50 1 834 1 P rran , h a P r anzab 842 Perran and Gre at — W . Wh eal L eisur e Pe rran zabuloe 48 N . 1 45 1 8 54 1 855 — eo e e n uloe 48 N . W . 1 845 1 86 Pe rran S t . G rg P rra zab 0 — o 4 . 250 1 85 1 Pe rran Unite d Perranzabul e 8 N W . 3 85 7 — A E . 0 82 1 Pru de nc e St . gnes 47 S 40 1 1 865

W . 435 R e e l e n uloe 48 . os , Wh a P rra zab N 1 — A 6 N . E . 8 1 5 1 8 e l St . ne 5 35 Towan , W h a g s E 4 — S A ne 5 6 N . . 1 8 8 1 869 Tywarnh ayle t . g s

’ 1 ll e D f w ll D evo Trans R o Ge l e M e ou e o o C . . o On th ta if r s p sits o rn a and n , y . l 1 4 le L S oc . C ornwa ll vo . v 8 3 T . , , , ab XXX 20 COPPE R OR E S :

D OL COA TH IN E A M B R E M , C O N . A ( ctive .

Shafts at Dolc oath ﬁve - sixths of a mile north - east of Camb orne on stati .

M a s — One - in n n and o p ch New Series Ord a ce Geol gical ,

3 52 : Six - n o n 63 S W . i ch C r wall , l 3 a d P I l The sett (Fig . n late V) c omprises the o d mines of ’ e e D nk n n S P on and Wh al Harri t , u i s Garde , tray ark , Wheal G s D olc oath Th e . mine has been worked for over one and a half en e I n 1 5 4 4 . 7 8 8 8 in 1 82 2 0 s c turi s it was fthms . deep , , fthm , in 1 8 68 340 l n m 5 4 s of 0 . , fthm , whi e at the prese t ti e a depth fthms

o e n Th e ou n - o on of bel w adit has b en attai ed . c try r ck c sists o o d e a d n o e o in ni I metam rph se slat n sa dst n verly g gra te . n the t n of n e th e e e of 1 1 0 eas er part the mi granit lies at a d pth fthms . e o th e in n e n to b l w surface , while the wester part the d pth i creases 2 60 . e o n k e i n fthms Th re are als several elva dy es , esp cially the o o k n of n l wer w r i gs the mi e .

F D o 3 . lc oath M ine Tran r io IG . . sve se sec t n .

n ode M n Lo I t The pri cipal l is the ai de . is vertical to the

8 - t 1 25 - 0 m . e n o th nd . e fth lev l , the ce the fthm level u erlie is ° ° o 6 to 7 o e en th e 125 and 2 1 6 - fr m s uth , while b twe the fthm .

1 Th ese se c tions have b een drawn u p from th ose p ublish e d b y th e Dolc o ath

Company . l En ine S O d g klaﬁ .

S ra Pa rk S h af t y t.

Id Do lc o at h S h .

illas S h aft

S Ma n Engine h .

Harrie tts S h aft

' Dunkins Garde n S h aft

Ne w S ump S h aft

Ne w Eas t S h aft.

Eas t e r n S h aft

W ALL 2 1 COR N .

° ° it is about 1 5 s outh ; it in cre ases to 44 south at the bottom of n e in n o 3 to 1 2 I t the mi e . The lod varies thick ess fr m feet . had a ﬁne gossan and was exceedin gly ri c h in copper - ore down to th 1 5 - t 1 90 - e 0 m . . o o o e fth level Fr m this level the fthm . b th copp r and tin - o 1 90 - o - e ores ccurred , but below the fthm . c pper ore b came

e o o o e - ore rar (Plate IV) . This l de was als very rich in c pp r do n 1 24- in on ne w to the fthm . level the Stray Park secti of the mi . ’ 20 ° L n . to Harriett s ode has a beari g of E N . down the

1 80 - o l n to . fthm . leve , but bel w that level it gradually cha ges E ° 40 In th e ea e n of n n e M n N . st r part the mi e it u it s with the ai L o a d of o —ore e o I t de n there large quantities c pper wer f und . h ad and no - ore o 1 10 - a poor gossan yielded copper ab ve the fthm .

1 0 - o wn to 8 . o n level , but do the fthm go d values were btai ed .

° n 5 and The North (or Valley) Cau ter underlies S . varies o 6 1 At n n in . n o o fr m to 0 ft . width its j u cti with the S uth E tral L Th e o o u 60 in wi . n no o de it is p to ft . dth lode c tained e rm us

n - ore e n 20 and 1 - qua tities of copper b twee the the 30 fthm .

oo o . levels , but was p r bel w that depth The S outh Entral L ode is Situated on the north of the Main L n It n i o ode a d courses nearly parallel with it . u derl es s uth

1 - and to 3 in . o ore e at varies from ft . ft . width C pper occurr d

5 - n e L o from adit d own to the 0 fthm . level . The Cau t r de breaks ° ° ff 4 nd un e 1 5 o o th e M n L o . . a fr m ai de , bears E S d rlies l t on In o h o e . south . width it varies fr m a a f ft it was very

in o - ore o o n to 80 - e for rich c pper fr m adit d w the fthm . lev l a 1 n f 5 . of M L dista ce o 0 fthms east the ain ode .

The copper - ores were locally associated in this min e with o e of ni o ni and and e m h r s ura um , c balt , ckel bismuth som ti es wit silver .

U ntil recent times small quantities of c opp er - ore we re being and n in e n of th e ne e een th e raised , mai ly the east r parts mi b tw

1 2 - 6 n th e 0 . e 0 a d fthm lev ls . The mi ne plan s and sections (Plate IV) show that the

o - o n ot onﬁ n d l in on c pper res are c e to the kil as , but occur a z e roughly parallel with the surface and in b oth the killas and the f ne 1 9 e o n e o i o b o 0 . gra ite . The bas th s z lies at a ut fthms b l w the surface . Re c ords of output previous to 1 8 1 5 are un trustworthy and 1 n ar n l those si ce that date e ofte imperfe ct . Phi lips states that e n th e e 1 8 1 5 and 1 85 6 on of ore on n n b twee y ars , t s c tai i g on of e l o e e b y l e n t s m tal ic c pp r wer s old pub ic tick ti g . Copper ~ ore am ounting to tons was sold from th e Stray

Park Mine .

S n 1 90 6 o h as een as o lo — ln 1 90 7 1 5 o n i ce the utput b f l ws , t s ; n 9 1 7 Th e e e 1 90 8 1 7 2 o n 1 909 8 8 o and 1 0 3 on . e , t s ; , t s ; , t s r s rv s are held to b e small .

1 M M ll ’ A . ll D l n o R e c o o f n e u J . Phi ips , and J . ar i gt n , rds i ing and ta rgy ,

on 1 8 5 7 . (S p , 22 COPPE R OR E S ‘

TH E ETON I N E S A M BOR N E S M , C .

(I dle . )

o of ne n o to Poo This gr up mi s i cludes fr m east west the Old l , o o o R oskear o R osk ear N rth Wheal Cr fty , N rth , S uth , Wheal

n S on and S on . Seto , West Wheal et New et

M a s — One - n e n n e and e o o 352 p i ch New Seri s Ord a c G l gical ,

- in n 6 and S W . o 3 N . W . Six ch C r wall ,

The c ountry - rock c onsists of metamorphosed killas penetrated by dykes of elvan and Sills of greenstone . Th e principal sour ce of ore in this group was th e Great Wheal on L o hi for of o r no n t Set de , w ch part its c u se was k w as the Grea n e 4 a d At o o th e o n Cau t r (Figs . n N rth Cr fty l de was k own ’ R e L o ; n and and n as e ve s de it bears early du‘e east west u der i o In lies north from one in three to one n f ur . P ool an elvan Al intersects the lode at vario us levels . though rich dep osits

o e - ore e o n in o n n e n e of c pp r wer f u d gr u d lyi g above the lva , v ry 1 70 — i At th e . l ttle occurred below it . fthm level cassiterite

and on i n o n to 200 - appeared in quantity c t ued d w the fthm . where work was discontinued .

F I G 4. Whea t on S et . F I G . W l on 5 . hea S et . , ’ S ec ti on T at ill s S ha t. S ec tion at he B u ll a y f t S h ft.

At o R oskear - o N rth a cross course heaves the l de slightly . I n this mine and in S outh R oskear c opper—ores were abundant in o n to 1 80 - the upper levels d w about fthms . from the surface and on n e to o in n n 2 85 - c ti u d ccur small qua tity dow to the fthm .

. i n n 1 00 and 1 32 o level M spickel was abu da t between fthms . bel w th e T - surface . in ore was ﬁrst seen at depths of 100 to 1 50 h ft ms .

I n width the lode vari es laterally and in depth ; at 205

. 2 a fthms it was 5 ft . wide nd c onsisted of c opper pyrites and tin - ore in r o n At 2 1 6 m n o a qua tz se ga gue . fth s . it ra ged fr m 1 8 and to ft . contained ﬂ uorspar and chlo rite in addition to c o and tin - pper ores .

24 COPPE R OR E S :

A ST OOL A N D AGA R W ITH AR N R E A ILL OGAN E P ( C B ) , .

(A c tive )

S oo e een e and n hafts at P l midway b tw R druth Camb or e . — M a s One - n e e n n e and eo o 352 : p i ch New S ri s Ord a c G l gical ,

- n o n l 63 N W Six i ch C r wal , . .

D o n to th e 1 3 5 - e h n - n w fthm . l vel t e c ou try rock c o sists of killas and e n on o o are in n e gr e st e , but bel w that level the l des gra it .

The mine has yielded enormous quantitie s of copper - ore as well as e and o f D in o n 1 835 cassiterit w l ram . ur g the peri d betwee and 1 85 6 over tons of me tallic c opper were produced from on of ore n a 5 f e o n e of 7 n . o t s , sh wi g av rage per ce t m tal ; th e ne e 5 1 e ee nf o ore e n en . as mi b cam d per i eri r , av ragi g per c t ,

wa o n A n - s btai ed . t pre se t dry assays in dicate from 1 0 to er n of e p ce t . m tal .

o - o e O u o n to o 1 40 e o th e C pper r s cc r d w ab ut fthms . b l w adit e o in o n ﬁ u rs ar de en o . in l vel , ft c mpa y with p The pr cipal lo s n e e e to th e o or to th e n o o e n e u d rli ither s uth rth . The l d s u d r i n no n a d n ly g rth are richer tha the others n co tain less peach . The copper - ore s are acc ompanied by arsenic al pyrites from the o n o r surface d w t thei lowest limits .

o o of no th e L o Fr m the s uth the sett rthwards New South de , the Engin e Lode series and th e Middle Lode underlie south ; o L o L o and n e while the S uth de or Great de with its spurs bra ch s , All th e o L and L n n no . R gers ode , the Trembath ode i cli e rth

th e od - o 1 6 o l es bear copper res . The adit level is fthms . bel w th e M n L or n n e L o o surface . The ai ode E gi de series c mprises h ’ ’ t e un n in P and P L o . Ca ter , the E g e , almer s ryce s des The ° n e o 3 6 - 1 5 At e e th e u d rlie down t the fthm . level is S . this l v l e an n no b o hi o e lode m ets elva that dips rth , el w w ch the l d is

en o n to 60 - e e perp dicular d w the fthm . l v l , where it resumes its ° n l 1 5 o o o n and e u der ie of S . The l de had a g od g ssa yi lded ’ - 5 - m o n n n t 1 0 . P c pper ore in abu da ce dow o the fthm . level al er s

- 4 - h L ode c ontain ed much copper ore from the 26 to the 8 ft m .

for n of 30 in i e on of . level a dista ce fthms . the d r cti its strike

o L de n m o and n h n on The S uth o has u er us spurs bra c es , but e of of e o n n o e Lo e them gr at imp rta ce ; they i clude the C pp r d ,

th e R ed L e Gin er o L and two o o n e . od , the g p p ode , thers with ut am s d I t M n L de n . an bears parallel with the ai o , u derlies N

n 1 At - e e on d in varie s i width from to 30 ft . adit l v l it c siste ma ly

o f ﬂuoan and quartz ; it yielded c opper - ores from the 40 to th e

0 - d tin - o 70 to 100 7 . e an o o fthm lev ls , c pper with res fr m the the

- - o o e n n n th e . fthm . levels . C pper r s were agai abu da t at fthm

- e e o on n tin o and n e . l v l , where the lode als c tai ed w lfram arse ic or s ’ o L n Dob ree s and o R gers ode , with its upper bra ches N rth th e e and o L od n e l e to nor . es , u d r i s the th The South , Gr at R gers

Lodes are regarded as one lode which has been displaced by faults . OR N W AL L 25 C .

1 o nf n e L J . H . C llins i erred that the lode ow call d Rogers ode would b e encoun te red by cro ss —cutting : an inference which was substantiated in 1 9 1 5 by the discovery of this rich lode . The quantity of ore sold b etween th e years 1 835 and 1 903 amounted to ton s and c ontain ed ton s of m etallic

o At e on of o - ore e e o c pper . Carn Br a t s c pper w r s ld e e 1 833 a d 1 905 Th e o o n ﬁ r e o th e o b tw en n . f ll wi g gu s sh w utput o f copper—ore in recent years

T o s . T ons . Tons . n

’ O TH R OF T W I TH E W KI H EN I L L GA N N OO S TC O . S U C Y ( C K ) ,

(A c tive )

oo o of th e o o to o n e Shafts at P l , s uth r ad fr m Redruth Camb r a nd of o P 0 0 1 to L e west that fr m Four an s .

M a s —On e - n e e n n e and o o 3 52 p i ch New S ri s Ord a c Ge l gical ,

- 6 n o n 3 N . W . Six i ch C r wall , ’ n e in his o N ew ook K en e The mi s t sett c mprise C s itch , W st o Lon c lose o o and Wheal Cr fty , g , S uth Wheal Cr fty East Wheal

Crofty .

o n r - o on i k o in n e The c u t y r ck c s sts of illas verly g gra it .

e are n in e e of e are not Ther ma y lodes the s tt , but som th m e n o k e n o of i b i g w r d . The pri cipal l de the d strict , the Great L on en o e o tin o and n ode, has l g be w rk d for c pper w lfram arse ic a d ll e ores n sti yields good r turns .

Th e principal sour ce s of copper - ore at present are the Middle L od e and the North Tinc roft L ode ; the ore raised is nearly all

o o o e . o o to no chalc pyrite , with some peac ck c pp r Fr m s uth rth the f ollowing lode s cross the property in a gen eral east - north east direction and un derlie either to th e north or to th e south ° North Tinc roft L ode underlies n orth at ab out 50 down to ’ l - o i e e 3o . n . the fthm level , bel w wh ch it is arly vertical Pryc s ° L or th e n ne L e of oo n l e o 65 ode , E gi od East P l , u der i s s uth at ° 1 5 and o o L th 5 - n e 20 . bears E . N . j i s the S uth ode at fthm . level

n n of o e - o e o to 1 0 - It c o sists mai ly c pp r r s d wn the 0 fthm . level f e ﬂ u d lo e n o ors ar an . with a ga gue blu capel , peach , quartz , p ch rit

M L n o o - o The iddle ode , the pri cipal pr ducer of c pper res at the e n n e no n e pr se t time , is early v rtical , with a slight rtherly u derli ,

nd - - o a At th e 260 m . it c ontains much flu rspar iron pyrites . fth h Th e e L n level it j o ins t e North Lode . Gr at ode also u derli es

e n t 200 - Th no ne o o . e rth but is arly v rtical d w the fthm level .

1 ‘ ’ f E l R s R . Th e We o i e o Tr an . o . Geol. S oc C ornwall st ng and M ning gi n , y ,

1 9 12 . 205 . vol . xiv, , p 26 COPPE R OR E S :

° o L n i o 22 5 - e o n N rth ode u derl es s uth at 30 and at the fthm . lev l j i s Mi d L I t and the d le ode . is patchy and carries much quartz capel

Th e vertical distribution of copper - ores in this min e was well

o e - o n in il o n marked , the c pp r res were mai ly the k las c u try ,

W th t - - e e in o e e 1 1 e . hil r s cam in at about 0 fthms . b low adit level I t has been observed that in th e mines of this neighb our hoo d the lodes un derlyi ng to th e south do n ot carry so much sulphide ore o e o o e on Min as th s which underlie in the pp site dir cti . eral o in e pitch ccurs s veral of the lodes . Th e average output dur ing recent years is from 12 to 1 5 tons ann m of 1 1 4 0 to er en ore . per u p c t .

F or the period 1 832 - 1 905 upwards of tons of copper e o ores wer s ld at mine s belonging to this sett .

TI N CR OET I N E I LL OGA M , N .

(I dle . )

P enh elli c k ne n on r of Shafts at ar Car Brea stati , a thi d a mile o f s uth o P o ol . — M a s : One - n e n n and o o 3 52 p i ch New Seri s Ord a ce Ge l gical ,

ix- S n orn 63 N . W . i ch C wall ,

- n H en The c ountry ro ck consists of killas overlyi g granite . wo od and others have recorded that in one part of the mine th e kill n e ni o on o to e e as u d rlies gra te , a p siti p ssibly due a r v rsed

fault . e are r ee two n n to and one Th re th lodes , u derlyi g the south to th e n o Th e Barnc oose or Tinc roft L o rth . , North Old de un in e derlies n orth and varies in width from 3 ft . the upper lev ls

- 1 . e to 1 o th e 00 . as much as 0 ft . bel w fthm level Ther are twelve

e 2 6 h n . lev ls below the adit, which lies at ft ms . be eath the surface n o L o e n o The ga gue is quartz ose . The S uth d u derlies s uth at

1 1 - m ni e but between the 90 and the 0 fth . it u t s with the

- Tin c roft L It o o 20 8 . e e Old ode . was w rked bel w the fthm l v l , o but carried low values for c pp er . ’ - Pryce s L ode also un derlies s outh and from the l 70 fth m . level enters the property belonging to the adj oining South Crofty

I t o . Mine . carries complex sulphide res All th e lodes formerly contained copper pyrites (chalcopyrite ) and At n o ch alc ocite in their upper parts . prese t the l des carry

o 8 o in o on ne . ab ut per cent . of c pper s me secti s of the mi The i ore out n n o 3 to 4 h gher grade was picked by ha d , leavi g fr m per n o r o of ce t . f c opper in the complex o e to be treated with the res

- tin and o o in nk . w lfram , but this is l st the sulphuric acid ta s

o e - ore o n in e e n The c pp r is f u d patch s , mor particularly betwee

h 6 - - a d n in k l . t e 0 and th e 1 40 m . n fthm . fth levels mai ly the i las

I n Cornwall c opper - ores do not usually persist d ownwards in to th e n in o Tin c roft L o o n gra ite , but the N rth ode they f rm rich gr u d Tinc roft ned to f 4 m in a o k . a depth o 0 fth s . th t r c formerly obtai W ALL 27 COR N .

- ore th e e o k n large quantities of copper from upp r w r i gs , but these

o e n e o e l o e - ore levels , n b i g r w rk d , have yielded very ittle c pp r although many thousands of ton s of vein stuff have b een milled . Th e riche st c opper lies in th e complex ore and it has been observed in thi s mine that where ﬂuorspar come s in the values decre ase ; and also that b oth fluorspar and wolfram die out in depth with — the c opper ores .

e no n o Many o ther ores of copper have be n ted by He w od , and o n in n or o e Garby thers , i clud g co durrite pitch c pp r , o o in e n of ni o n chrys c lla , part r placi g felspar the gra te c u try

- o and and n o o . e o r ck , purple i dig c pper Nativ c pper formed a ve in from one - eighth of an inch to two inches wide in th e Old Whe al Drui d L o de and has also o ccurred sp oradically in th e o ther lodes . B etween 1 8 1 5 and 1 895 Tinc roft and Cam Brea had a total

- on o utput of copper ore am ounting to upwards of t s . o of e c ontaining tons of metalli c c opper . The utput copp r nn ore during recent years has averaged ab o ut 50 tons per a um . The reserves are regarded as small as the mine is largely wo rked

- o ut i n the copper bearing z one .

TH E A S E A N D E I GH BO R I N G I N E I L L GAN MA I L S T S O . B N U M , ( N Y)

(A c tive i n p art. )

Th e e Min Tolc arne Condurrow and n il Bass t es , with , Gre v le ni o i ke n l U ted , form a gr up wh ch wor d pri cipa ly on the Great

i - L . n i n tin ore Flat ode Th s lode co s sts mai ly of , but other lodes rich in copper - ores and usually with a northerly imderlie produced

n e - o nl two great qua titi s of copper res . O y mines were active in 1 9 1 9 and n i an n l either ra sed y copper , except occasio al y .

M a s —One - n e dn n and o o 352 p i ch New Seri s Or a ce Ge l gical,

Six- o 63 and 6 E n S . n S W . 3 i ch C r wall , Most of the min es are Situated on a strip of in tensely metam orph osed killas lying between the two granite - masses of

Me and am o o - no Carn nelli s C Brea . Fr m s uth west to rth e n in o o in o — Tolc arne east th y exte d the f ll w g rder South , Great Condurrow o Condur row en l W , S uth , Wheal Gr vi le , est Wheal n e W e o Fra c s , est Bass t , S uth Wheal Basset , Wheal Basset , Wheal nd B uller a Wheal Beauchamp .

M n Ltd in The Basset i es , . , clude Wheal Basset , West Wheal nd n Basset a S outh Wheal Fra ces .

The Great cross - c o urse shifts all the lodes west of Wheal

n - t Frances to the orth wes .

At n d n in Wheal Basset there are ma y lo es , i clud g the Great

i n to 2 60 - F L e n o n . lat od , wh ch has bee worked dow the fthm L n n and in level . The Great ode u derlies orth varies width from ’ ’ Geisler s Paddon s and L o n 2 7 . to ft , the North odes als u derlie 28 C OPPER OR E S :

’ ’ ’ no and n n - Th ak o e . e er s V n and i rth co tai c pper or s , ivia s , W lliam s L n e e th e n L o e n e odes u derli south , whil Cau ter d is early v rtical . In o 1 to 1 2 width the lodes vary fr m ft .

I n the West Basset sett the copper lode was rich down to the

“ 100 - All th e . . o o n o fthm level l des had g od gossa s , but those n the so uth of the mine were not so rich as the lodes on th e north

o o ti and o - o n alth ugh they yielded b th n c pper res . The Mai or

o L o n ot in - N rth de was rich copper ore eastwards .

At a ﬁ Whe l Beauchamp there are ve lodes . The most no e n no and o o - T rth rly u derlies rth was w rked for c pper ore . in and o - o n in on W l n two c pper res were fou d the sec d , hi e the ext

d on o - o n i o of yielde ly c pper ore . The s uther most y elded res tin n t of All e e to o o . n no but c pper th se lodes u d rlie the rth .

° At l and 25 L . N Bu ler Beauchamp the South ode bears E . , ° ° n e 1 5 to 30 and 1 2 I . t u derli s N varies in width from to ft .

n n - ore w and o n r on co tai s black copper ith quartz , felspar br w i L 5 ° ° . o 1 o . 2 e 0 to ore The N rth de bears E N und rlies N . and d o - 50 - yielded black an vitreous c pper ores d own to the fthm . ’ ° ° e D L 27 i e 45 . o . N . n . l vel avey s de bears E , u derl s N or is and e 1 t 20 in It on in o W . vertical vari s from ft . idth c ta ed on and n e of d of carb ates arse iat copper , black oxi e copper , o te and o e e o and chalc ci c pp r pyrit s with quartz , slate , chl rite ﬂu r r o spa . The Great Flat Lode was the prin cipal lode worked in the — o Condurrow Min on tin ore n o . S uth e, but ly was obtai ed fr m it

Th e Mi L o o o of tin and o e . ddle de , h wever , pr duced ores both c pp r

I wi . t un derlies north but is nearly vertical and from 2 to 3 ft . de 4 o i e o e L o 3 . in S uth of it l es the W st Basset C pp r ode , fr m to ft

i i e e 20 - m e e width , wh ch y ld d at the fth . l v l the sulphides of copper t 1 hm A 20 . in n on of e and k l . a vei st e quartz , p ach i las ft s west of the Grenville shaft the Copper L ode heaves the Flat L ode 1 0 fthms .

Th e S outh Whe al Frances sett is traversed by ﬁve lodes ° 5 r n n o . 3 Th e o o M n L beari g ab ut E N . N rth ai ode u derlies ° ° - 1 1 2 o urf to th e 32 s 0 . N . fr m the s ace adit level ( fthm ) ; at N °

- 5 0 and o 5 . to the fthm . bel w that level at N There was a

- 4 - o o o n and o ore o n to 0 . e o g d g ssa c pper d w the fthm lev l , bel w

e n t - In o which the l od was mai ly in be aring . width it varies fr m

2 t 1 2 are e - n o o . o ft There three th r copper beari g l des , the t A n L o o L o and S . n uby de , the S uth ode which u derlies s uth is ’ 2 d L e L i o to o . an in n ab ut ft wide, ittl s ode , add ti the Great Flat

L ode n t o e - which did o carry c pp r ore .

Th e Grenville Uni ted Mine s raised copper - ore in small o e Lo no a d on n o e quan tities . The C pp r de dips rth n c tai s chalc pyrit

h - e o e n to t e 7 O e e . e d ow fthm . l v l Th re are several oth r l des wh re

n tin - ore o o n - on of o n o ly ccurs . The c u try rock c sists killas d w to 5 0 n e n e n and in to ab out fthms . with gra it u d rlyi g it ris g the and o surface b oth to th e north s uth . COR N W ALL . 29

ne n kn n no The output from these mi s is i completely ow , as re liable re cords were kept before 1 8 1 5 and only defective ones later

Mines .

S ou th Tolc arn e 1 859— 1 8 8 3 Great Con dur r ow l 845 ~ l 87 6 S o u th Condur r ow 1 864— 1 902 ' W e — S . h al Fran c e s 1 845 1 89 5

IV e l e 1 8 1 5 - 3 6 h a Bass t , 1 85 1 — 1 905

t e 1 2 — 8 E . al Basset 8 6 7 No rth Basse t 1 846— 1 866 So u th Basset l 8 33 — 1 8 45 6 1 . f ‘

1 2 ~ l 5 6 S . Buller B eau c ham p 8 1 8 B ulle r B eau c ham p 1 823 1 3 6 and in 838 . Wh eal B ulle r 1 845— 1 875 Wh eal Grenville 1 8 60— 1 905 — W est Basset 1 852 1 89 0

H P E E VOR N I T E D I N E S E DR UT . U M , R

(A c tive )

N o Do n one and l no - no - e Shafts at rth w s , a ha f miles rth rth ast of e R druth .

— M a s One - n N ew S n n and o o 35 2 p i ch eries Ord a ce Ge l gical ,

Six - n n 5 6 E a d 5 E o S . n 7 S . i ch C r wall , e e are e n in th e e n e n Th r s veral mi es s tt , the pri cipal b i g Wheal B o e o Do n N o D o n e Bri an eev r , Gr at N rth w s , rth w s , Wh al gg , t en and e o eal Pl ty Wh al B ys . Great North D own s and North D owns form erly produced

e o n of o - ore in e n e on on larg am u ts c pper , but r ce t y ars ly a few t s v n i ha e bee ra sed .

- n e The c ou ntry ro ck c onsists of slate overlying gra ite . Th re n o e e n e b y are ma y l d s trav rsi g the sett , which is divid d the

o - o d n on th e e th e o e Great cr ss course . This thr ws ow ast c pp r h earing gro und of No rth Downs against the tin - bearing c o untry Peevor at Wheal . 4° Th e n e th e n L ode e . 1 pri cipal lod is Mai , which b ars E ° ° N i e 8 2 f o and on . n t n S . o 0 and o i o , u derl s c s sts c pper ir Th e n enn on end and n . pyrites with lim ite , bl e gra ular quartz Te p y ° 2 L be nd o . . o e 30 N . is n e a d ars E . , early v rtical ab ut ft wide

- - It on n o e and on r e tz and e i on o . c tai s c pp r ir py it s, quar , arthy r res ° ' ° T N 7 to h e n und . e L o e 2 8 N . Cau t r d bears E . , erlies and e 1 2 I t on of o e vari s in width from to ft . c sists c pp r an - d iron pyrites with earthy iron ore and slaty clay . m 1 941 6 30 COPPE R OR E S :

Th e n not 1 1 - e mi es have been worked below the 0 fthm . l vel 5 below adit ( 0 fthm s ) .

The o utput between the ye ars 1 80 8 - 1 8 70 am o unted to

n of o - ore o 1 7 92 to 1 7 99 e no of to s c pper . Fr m ther is record

onn e of o - ore o S t age , but the valu c pper s ld lightly exceeded

TH E P OL D I E IN E S W E N A C . M , G N P (A ctive ) of n n P oldic e e P oldic e This group mi es i cludes , W st , Wheal C o n e e e n Cree b rawse rla d , Wh al Jew ll , Wheal Quick , Wh al U ity , g 1 and a D Wheals Maid nd amsel . — M a s One - n n n e and e o o 352 p i ch New Series Ord a c G l gical ,

- n 4 E 6 E a d 6 a d . . o n 3 N . . n N . W . n Six i ch C r wall , N

Th e country - ro ck of m ost of the mines consists of meta m or h osed C o n n e to th e p slate , but at Wheal rla d the gra ite ris s surface . I 1 8 64 n t Da n some of these min es were c ombi ed as the S . y ni e an P ldic in e U ted Min s d afte rwards again as the o e M s . West P oldic e 1 1 8 n was (in 9 ) restarti g . In 1 870 th e e and in e n no mine s were 200 fthms . d ep s c the e e enin furth r de p g has taken place . ’ ’ ’ At Poldic e e Ore K lin Garb s and the Gr at , Quick s , itty Bil g s , y ’ ol n L de n - n H ma s o s all c o tained copper ores . The lodes all u derlie to the north and are in plac es nearly ve rtical .

. . d in FI C 6 C onsoli ated M c .

1 ’ . H . Coll O e o o h e W e o f E l M n R e o 1 9 1 2 J ins , bs rvati ns n t st ng and ini g gi n , , p . 5 55 .

32 COPP ER OR E S :

The followin g ﬁgures sho w the o utput i n tons of copper o e n e o 1 8 1 5 to 1 836 and 1 845 to 1 905 r s duri g the p ri ds , , with the quantity of m etallic c opp er c ontained i n the ore s

1 8 38 , 1 845 to 1 87 3 . 1 8 1 5 to 1 836 1 83 8 and c e , , sin

1 853 .

Unity and P oldi c e 1 8 1 5 to 1 832 . r 4 a Go land 1 8 1 5 to 1 836, 1 8 5 nd

1 87 8 .

Jewell and Q ui c k S o ld b etween 1 8 1 5 and 1 853 .

2 . W es t W he al Jewell. 1 83 1 to 1 85

Carh arr ac k 1 82 1 to 1 836 1 845 to 1 852 . Maid and , Cr eegb r awse and P en

ev l 1 1 2 1 845 1 902 . k i 8 5 and 1 83 , and D ms el “me l 1 8 1 5 to 1 83 6 1 83 8 1 845 to a , a , ,

1 8 72 .

VVast D m el e l 1 852 to 1 8 74. a s , W h a

TR E SA VE AN IN E W E N N A A N D E D R TH . M , G P R U

(A ctive )

n L nn 2 o - of n Shafts ear a er, % miles s uth east Redruth statio

(own ) .

M o s — One —n N ew e n n e and o o 35 2 p i ch S ries Ord a c Ge l gical ,

- d E . ix in n 63 N E . an S S o . ch C r wall ,

Th e o o n n e are in e in e : ~ Tresavean f ll wi g mi s clud d this s tt , Comford Belvean Treth ellan Treth arru e e and Treviske , , , p , Br w r y,

(Fig .

In o of n e are two e of ode one this gr up mi es ther s ries l s , ’ n e n o and o n th e Ma ors n u d rlyi g s uth c mprisi g g , the Mai , Michell s , ’ d o e th e and th e Penstruth al Lo e e Ca dy s , the C pp r , Bell d s , whil e on e on n of Comford n D k the s c d s ries c sisti g the , Captai ic ’ th e o n th e o and P k n L o un Williams , G bba , S uth ar i s des derlies

- ne l to th e n . e o o ore ge ra ly orth Th y all carry s me c pper , but the in o of o n e n o k n th e richest rder imp rta c are the Mai (w r i g) ,

o e th e and Penstruth al L o . C pp r , Bell , the des ° to n e 30 N . n . Th e in L d . Ma o e bears E , u derlies S early v rtical

6 - m1 t 1 ft n 20 . and in o o 0 . varies width fr , bei g widest at the fthm 4 5 n e it o to . lev l ; is usually ab ut ft wide , while the stopi g width 6 Th e e l o onf n to n and average s ft . lod is a m st c i ed the gra ite Its n e on of z o dies o ut in th e killas . ga gu c sists quart with sch rl n to o o e of o l and carries chalc opyrite in additio ther r s c pper , a so

an on e Th e o e - o en to of blend e d ir pyrit s . c pp r res ext d a depth

6 e o 27 s e e o e in . 2 8 . fthms b l w adit ( fthm ) , wh re cassiterit c m s

- - - 6 o n to 345 . o e o From th e 28 fthm . d w the fthm the c pp r res o ut diminish in quantity and below that level practically die . COR WA LL N . 33

G R A N I T E

. M inc . F I G . 8 T resa vean

o i n n o o The rich c pper zone is upwards of ft . thick ess thr ugh ut th e min e and always o ccurs in granite ; on reaching th e killas ’ e o a d n ot o n L o it quickly d teri rates n is worth w rki g . Caddy s de n e o e - r and on to 80 ever carri d much c pp r o e is worked ly fthms . below adit ; it is rich in zin c blende and mispicke l and there is o e e Th e n and e o e s me cassit rit . ga gue is quartz ose carri s s m blende .

Comford L o on n i of o e - ore not The de c tai s fa r values c pp r , but is o Th e 5 n . e e n o er n w rki g av rag yield from the mi e is ab ut p ce t . of on en of 9 n e en . o o c c trate , which per c t c sists of m tallic c pper . The output of th e individual mine s comprising the present sett is imperfectly known and the following ﬁgur es are probably e o much b l w the total .

Treviske M ne 1 848 o Tresavean y i , after w rked with Barrier as Tresavean ne on of o - ore e n 1 845 East Mi , t s c pper betw e and 1 85 5 .

Treth ellan and We st Treth ellan were worked d own to 1 70 o e th o 1 8 7 t 1 85 6 n . e o 3 o e fthms fr m the surfac , utput fr m b i g 1 on o o e - or t s f c pp r e . Comford and North Tresavean had an output between 1 844 2 and 1 85 6 of n of o e - to s c pp r ore .

1 ’ ’ W E d M R e 1 2 H . Co ll O e v o on th e e o f l o 1 9 J . ins , bs r ati ns st ng an ining gi n , ,

454. p . 2 it c . . 5 6. Op . , p 9

111 1 941 6 34 COPPER OR E S :

Penst-ruth al and Penstruth al Consols from 1 825 to 1 836 and o 1 845 1 87 9 a r fr m to had n output of tons Of o e .

Tre savean sold tons of copper - ore between the years 1 8 1 5 and 1 870 } During recent years the o utput of m etallic c opper has averaged

1 1 0 on er nn o - ore o for 1 9 1 5 1 9 1 6 t s p a um . The c pper utput , , and 1 9 1 7 o n res ec tivelv to 241 n 448 ton and am u ted p to s , 4 s, 402 on % t s .

TH E A G D I N E W E N N A LIF F OR D MA L A M A TE M S . C , G P

(I dle . )

' This large group Of mine s lies imm ediately to th e east O f

n - Da in th e n and o Of . the Car Marth gra ite mass s uth east St y, Of nn parish Gwe ap .

M a s —One - n N ew e e n n e and Geo o 352 p i ch S ri s Ord a c l gical , —n n 4 o E . and 6 N . . 63 N . W Six i ch C r wall , Th ere were formerly two large groups known respe ctively 9 as th e U n ed ne and th e on o ne . 6 it Mi s Great C s lidated Mi s (Figs , ) In 1 8 6 1 these were c ombin ed with Wh eal Clifford un der the title Of th e ffo A ine F Cli rd malgamated M s ( ig .

.E e . o nw; s . ne 8 éE § 3

' 2 2 0 i n L e J F I G . 9 . C onsolidated l ines .

I 1 Cl o rd A m a l V F G . . n 0 iff gamated JI l ee .

' ’ ll O e v o on th e W o o f E la M n R e o 1 9 1 2 J . H . Co ins, bs r ati ns st ng nd ini g gi n , ,

598 . p . 35 COR N W ALL .

n Min n d e e Trevarth The U ited es i clude Wh al B auchamp , , in n Poldor Ale and Ale and T g Ta g , Wheal Squire , y , Cakes , East e and n n e th e on o M n Cak s Wheal Frie dship . U d r C s lidated i es e o n e e V in e V n wer Wheal F rtu e , W st Wh al irg , East Wh al irgi , Carh arr ack L o d usvo or us a e an C e C ve . , velac

The gro und wo rked by these mines c overed an area Of ab out two square miles and was some Of the richest copper - be aring oun in th e o n e e o d e n k c try w rld . Si c re liable r c r s hav bee ept the o utput from this area has b een upwards Of a million tons

Of o - r c pper o e . The whole district was drained do wn to depths in o 40 to 8 m e o th e e vary g fr m 0 fth s . b l w surfac by the Great

o n - n e en for n of C u ty adit , which with its bra ch s ext ded a le gth 0 3 miles .

ll in e o o n e o Slaty ki as , part m tam rph sed by the gra it , f rms

o Of o n - o o n o in m st the c u try r ck , thr ugh which ma y lodes c urse ne l on a ge ra eastward directi . ’ Tay lor s L ode was the prin cipal one worked by the Conso li o ﬁ o ne u r n and dated gr up . This was rst pe d p at Wheal Vi gi has e n o on l o ont n o for n Of o b e w rked a m st c i u usly a dista ce f ur miles , e o n W L o W V n and at Wh al F rtu e , heal velace , est Wheal irgi ° n It o n of and Wheal We tworth . c urses ge erally 30 south west ° n n o t 60 to l u derlies r h at but is loca ly vertical .

I t o o n e en e n to e had a g od g ssa , which xt d d Ofte a d pth of and eede one e e r 1 50 fthms . was succ d by a z wh r g eat masses Of o of o re o n l n o n the xides c pper we f u d , gradual y mergi g d w At wards into chalc opyrite and pyrite s in a quartzo se gangu e . Wheal Fortun e and els ewher e c onsiderable quan tities of blende o ore e V n a lso were mined . The famous sh ot Of at Wh al irgi f in W of c on e O n n o 1 2 to 30 . sist d a mass ra gi g fr m ft idth , e o e and w brecciat d chalc pyrit , pyrites quartz , ith a pyritic It 25 o on e o n o n . and n ceme t was fthms . l ng c ti u d d w wards fr m

t 1 50 to th e 1 90 - n o e and h e . e o fthm l vel , bel w which it arr w d u In h e on Of e ﬁnally died o t . other parts t e lod c sisted pur o e oo en o e in ol Of e chalc pyrit , a f t thick , cl s d a s id mass mix d o e and on te o 6 t 1 2 o e n c pp r ir pyri s fr m o ft . wide . The l d wide ed ' ft in e e out to 30 . o e V n the s ft slat at Wheal irgi , but wh r it

traversed either the granite or e lvan dykes it be came narrow . At Wheal Virgin th e lode was worked down to a little

2 9 - e nd Of e o 0 . a e o ne to b l w the fthm l vel , at Wh al F rtu a depth 1 4 e o th e 0 fthms . b l w adit . ’ e o o in e n P L od i Oth r l des w rked the s tt i cluded aul s e , wh ch

wa in and o o e - o e and o e e s rich black vitre us c pp r r s c pp r pyrit s , ’ ’ o L o l o e and Deeb le s e o n Gl ver s de with simi ar r s , , Wh al F rtu e nd th e usve L a C y odes . I n the United Min e s th e Great L ode was traced for a distance Of nearly four mile s from Wh eal B eauchamp through the granite Of Carn Marth i nto th e killas at Trevarth and on through Ting ‘ n e i Poldor Ale and e Ale and Ta g , Wh al Squ re , y, Cak s , East Cakes ,

in 1 9416 B 4 36 COPPER OR E S : t o Wh eal F n I t rie dship . co urses generally a few degrees north ° of a and n o 7 5 I n e st u derlies at ab ut N . Wheal Squire there are e e n e n no ight oth r lodes , all u d rlyi g rth .

At n n o n s o - 8 in and is Ti g Ta g the l de ra ge fr m 31 to ft . width

i n n to th e 10 - o e e . n f killas d w 0 fthm . l v l The ores co sisted O

oxides and sulphides Of copper mingled wit-h iron pyrites and

o an . o o on e e e g ss Chalc cite chalc pyrite , melac it , cuprit , malachit nd e a o e one e e n 2 . ch ssylite were all w rk d , while at plac a v i , ft e Of o n for n f o e e e O . wid , s lid chalc cite ext d d a dista c twenty feet I n Poldor and Ale and th e e 2 7 f O . y Cakes lode cours s deg . N . E and e 6 in I e . n e av rag s ft width . these mines the richest c opp r o n in th e e nd n o n in e gr u d lay upper lev ls , exte i g d w wards plac s

to 2 1 2 - o e e . fthms . bel w adit l v l A good deal Of barytes was

o e o - o ass ciat d with the c pper res in the deeper wo rkings . e n o e n Of Ther are ma y ther lod s traversi g this sett , which ’ n on are th e e o Gellard s o and o the pri cipal es Gr at S uth , N rth S uth and M n L o e the u dic d s .

At in n ne in d on to. th e M n L o e e T g Ta g Mi , a diti ai d , the Middl ’ and o e L o e o e e e n e Of o - o R ch s d s b th yi ld d larg qua titi s c pper res , includin g the black and th e red crystallised oxides and the eo or o n to n o a d o in vitr us e . They b th u derlie the rth n c urse

‘ eneral eastw rd n a g a directio . NO accu rate returns Of o utput previous to 1 8 1 5 are available and n o n after that date the retur s are imperfect . The f llowi g ﬁ re e en o e on Of th e o o gu s repr s t , theref r , ly a part t tal yield fr m n n e th e n n Of o the mi es , but these i dicat ab ormal rich ess the l des

in o - o e n n th e oo o e l n e e e c pper r s . O reachi g usual p r z n yi g lsewh r

between the copper and the tin - bearing co untry the mines were n one a een e o aba d d , but it has alw ys b regard d as pr bable that

- b eneath the se levels there lie s an unexploited region Of tin ore .

e o . Mines . P ri ds

Cliffo rd Am algam ate d 1 833 to 1 83 6 ; 1 845 to 1 87 6 .

l f o W e l 1 835 to 1 85 6 . C i f rd , h a

l fo W e l 1 85 7 to 1 8 72 . C if rd , h a

Cons olidated 1 8 1 9 to 1 85 8 . — S u e W e l 7 1 82 1 852 1 853 . qir , h a 1 8 1 to 5 ;

Un ited Min es 1 8 1 5 to 1 85 6 .

Unite d Mines 1 85 7 to 1 86 1 .

47 . W e l Sol . 1 82 1 to 1 8 Virgin , h a ( d )

W est Wh eal 1 81 8 to 1 822 .

I t m t m v Of o e - ore b ut is i p ossible o esti ate the reser es c pp r , there are tracts wh ere some ore may be expected ; these re serve s w ould form a useful asset if the group of min es were worked for

in - t ore . COR N W AL L . 37

I G A N G I E W E A T N T M N , G NN P .

(I dle . )

" Shafts situated a little to th e South of Carh arrac k and two “

- - miles east south east of Redruth .

M a s — One—n n n and o 352 p i ch New Series Ord a ce Ge logical,

- 63 E . Six n o n N . i ch C r wall ,

o - o on of o The c un try r ck c sists metam rphosed slate . 1 n A o n to There are ﬁve lode s in th e mi e . cc rdi g Henwood ° ° ° 1 2 n c L o o . N . 8 30 an on M n . d the ai de c urses E , u derlies N to t ain ed o ri o n on - ore and and c pper py tes , earthy br w ir , black

- A t e 80 - o t h . o v itreo us c opper ore . fthm level there was s me chrys c olla with black c opper - ore and copp er pyrites and at the

- o o of o . and n n 90 fth m . s me xide c pper The blue the gree carbo ates

- d 1 4 . a ssociated with quartz an chlorite o ccurred at the 0 fth m . level

‘ ° ° ° 2 1 4 22 and L o . N . n The Middle de courses E , u derlies N . to

- v At 90 . e aries in width from one to four feet . the fthm l vel the lode contained vitreous and black c opper - ore and crystallised red

n 1 4 - l l l e o Of o e a d th e 0 fthm . eve o o xide c pp r , at , vitre us c pper , ch orit ’ 8 ° l a L o o . S . n nd nul . o e gra ar quartz R ch s de c urses E , u der ies ° ° 1 0 to 22 an d f to r N . d varies in width from one an a hal th ee t I t o n k f . c ntai ed copper pyrite s and vitreous and blac copper

Ore o th e 90 to th e 1 20 - e fr m fthm . l vel . Thomas states that there is a Flat L ode in this min e which

e o o and t - e It n n o yi lded b th c pper in or s . is th e c o tinuatio f the L o e and Wheal v ly Whe al Squire L ode and un derlies N . f t e en . o o h e L o un Lo e S v fthms s uth Flat de is the M dic d , which underlies N . e een 1 8 1 6 and 1 835 on of o re on n n B tw , t s , c tai i g on Of e e o e n and 841 t s copp r , w re s ld by p ublic tick ti g , tons c on 2 n n 50 n Of o e en1 845 and 1 847 tai i g to s c pp r betwe .

GR EA T H EAL S TH E OLD H A CE W A TE R I N E KE W N U Y Y . W B ( C M ) , N

(I dle . )

- The shafts are situated ab out four ﬁfth s Of a mile north - north Of D a east St . y Church . — M a s One ~ inc h e n n e and o o 5 2 p New S ries Ord a c Ge l gical , 3 :

- n o 5 7 n S W . Six i ch C r wall , one Of th e e o e n in o n and o This is Old st c pp r mi es C r wall , f rms one of ou of n o n D n e An n a gr p mi es c mprisi g Wheal a iell , Wh al , Killifreth and H all n e b ea le or H alb e a le . o o e g g This gr up , with s m o e n in th e h e o f Ken n Ke a e th r mi es situated paris s wy , , R druth . and . A ne o an e St g s , f rms assemblag which might b e termed th e ne of o D o n e o a Mi s the N rth w s . Th y c ver n area of abo ut three e and n een o e o e square mil s have ever b c mpl tely expl r d , their

1 Tr am R o . . Geol. S oc . Cor nw ll l a vo . v 1843 T le L X y , , , ab . ‘ ’ Th e Ge o lo o f F lm o u h Cam b o m e Ilf G gy d , em . eol 1 906 a t an ( , — . 24 2 pp 3 44. 38 COPPE R OR E S :

e in t 1 5 averag depth be g a little less han 0 fthms . Through this

e n o o n e n N . ar a there are ma y l des c ursi g g erally E . . E which are a e o o o n n n o m o e he v d by s me cr ss c urses ru i g appr xi ately n rth w st . Of many Of the min es but little m ore than name and site are kn own and of s ome others only imperfect records Of Output and a u a n to o e n e and Of th e few partic l rs relati g the c urs , u derli width e o e to e o n . lodes ; it seems desirable , ther f r , giv ly a tabular en e n are no n statem t mbraci g such facts as k w .

— t e al 1 83 fatho ms deep 1 8 1 5 1 828 . — No rth Tr esk er b y 1 85 9 1 882 . ° Tr es k erb y N . 1 0 4 ° N . 0 to 5 0 fa

tho ms then N .

N .

° W he al B o ys S . 1 5

Wh eal D erri c k N .

North . °

ea E . Car dr ew N . 1 0 b rs ° ’ 1 7 N . l to 6 thi c k . ° — No rth S . 8 bears E . 1 826 1 838. ° — ’ 2 c . 1 7 N . 3 4thi k ° W h eal H arm o ny Wh e al Bray N . 1 3 or Treleigh

W o o d . ° Wh eal Te np enn y S . 1 3

P en dar ves N .

Wh ealH awk e S . ' — Wh e al R o s e 1 60 fatho ms 1 862 1 872 . ° — Tr eleigh Co ns o ls Go o d Su c c ess N . 23 1 838 1 855 . and North

Go o d S u c c ess . ’

ll W e l W ll m S . Dani e , h a i ia s

l r H al Th e At H allenb eag e O b eagle there are fo ur lode s . ° l L o e un e 1 5 and n in H allenb eag e d derli s S . is recog ised Wheals

d M ssar I . o e k an e . ts n ore o R s , Haw e pri cipal is c pper pyrites ’

- Th e o L o o n n S . S uth ode , als c pper beari g , u derlies Raby s ’ nd L o n a d . L e n . od u derlies N William s o e , S b th carryi g

c opper ores . e e n 1 835 and 1 846 30 5 7 6 on Of Ore on n in B tw e , , t s c tai g 1 n Th e n o t ons Of c opper were sold by public ticke ti g . mi e is w rked

- to the 70 fthm . level .

1 ’ ll D l o R e c o o f M i Me llu 18 57 . Phi ips and ar ingt n, rds in ng and ta rgy ,

40 COPPE R OR ES :

Peri o d .

we n E . e we e C h an c e Conso ls . G n ap 5 6 S B t n

and 1 82 6 and 1 827 . R e dru th

E . 24 l w e w . Wh eal C o an c Cro an 69 N 1 8 1 5 and 1 8 .

7 Clyjah and “ent R edruth 63 N . E . 1 854and 1 8 62 .

wo rth .

“h eal Cour tis Cr owan 69 S E . 1 8 64and 1 8 69 ; and

in 1 83 8 .

Cr enver A m r ow 69 S E . 1 8 1 5 , braha C an and

1 87 . an d Oatﬁ eld . and 0

E lle e I llo n 5 6 S E . 1 834 1 83 6 n Unit d ga and and , in

St . A e 1 8 8 1 845 to l 8 65 . gn s 3 ,

“h e al Fann y I llo gan 63 N . W . 1 8 1 5 and 1 822 .

Gr am b ler and St . Gwennap 63 N . E . 1 845 to 1 8 68 .

A u byn .

E . 22 Great “h e al V or Breage 7 5 N . 1 8 and 1 83 6 and , and in

1 838 .

“h eal H o p e 64N . W . 1 826 and

and 1 8 66 .

1 845 and 1 847 .

1 845 and 1 847 . 1 82 7 and

and 1 8 72 . 1 830 and

and 1 849 .

“h e l u c S t . A n e 5 6 S E . 1 8 1 5 1 825 a M si g s and , and

in 1 832 and 1 83 3 .

il s 64N . W . 1 845 1 8 7 6 N an g e and and , and

“h eal An dr ew in 1 905 .

No rth Po o l 1 845 and 1 8 67 .

No rth “h eal 1 85 9 and 1 867 . Gr amb ler

Perse veran c e (and R edru th 1 85 6 and 1 8 7 7 .

' “en twor th and Co pp e r H ill)

Pro sp e r Unit e d 1 863 and 1 87 2 .

“h eal R o s e 1 862 and 1 87 2 .

S o u th Carn Bre a 1 85 6 and 1 87 7 .

S o u th “h e al E llen 1 85 6 and 1 86 1 . w 1 8 1 9 1 827 1 832 S o u th To an and , 1 83 6 and , and in

1 83 8 .

“h eal Sp err ies 64N . W . 1 830 and

and 1 85 5 .

1 829 . “h e al Spinst er . 1 8 1 5 and

T o lc arn e 1 8 60 and 1 870 . “h e l Tr ann ac k 1 832 1 835 a and , and 1 822 in , and in

1 8 64.

o w 7 0 N . W . I n 1 82 7 f o m Tr e vo ole . Cr an and r

1 85 9 to 1 862 .

H ll St . A e 5 6 N . E . o m 1 822 to 1 83 6 United i s gn s Fr ,

and 1 845 to 1 847 . COR N W A L L 41

Six - i nc h Outp u t m e Of ne . . e o . Na Mi Parish Map , P ri d i To ns . l n Co rnwa l.

r E . “h eal U n y R edr u th 63 N . B e tween 1 8 53 and

1 8 93 .

W e l V vian o 7 7 N . W . o m 1 832 to 1 83 6 h a y C nstan Fr , ne in 1 838 a d b e ti , n tween 1 845

1 8 64.

1Vh eal VVellin gt-on Cam bo r ne 63 N . W . B etween 22 1 8 and 1 82 7 .

W est Stray Park Cam bo rn e 63 S W . 1 8 54and 1 8 68 . 42

A I II CH PTER .

DETAILS OF THE MINES

I II TH E ST . A TE DI R . I US LL ST CT .

Th is mini ng district (Plate 1 1 ) lies on th e south - eastern b order A e n an of the St . ust ll gra ite mass d extends from Polgooth n orth eastwards for a distance Of seven mile s through Tywardreath to n L n of e a n two e ear a livery , the width the tract av r gi g mil s . I n th e southern part Of this district the lodes c ourse a little north Of n and e no i on west or early east w st , but further rth the r directi n to o of we n n F ow cha ges s uth st . The pri cipal mi e s are the ev n ol th e on ol Crinnis and o in P . Co s s , Par C s s , East , the embr ke M e

OW E ON S OL W A R D R E ATH F Y C S , TY .

(I dle . )

The Shafts are situated at a distance Of ab out a mile north of Tywardreath Church . — M a s One - n N ew r n n and o o 347 p i ch Se ies Ord a ce Ge l gical ,

- 42 n o n S E . Six i ch C r wall , n L anesc ot e e o n The sett i cludes , Wheal Treasur , Wh al F rtu e and Wheal Chance . The coun try - rock c onsists principally Of grey slate s with inte rbedded seams of grit and belongs to the Meadfo ot division D on n n i o n od Of the L ower ev ia . There are ma y mp rta t l es in th e 1 hi en oo and De sett , w ch were fully described by H w d by la z Bech e o on ffo th e n o on , wh se Observati s a rd practically all i f rmati Th e n e Of n there is con cern ing them . am s the pri cipal lodes ’ 1 1 o to n o are on A n Mc K i Fi . o enn e s ( g ) fr m s uth rth B es , bra ch , , ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ Cross ark on N otwell s o o Ann Williams s p , Samps s , , C k s , s , , ’ ’ ’ ’ h nd o n R Trat an s k a . a d An n L eed s , , Blac Bices N twell s s odes r W o n e no an are practically ve tical , hile the thers u d rlie rth at e Of o r e n and in averag about They c u s early parallel , a ’ general east and west direction with th e e xception of Reed s ’ ’ nd Trath an L L and o L o e . . . a s de ode C ok s ode , which c urs E S E o , o o n whi ch c ourses E . N . E . They utcr p withi a strip fe et n and for n Of n e ee . wide , but xte d east west a dista ce early f t

n n th e 90 a d 1 20 - e e i B o es Lode betwee n the fthm . l v l var es n nd on n in o to 3 ft . a e width fr m six i ches , c tai s quartz , slat , ’ f n n and on on O o a d o . oo copper ir pyrites , carb ate ir chl rite C k s

5 th 5 7 - s o Six n e L ode from th e 3 to e fthm . level varie fr m i ch s 2 in and on Of o and on y e in to ft . width c sists c pper ir p rit s a ’ Ann L de e o 1 to L nd n e . in quartz a slate ga gu s o vari s fr m } ft . illi m ’ width and contains a similar assemblage of ores . W a s s

1 l l 1 4 le L I wal v . v 8 3 T . 1 Ge l o . orn Trans . R o . o . S c C o . 30. y , , , ab XXX X , p 1 l f r w ll 1 839 . 600 R epo rt on th e Ge o ogy o Co n a , , p . 43 COR N W ALL .

L de o 35 90 - h o Six n o fr m the to the ft m . level varies fr m i ches 3 in n n . o Of o a d k o to ft width . The lode c sists vitre us blac c pper im on e on Of on and w ores , copper pyrites , l it , carb ate ir pyrites ith i o e Of o n in in quartz , wh le s me sulphid bismuth was f u d cavities ’ t e o e Trath an s L o e on n o a d h l d . d c tai s c pper pyrites n varies in 1 o Six n e to 5 ft width fr m i ch s % .

F owe C ons ols . in y M e .

2 D e la Beche state s that the dip Of the slate is towards the east and away from th e granite SO that as the lode has a general n t on th e e on east a d wes directi , b ds traversed by it the lower part of the mine on the east rise to the surface on the western end and fOimd n of ore o n , it is that the bu ches acc mpa y this ” o n n e dip so as to c i cide with certai b ds . Further on ‘ h e says th e m ode in which the gossan and other marks Of

or o e - e the back , higher part , of a c pp r lode dip to the astward in in e in e n o n with the beds this m e is extrem ly t resti g ; g ssa , with e o on o n n Of n o and r its v ry c mm acc mpa ime ts ative c pper , g ey

’ I M o 1 A ll l. m e 909 . 1 G t . u e e f i S . G 4 Th e e ology o B odm n and st , ( , p 4. 2 ' — W e m er e 1 8 9 . e o lo o f Co w ll D e vo S o 3 335 6. R ept. G gy rn a , n and st s t , , pp 44 COPPE R OR E S :

o - o e n n th e n of th e o on o c pper res d sce di g , above bu ches c mm yell w b s Of e to th e Of o 600 i ulphuret copp r , depth ab ut feet from the ’ u on e th e s rface its astern part . Much of lode materi al c onsists

of fragments of slate cemented by yellow copper - ore and quartz and specimens Show that the ﬁssure re opened again and again r r n n e du ing p e iods Of mi eralisatio . Th re is a diagrammatic ﬁgure 1 Of n on i n e o of S e this vei st e the Survey M m ir . Ores ilv r , cadmium , ni ke n on and tin so T n n o . h e c l , a tim y have al bee rec rded mi e

was o to o 00 - 40 m 3 . n e s w rked bel w fthms u d r adit level ( fth ) . Th e total o utput Of c opper - ore s from 1 822 to 1 867 am o un ted to on e n on f n t o l o e . La esc o t s , yi ldi g t s metal ic c pp r was taken over by Fowey Consols in 1 836 ; during its in dependent

is e n e o was n Of o e - ore n ex t c its utput to s c pp r , yieldi g on of e i o t s m tall c c pper .

PAR O S OL S I N E T L A ZE S . Y . C N M , B

(I dle. )

Th e sh afts are situated on a hill we st Of Par Sands and about

- - i half a mile south so uth east of St . Blazey stat on — 111 a e One - n N ew e n n and e o o 347 p , i ch Seri s Ord a ce G l gical ,

- 5 1 Six n o n . W . i ch C r wall , N The c ountry - rock c onsists Of metamorphosed L ower Devonian rocks . n n e old Mo n ne i o o . Th s mi e i clud s the u t Mi , with s me thers 2 Acc ording to Colli ns the min es re opened in 1 834but rec ords 1 841 tO 1 8 69 o e ine to of o utput are from _ . They were c pp r m s

5 - and tin n e e th b o . th e 2 0 fthm . level mi s l w at level

Th e o o Of o e - o e n e to on t tal utput c pp r r s amou t d t s , n Of e l o er yielding to s m ta lic c pp .

N N I A N D H D A TE LL . R I O T PA R T LA ZE A N T . A ST C S S . S S E S U , B Y U

n th e ine and two - i Of e Shafts ear l , th rds a mil

- a . south e st of St Blazey Gate Church .

M a s —One - n e e n n e and o o 347 p i ch New S ri s Ord a c Ge l gical ,

Six- in o n l 5 1 ch C r wa l , .

n - n The cou try rock c o sists Of L ower D evonian slate .

Acc ording to th e published cross - section Of the mine there are ﬁve l odes underl y ing north and a slide inclining so uth . d o o no th e o Lo e th e I on The lo es fr m s uth to rth are S uth d , r ’ L n H n L o th e or o e o e L e and o . e Shaft de , N th de , G rg s od a ther 3 e e i Of th e Th e o Lo o wo od giv s d ta ls min e . S uth de dips s uth °— ° 4 - - n to 70 80 e 5 . down to the 0 fthm . lev l ; at the 0 fthm it cha ges

1 ’ M l e e l f th e Co u u m t A te ll em. Geo . Th o o o o B o . u G gy ntry ar nd d in and S s , (

4 . 9 9 . 1 5 1 0 , p 2 l W e f E M R e 1 1 2 54 . e o o 9 . 3 Th st ng and ining gi n , p 3 e l I II . 130. . G o . S oc o ll l l L 4 T . Tram . R o . C rn wa vo . v 1 8 3 e y , , , ab XXXV , p C R W AL L 4 O N . 5

It n n n n to 1 0 - n . 0 h orth mai tai s its ortherly dip dow the ft m . ° in n to onl 40 In h level , but decreases amou t y widt it 2 1 0 f to . O o e n varies from ft . ft The upper parts the l d c o siste d Of on of i n and o e and n o and carb ate ro , c pp r iro pyrites ; vitre us

r - r in e o th e 50 - e . b lac k c oppe o e come b l w fthm . l vel The North ° ° L e o 68 —82 and in o 4ins od dips s uth from varies width fr m . to

— on Of o e - o of 3 5 ft . The distributi the c pp r res resembles that th e L e South od . 1 De la B eche state s that fragments Of th e c o un try - rock are c emented by yellow c opper - ore and quotes a statement Of the mine captain that this phenomenon o ccurred thr o ughout all parts e o 1 820 to 1 841 and o 1 860 to 1 862 th e o o f the lod s . Fr m fr m utput o f o - o e oun e to n e n on Of c pper r s am t d to s , yi ldi g t s o rinn is o 1 849 to 1 867 m etallic copp er . S uth C fr m produced

on Of o e - ore on n n on o t s c pp r c tai i g t s f copper .

E M BR E MI E ST . LA ZE P OK N , B Y .

(I dle . )

- i l Shafts ab o ut two th rds Of a mi e s outh Of St . Blazey Gate

Church .

— M a s One - in N ew n n and e o o 347 p ch Series Ord a ce G l gical ,

- 5 1 in h N W . Six n . c Cor wall ,

o n - o on L o w D on The c u try r ck c sists of er ev ian Beds .

ne e o - no n The mi is divid d by a cr ss course , k w as the Great ’ - n n o o to Cross course . O its wester side fr m s uth north the lodes ’ a re th e R ed L o n L o L e and e de , the Mai de , Mitchell s od the Middl

L d n e n n o and e Of th e - o r e o e , all u d rlyi g rth , ast cross c u s the n Pembroke L ode also with a ortherly underli e .

8 h 1 2 - th e o e in From th e 2 to t e 0 fthm . level l d varies width o 1 to 8 e and on of e and h o fr m fe t , c sists quartz , clay , slat c l rite o and on e o and n o e e with c pper ir pyrit s vitre us ative c pp r , m la n en and on e of n on e o . Th e c ite , redruthit , zi c bl de , carb at ir ﬂ u c an e e th e o to e 60 to c which trav rs s l de is stated heav it fthms . ’2 in to 1 45 Th o . be o d e . the right . m e was w rked fthms l w a it The distribution Of th e ores Of copper has been described by 3 l o ore o e n l in n Richard Taylor . Ye l w ccurr d pri cipal y the easter I n n part of th e mine near th e cliffs . the ce tral part the yellow ore th e e and o - o and in th e was mixed with gr y black c pper res , we stern part th e gre y and black ore s occurred ab ove the yellow o re we o n th e o th e and . Further stwards same l des grey , black e o o o n th e e o o e e y ll w res were f u d , y ll w thickly c at d with the gr y and black ores .

- o o ut- Of o o e een 1 8 1 5 and 1 83 9 and The t tal put c pper r s betw , 1 8 62 to 1 867 on and on Of e from was t s , t s m tallic e o and Crinnis 1 85 2 to 1 85 9 an c opper . P mbr ke East from had

- o utput Of ton s Of c opper ore .

1 G e l f w ll tc . 18 39 . 323 . R e p ort on th e o o gy o Co rn a , e , p 2 ll M em . eol. G t. A us e G S a r a 1 4 Th e eo lo o f B o m S 909 . 1 9 . gy d in and t , ( ) , , p 3 l 1 46 . 9 9 . o G r all v . vi 8 R . eol. S oc . C o n w o T rans . y , , , p 46 COPPER OR E S :

IV TH E AR AD O DI R I . C N ST CT .

This district (Plate II ) constitutes a well - deﬁned area Of ni ne square miles situated on the south - east Of the Bodmin Mo or n gra ite . The district is traversed from north to south by a

- o r and Of great cross c u se , is divided by a tract impoverished o n n o ll TO gr u d ear Carad n Hi . the north the lodes contain e e n n n and o cassit rit as the pri cipal co stitue t dip s uth , whereas south of the hill copper - ores formed the principal filling in lodes n n n 1 dippi g orth . He wood gives the following acco unt Of the two groups of lodes The lodes— comprehending every ingredient Of th e rocks they e o ff n and in n o o trav rse , alth ugh di ere tly aggregated differe t pr p r on —c on h Of and o ti s , sist c iefly quartz , chlorite felspar ; ass ciated , n s l o o n Of and o o at i terval , with smal er pr p rtio s mica sch rl . S me n Of on n o e times the three pri cipal these c stitue ts , but perhaps m r e n two Of n n are n i and fr que tly them i differe tly , i t mately mixed ; , on i n o o on ne n occasi ally , th s i c rp rati is vei d or spri kled with the n in i f en e e same substa ces d f er t d grees , with eith r of them separ — — fluor r f . o in . O ately , the S the district with

A s . ad n th e o f as . o O d well N . S of Car shall wer parts the lo es on n e n n e Of o n n c tai , at tim s , co siderable qua titi s earthy br w iro ore and n n not ; but it , the mi erals which accompa y it , are of rec iselv on o d Of n p the same character opp site si es the gra ite .

‘

c o n.

O R A N / f l

L on itud inal section o the M a in L ode 2 h a mix M i nes . . F I G . 1 . P g f

S to es P h oenix S outh Ph oenix Dunsle P h oenix and M arke w , , , y , — o in th e n or in ad n n Valley (Fig . wr ught gra ite the slate j oi i g — it — fo on - ore Of o n n n Of , af rd ir dark br w occasio ally , i deed , a k — o o n bl c ish hue , scattered thr ugh hard , massive , th ugh freque tly — — n and d o n c t ~ caver ous , quartz mixed w ward especially with I n Of lodes — e rite . a matrix this character these (N have p rhaps

— n n tin - ore o e and for age s yielded an abu da ce of . S ft r lighter

e of on - ore e n are c oloured vari ties ir , mix d with gra ular quartz , i m e n e o - ore o Of pr g ated with arthy black c pper , the red xide copper , l o and hr o o . malachite , tamarite , c ys c l a , vitreous c pper tile ore

1 G w ll l 1 1 6 5— a R . eol. S oc . C orn a vo . v 87 . 7 680 . Tr ns . oy , iii , , pp

COPPER OR E S 1

W E ST AR AD O L E E ST . R C N , C .

(I dle . )

Th e o P n shafts are situated at ab ut two miles west of e silva .

/ — 11"a s : One - n n n and o o 3 37 p i ch New Series Ord a ce Ge l gical , V - n o n 28 Six i ch C r wall S . V .

o n - o on of n The c u try r ck c sists entirely gra ite . n o o on n o There are twelve pri cipal c pper l des , which are c ti u us w o in o on Of ith th se S uth Carad , all which have been productive .

n e n n o o - o e They are i tersect d at right a gles by umer us cr ss c urs s , two e n o n e in o e to om 2 to 6 b i g imp rta t , h av g the l d s the right fr

t - f hms . The great cross c ourse which separates this mine from S outh Caradon was of importance when th e mi ne was in work as th e drivages along it met with softer gro und than the hard 1 n All o n n h e . n e e o gra it the l des have a ge eral u d rli rth . T ey

o e e o o - ore o e e ore e pr duc d y ll w c pper , t g ther with gr y , whil the n on of e and Menadue ga gue c sisted chieﬂy p ach prian . The

L ode prod u ced som e large specim ens of purple or p eac ock - ore : n on o e o o n e The vei st es c mpris d chalc pyrite , c pper gla c , eru b esc ite n o e e and n o , te rit , cuprit , malachite , ative c pper , with 2 C ﬂuors ar e a m e o nd . ispick l , hl rite , p , f lspar quartz 2 N . L . . . a d an e e . o o n . ode c ursed E N E had und rli N N W .

Of 1 8 M nadue L o o n e - in . e de c urses early parall l with this but 3 1 A n t H nwood th e o an n e in 3 . o o e has u derli of cc rdi g , . l des ft ’ L n e in o few n 3 . Jo o ra g width fr m a i ches to , but pe s de is as 9 e much as ft . wid .

n o e to 1 87 . e o The mi e was w rk d a depth of fthms b l w surface , ’ ’ ’ and e e e e n S n n o o o th r w r ma y hafts i cludi g Cr uch s , F x s , Elli tt s ’ and P o ry r s . Th e total output of c opper - ore between 1 843 and 1 886 n amounted to tons which yie lded to s of copper .

A D L E ER . S OUTH CA R ON ST . C

n - Of Th e shafts are situated yards orth east St . Cleer "' h urc h .

M a s — ne - in N ew e n n and eo o 33 7 p O ch Seri s Ord a ce G l gical ,

- 8 n o n 2 S W . Six i ch C r wall ,

Th e o n - o on of n and o o c u try r ck c sists gra ite , soft dec mp sed

ne th e e e . ar surfac , but harder at d pth Th e lodes in this sett are thrown d own east by the Great Cro ss c ourse which lies between the S outh and th e West Caradon ’ o o h to n o z— Kitto s o L e Mines . Fr m s ut rth they are S uth od , ’ ’ ’ L o e and n Lo o L o Cl m o s Kitto s North d the Cau ter de , J pe s de , y

’ 1 e c H o o f M th e C o L e D c W ebb and G a h , ist ry ining in arad n and isk ard istri t,

8 6 . 3 5 . 1 3 , p 2 ’ rv. 1 1 4 G u c e M em . Geo l. S u 9 1 . 10 l c L o . Th e e o ogy of Tavisto k and a n st n , ( , p 3 l I II wall vol. v 2 1 8 7 1 T e . eol S oc . C orn Trans . R o . G . y , iii , part , , ab XX R N W ALL 49 CO .

’ ’ L o P Lo D o n L M n L Menadue de , earce s de , wdi g s ode , ai ode , ’ ’ m L o Lo and L o . o o de , Webb s de , Gerald s de They all c urse fr ° ° ° ° o 5 o to 3 5 n o of n o 1 6 to 30 ab ut s uth rth east , u derlie at fr m

n - n orth and are inte rse cted at right a gles by several cross cour ses . Kitto s N orth L ode and the Caunter L ode run parallel and close o to each other and are the most productive of the di strict . M st of o e n o n in 1 to 2 in the l d s are arr w , ra g g from feet width , but 4 8 r 1 f 1 n o n e en out to o e n 0 t . o ccasio ally th y Op , ve The s uther f 2 5 of n o e to e o 0 h . o part the mi e was w rk d a d pth ft ms bel w adit , n o ode and there were several d eep shafts . The more rtherly l s 4 o 8 were te sted to depths of from 0 t 0 fthms . There was a good g ossan which contain ed much lim oni te Often n n o in a c ellular c o ditio . The higher parts f the lodes carried e on e e e and e n m lac ite , cuprit , malachit , ch ssylite a littl ative

o and k o n. e ee e e h c pper , with quartz a li Th se were succ d d at d pt b o e o n and o e e and v chalc pyrit , b r ite chalc cit , with pyrit s mispickel n e n of o e an ﬂu r and c o siderabl qua tities chl rit d o sp ar . There were frequent vughs lined with beautiful crystals of th e ores of of n ed n of o e c opper . Parts the mi e yield large qua tities c pp r

r n of o . ore averaging 81 p e c e t . c pper The o utput between 1 838 and 1 8 85 am o unted to on Of o e —ore e on of o t s c pp r which yi lded t s metallic c pper .

A D D MOOR IN E T . LE E R R OC S . C K M , C

(I dle . )

1 n o - no - of. e The shafts are situated 4miles rth rth east St . Cle r

Church .

M a s — One - n N ew e e n n and o o 3 37 p i ch S ri s Ord a ce Ge l gical , 7 ix - in n 8 S o 2 S . “. ch C r wall ,

n - n The c ou try r ock consists of gra ite . to n o e in e e There are said be eleve l d s the s tt , their averag ° 1 ﬁ - 0 . and v o o e . b earing being E . N e cr ss c urs s ’ 1 V n o L o e o to 4 in d ivia s N rth de which vari s fr m 75 ft . wi th n 2 — e ' was p oor a d small from th e 20 to th e 3 fthm . l vel at the

7 2 - i n - . e e S o to 9 6 fthm it was r ch but depr ciat d lightly d w the fthm .

- o n o o to o e . level . The c u try r ck is hard cl se up this l d The Menadue L ode of We st Carad on underlies n orth and enters n th e 70 — o ﬁne e ore o e this mi e at fthm . level . S me purpl was btain d o fr m it . ’ ’ Gerald s L ode lies south of Vivian s and c ourses parallel with ’ n l n L o n n o and o it ; it was ot rich . Gi pi s de u derlies rth p r ved ’ — - n e 48 . e of rich d ow to the 60 fthm . lev l ; at the fthm w st Harris s o of S n and e and Shaft it is comp sed par , mu dic peach , with gr y 2 e o - y ll w c opper ore s .

The output Of copper - ores and metallic c opper between 1 n 1 4 nd on 85 6 a d 87 was tons a t s respectively .

1 ’ 1 1 2 l M n R e o 9 . 253 25 . . l W e f E l 4 . H Co Th e o J ins , st ng and ini g gi n , , pp and 1 ’ W e e c H of M i th e C o L e D s c bb and G a h , istory in ng in arad n and isk ard i tri t , 1 2 1 1 863 , pp . , 3 . 50 COPPER OR E S :

ON A M EN A I E T L E E R G M N , S . C .

(I dle . )

’ The shafts are situated ab out 1 3 miles n orth - north - east of

St . Cleer Church .

M a s — One - n N ew e n n and o o 3 37 p i ch S ries Ord a ce Ge l gical,

- 8 n o n 2 S W . Six i ch C r wall ,

- f n Th e country rock consists o gra ite . n o n n o e There are thr ee pri cipal l des all u derlyi g n rth . Th y are ’ ’ ’ ’ n wn as or L o e o Lo and i n k o Sarah s Sara s d , Tayl r s de G lpi s

L o - o ode . They are heaved to the right by a cr ss c urse which n n n en oo e e i te rsects them early at right a gles . H w d d scrib s the working of a mass of stanniferous granite in an excavation a 1 1 in e n and 8 1 bout acres xte t fthms . deep . ’ Th e Sara s L ode outcrop consisted Of gossan with tin - ore :

o th e and o to 90 - o fr m 30 d wn the fthm . level there was a go d ’ c ou e o n tin and n L o is one of rs of re carryi g copper . Gilpi s de no e n o e of e on en Gonam ena the rth r l d s W st Carad , but it ters at d n th e e of e th e o met epth . O ast the s tt l de was with at the

20 - W in e o and k o of o fthm . here it was rich y ll w , grey blac res c pper

1 14- e I t which c ontin ued down to the fthm . lev l . was proved ’

- . Lo o n productive down to th e 90 fthm . Taylor s de als e ters the se tt at depth from West Caradon and contain s good yellow

f 1 - In 1 863 n n to o 00 . o ore . the mi e was su k a depth fthms fr m 2 surface .

Th e o o n 1 848 and 1 872 of o - ores t tal utput , betwee , c pper 685 n f e o amounted to tons with to s o m tallic c pper .

A A D L I I N H R N E A ST R O O . E C N , NK

(I dle . )

The shafts are situated at ab out a mile west - north - west of

Pensilva Church .

M a s — One - n n n and e o 337 p i ch New Series Ord a ce G ol gical ,

- 2 8 E Six n o n S . i ch C r wall ,

Th e country - rock consists of granite n o rth of the Caunter L ode and of killas to its south . Th e lodes are s ome of those worked at the S o uth Caradon and Gonam ena M n n th e on n i es which adj oi sett its wester side .

' The p ri ncipal lode is th e Caunter which lies at the junc tion of ° Th e 5 the granite and killas . lodes c ourse ab out 1 north Of east ; n o a d n the Caunter underlyi g s uth n the others orth .

e en on 50 and (SO- The Caunt r was driv both at the the fthm .

th e n o n At 50 - levels close up to wester b u dary . the fthm . it was e oin n o £ 100 er o e very rich , at sev ral p ts bei g w rth p fath m whil

1 ll l — o wa v . i 1 1 4 5 Ge l. S oc orn 6 Trans . R o . . C o v 87 . 66 6 y , ii , , pp 1 ’ W e G e c H o o f M th e C ad o L e D c bb and a h , ist ry ining in ar n and isk ard istri t , — 1 6 . 5 1 5 8 3, pp 3 . ' W ALL 5 1 C OR N . n 1 A i the eastern drivage it varied fro m £30 to £ 00 per fthm . t

6 - 4 0 o o 0 to 60 . the fthm . it was w rth fr m £ £ per fthm but at the 1 70 - m no so o fth . it was t g od .

o of o - ore n 1 8 60 and 1 885 The utput c pper , betwee , was o tons which yielded 70 tons of metalli c copper . S me or 1 82 4 of i ton of the e in 8 yielded 3 or ounces s lver per .

AR E I N I N H N E K VAL L E Y L K OR . M ,

(I dle. ) The shafts are situated at ab out a quarter of a mile s outh ’

f . o U on . St Paul s Church , pt — M a s One - n e n n and o 3 3 7 p i ch New S ries Ord a ce Geol gical , —n n 2 8 o E . Six i ch C r wall , N . The c ountry - rock consists of grani te overlain by metam or h p osed Slate . one of o n This , the Oldest , was a m st productive mi e . The follon de tails are derived in part from the desc rip 2 3 on f th e in n n ti s o m e by He wood and by Webb a d Geach . There are seven lodes and a cross - c ourse ; the richest being ’ ’ M L r s n o R o edown L e a d L o . arke s ode , Old Sarum od , Fisher s de L n in n to o L o yi g gra ite the s uth there are the New ode , S uth

M L and n o o on n o - of th e aria ode a ther l de , while the rth east sett a lode called the Cottage L ode has been worked d own to the

8 - 0 . fthm level . ’ ° M k L e o r n n l e 1 0 ar e s od c u ses a little orth of east , u der i s at ° to 20 n nd 4 hi . or a o to . k orth , was pr ved be ft t c Old Sarum ° R osedown L o r n o of n e i no 2 4 ode c u ses rth east , u d rl es rth at ° ’ 4 2 e L 0 and in om 1 . to 2 . to varies width fr ft ft Fish r s ode , N e L o M L i and w ode , S uth aria ode , wh ch was very productive ,

o - o another lode all underlie steeply north . There is a cr ss c urse a little west of the Old Whim Shaft which intersects the So uth M d o o n s an n . aria a ther l de The pri cipal shaft , the Sali bury

1 - in 1 863 and n o n to 00 . Shaft , was su k d w the fthm level , the to mine was w orked below that level . ’ R osedown and e L o o on in The Mark s des b th c ta ed quartz , l and l i o e and on and fe spar fe spath c clay with c pp r ir pyrites ,

- - R osedown L o e n n o tin ore . black copper ore . The d co tai s s me o n 1 844 and 1 890 o n to The utput, betwee , am u ted

- n f o tons of copper ore which c ontained to s o metallic c pper .

LA G AR AD ON TH E TOKEN BU R Y AN D Y OLLAN D ON S OL S G S OW C ( C ) ,

IVE . ST .

(I dle . )

The shafts are situated at two thirds of a mile west - north - west

Of Pensilva Church .

’ 1 e c H s or o f Mini th e C o an d L s e D c W e bb and G a h , i t y ng in arad n i k ard istri t ,

1 8 6 . 1 4. 3, p 3 G wall vo l. vi 1 87 1 T le I . l. oc . orn ns . R o . eo S C Tra y , ii , , ab XXV 3 ’ 24 6 th d o L e D c 1 8 63 . . H isto ry o f Mining in e Cara n and isk ard istri t, , pp 5 2 COPPE R OR E S :

M a s — One —in r n n and o 337 p ch New Se ies Ord a ce Geol gical ,

- n 2 8 E o n S . Six i ch C r wall , The c ountry - ro ck c onsists Of decomposed andalusite - schist n i' of o o e o n n th e n formi g pa t the metam rphic aure l surr u di g gra ite , w o n ith s me gra ite at depth . e i n hi un n n and Th re are eight lodes t s sett all derlyi g orth , a ° d n ou un o . 30 . an Cau ter with a s therly derlie , which c urses E N s o 4 W 1 i ab ut feet ide . i k and o There is a good gossan n the Main Lode . Blac yell w

- .c opper Ores occurred in a gangue consisting of quartz with s ome prian and capel . o o n 1 8 64 and 1 884 o n e The t tal utput , betwee , am u t d to

tons Of c opper - ore c ontaining tons of metalli c

c opper .

H E A L PH CEN I X LIN I H OR W , K N NE .

(I dle . )

The shafts are situated ab o ut two - thirds of a mile north Of n Cheesewri g Railway .

— M a s One - n e n n and o o 337 p , i ch New Seri s Ord a ce Ge l gical ,

- 8 Six n o n 2 . W . i ch C r wall , N The c oun try - rock consists of granite and metam orphosed

n - l of M L o e o killas . The hangi g wa l the ain d d wn to a depth of

5 f il - 3 hm . on o e no or oo ni e ft s c sists slat , wh e the rth f t wall is gra t . n in 1 83 6 th e o n n e The mi e was started as C r wall Great U it d , but afte r 1 8 7 6 was taken over by another c ompany and described n as the Ph oeni x U ite d . ° r n e M n L e i o rs o 8 The p i cipal lod is the ai od , wh ch c u es fr m ° to 1 5 north of east and underlies s outh at ab out It varie s 2 12 a d n in width from 1 to ft . n is freque tly bre cciated and often no to o n vughy . There are several mi r lodes the s uth , withi a n of 200 s and n o n N ew L o dista ce fthm , k w as the ode , the S uth

L and n f- b ox L o e n rl o e to ode the S uf d , which all u de ie m re st eply

n n L e e is o - o the south tha the Mai od . Th re also a cr ss c urse o e no and o n e i and o n which c urs s rth s uth , u d rl es west thr ws dow

1 - th e b eds to the east for a distance of 00 ft . The country rock 3 near th e lode is much silic iﬁed and according to Collins c ontains i and o in e particles of t n copper other ores . C ll s furth r state s the lode Itse lf where worked was largely c omp osed of t o o f on o n ne and o hydra ed xide ir (g zza ) ar the surface , s me in L o e o e n t . o n w r d w there was much quartz with chl rit , ma y e e of o e ore and tin or non of th e vari ti s c pp r , a little , but little e ﬂ uor spar which was so ab undantly found in several of th e ’ 4 en o n neighb ouring mines . H w od says After the mi e had bee n

1 ’ W e G e c H or o f M i in in th e C o L e D c t bb and a h , ist y n g arad n and isk ard istri ,

48430 . 18 63 , pp 1 l S o or l l w r a ns R o . Geo 1 1 l X X V W H e o o d T . . c . C nwa l vo . v 87 T e . J . n , y , iii , , ab . ’ 1 W E l M R e 1 12 2 Th e e f o 9 . 5 0 . st o ng and ining gi n , , p o e ll l i T a l w W e . Trans . R . G ol. o orn wa v . v H e o uo S c . C o e n o d q ting st y , i i , b

XXV . R AL L 5 3 C O NW . wrought for som e tim e th e lode was foun d to rest c onformably on n o e o 6 to 30 on n o of z up a th r , fr m ft . ft . wide , c sisti g m stly quart

t - r ns and o e o en e in o e . e e e chl rit , ft larg ly charged with Th s v i ’ o on n e en of e e n o n in th e o . ccasi ally u it d , fragm ts ach b i g f u d ther 1 Webb and Geach state that at th e Clanac omb e Mine gossan n 2 and in e exte ded to a depth of 00 fthms . was termixed with gr y r I th e ene o o Of e o e . n e d pth matrix is g rally c mp sed blue cap l , n e e of and on in th e ore e carryi g a l ad r quartz ir , which mak s ; ’ and n Of e and een bon o o n a qua tity blu gr car ate is als f u d . Rich

o r 8 6 - and n n e c urses of o e o ccurred at the fthm . the pri cipal bu ch s

e n th e 1 2 1 6 1 - ore o n to th e lay b twee 0 and fthm . levels ; the held d w

1 - 2 6 hm . e ft l vel . Examin ation of th e cap els left by old min ers shewed that the y

t e O low- t - ore Th e n o o r f in . c ntained fr m g o g p cent . grade mi e

o in 1 89 8 eo n o e in 1 907 . st pped , but was r pe ed with ut succ ss

Th e total o utput Of copper - ores b etween 1 824 and 1 87 8 amoun ted to tons and of m etallic c opper tons . At Ph oenix United between 1 87 6 and 1 8 9 8 the o utput of c opper n d 2 1 n of o ore was to s an 7 to s c pper .

TR EVE D D OE IN E A R L E GGO . M , W N

(A ctive .

’ Treveddoe th e W e on e and o t Shafts at beside arl gg riv r , ab u n half a mile orth we st of Warleggon Church .

M a s — ne - n N ew e e r n n e and e o o 3 36 p O i ch S ri s O d a c G l gical ,

- 2 7 n o n l S W . Six i ch C r wa l ,

Th e c ountry - ro ck con sists of granite on th e no rth and meta morph osed calcareo us slate (Mi ddle D ev onian ) on th e so uth of n the mi e . Th e min e sett in cludes th e Old Whe al Whisper openwo rks in Th e n L o e o e n e due and the Cabilla M e . Mai d c urs s arly

h 2 - e o e and e to t e 3 . east w st , is vertical fthm l vel , has a s uth rly

48 - and n to n o n e e underlie d own to th e fthm . cha ges a rth u d rli — I t o 3 to 6 ee i n d own to the 60 fthm . varies fr m f t width , but ’ in the granite it was of th e n ature of a sto ckwerks and in e I n e of th e n e consisted of n umerous str g rs . the upp r parts mi in o 7 . o d own to 1 5 fthms . bel w adit ( fthms ) the l de was ma ly t e n o e e o e - o e e in and th e in b ari g , but bel w that l v l c pp r r s cam

ff o - o e o n nt production of tin fell o . C pper r s were m st abu da

- 2 are i n o n to 90 . d own to 3 fthms . but as rich quality d w the fthm e o e o n and o o ea level . Th y c mpris b r ite chalc pyrite with s me p r een on e and o et i o o c o ck o e . Gr carb at s me m all c c pper ccurred

- Th e n e on i e Of . e e . ab ove th e 1 5 fthm . l v l ga gu c s sts chi fly peach

’ 1 ‘ th md L e D c 1 8 63 . 3 0 . H isto ry o f M ining in e Ca e n and isk ard istri t, , p C OPPER OR E S I

The following assays were supplied by the Company ; they e e o n on Son P e n and e w r made by J h s , aul Stre t , Fi sbury , relat to c oncentrate s delivered between May 1 9 1 7 and November 1 9 1 8 :

1 Tin 3 1 5 T ( ) Metal . ( ) Metal in . 1 5 o e . C pp r Copper . 2 Ti n 4 22 T n . i ( ) ( ) . 1 6 - 00 1 4 o e e . C pp r . Copp r

Th e n o e e five e - o of th e o pla t is p rat d by wat r wheels . M st c pper o re e o tin - ore n e nne is s parated fr m the o Fru va rs . o o n fi ed th e o n th e out The f ll wi g gures , suppli by C mpa y , give put of c opp er - ore during recent years 1 902 8 6 7 1 to ns . 1 90 1 9 1 2 So ld as mi xe d 9 s 1 03 e . 1 908 1 1 0 to n . c o nc entrat 1 904 5 64 1 909 1 46 1 9 1 3 N o figur es 9 5 1 0 1 9 1 0 65 1 9 1 6 avai lable . 9 6 1 0 1 7 t o ns . 1 9 1 1 34 1 9 1 7 27 tons .

Th e o t of o e - ore in 1 823 1 824 1 862 1 904 and 1 90 6 utpu c pp r , , , 65 on n 6 on of e o e was t s , yieldi g t s m tallic c pp r .

CR ows E ST ST . L E E R . N , C

(A cti ve )

The precipitation tanks li e a few hun dred yards n orth of Crows 1 d 1 - - e an no no f ee . N st 1; miles rth rth east o St . Cl r Church

M n - n nd o o 3 37 a s . O e n n e a p i ch New Series Ord a c Ge l gical , S ix n o n l 28 i ch C r wa l , S W . n e o e on So on The drai age wat rs fr m W st Carad , uth Carad and Gonam en a Mine s are dire cted through launders in which

n o - e S oe n e ma y h rse sho s are placed . The h s are all arra g d with t o n u - e e n e s he ir p in ts faci g p stream . Th r are several hu dr d yard Th e off e of laun d ers . precipitate d c opper is brushed with st el

in e and in e for th e e e . brushes , dressed kiev s packed barr ls sm lt r 1 d 1 5 in 1 9 1 6 1 1 . an o t in 1 9 1 ton 9 . The u put was cwt , cwts , 1 9 1 7 2 7 on in t s .

D I TR I CT V A ST OR N W A L L A N D D E ON S . . E C V

Thi s mining district c onsists of an area of ab out 1 8 square m e Of e or o and n e n il s , composed m tam phic r cks gra ite mass s , lyi g I n e th e o b etween Kelly Bray and Tavistock . it are situat d fam us D e o n n o M n th e n on D o n ne and v Great Co s ls i es , Hi gst w Mi s , the ne H olmb ush and Gunnislake Clitters and B edfo rd United Mi s . Th e re is a sec ond group lying on th e bo rders of Dartm o or no rth east Of Tavist ock and including Wheal Friendship and some n e are o n ne o f o t n smaller mi es . Ther als ma y mi s lesser imp r a ce with outputs amo unting to less than tons of c opper - ore n o f wh ich no details are k now .

1 ’ b H . E . Fe r 1 9 18 . 62. Th e Co rnish Cham be r o f M ine s Y ear Bo ok , y n , , p

5 6 COPPE R OR E S :

n e o one of o Kit n on Do n This mi f rms the gr up Hill , Hi gst w , ’ and Gunnislake Clitters ; until re c ently worked by the Duchy of o n - C r wall . The stamps and dressing plant were situated at Gunnislake Clitters Mine ; th e ore from Kit Hill and Hingston Do n on e to e o w was c vey d them by a rial r peway . The total output between 1 850 and 1 8 80 and in 1 8 82 am ounted to on of o - ore and on of li o t s c pper t s metal c c pper .

H AW KM OOR I N E A L STOC M , C K .

(A ctive )

ne e e of Shafts situated ar the riv r Tamar , a quart r a mile no of nn rth Gu islake Bridge .

— M a s One - in N ew e n n and o o 3 37 p ch Seri s Ord a ce Ge l gical ,

- n n 30 N o W . Six i ch C r wall , .

The c o untry - rock c onsists of andalusite - mica - schist overlying reisened n and on e of th e e e o g gra ite , the w st s tt fault d by a cr ss o n n th c urse agai st gra ite at a few fath oms b elow e surface . e e ﬁve o e e th e o L o Th r are l des called r spectiv ly N rth de , the 1 2 o or M n L o and th e o L o e N os . Tavist ck the ai de , S uth d s , , n b e n n a d 3 . e o o Th y may the same as th se at Bedf rd U ited Mi es , th e n L o a d L 1 of H awkm o or n Mai de n the South ode N O . mergi g n o th e k L of o n e o i t Tavistoc ode Bedf rd U ited , whil the S uth 1 2 Th e o a d n t M L e . L ode s N os . n u ite o form the arquis od S uth

L o e e e kno n o e o N o . 1 d s w re form rly w as the Bedf rd , B df rd , ’ ’ and D De K n o e e o in ene the eal s or vil s itche L d s . Th y c urse a g ral ° but n o o e o of 1 0 N . e e n . d dir cti E , te d to div rg t war s the s uth Of o Th e o L o e and M in L o west the pr perty . N rth d the a de i n n a d o e o th e o . u de rl e N . at the th rs t s uth

- The Main L ode and th e So uth Lode s c ontain c opper ores .

- 1 in The output of copper ore am ounted to 4 tons 1 cwts . 1 9 1 7 en 1 852 a d 1 866 th e on of . Betwe n output was t s

o - r a 2 1 1 c pper o e nd tons Of me tallic copper .

H OL M BU S H A N D H OL M BU SH O SOL S TO E L I M SLA D . C N , S K C N

(A c tive i n p art. )

Th e shafts are situate d abo ut 700 yards north of Kelly Bray .

i — - n and o o 337 Jl ap s One inch New Seri es Ordna ce Ge l gical ,

- 2 9 . n orn W . Six i ch C wall , N The c ountry - rock is slate of U pper Devonian age m etam or ’ n At e n 80 and ph osed by th e gra ite . Wall s Shaft betw e the ’ 1 - nd een 1 10 th e 00 . e e a n fthm l v ls , at Hitchi s Shaft , betw the

- 1 46 e e e e an n n en one . a nd fthm . l v ls th r is i trusio of gre st The n ow and oo in th e n one b ut lodes , as usual , are arr p r gree st , become

- n e o o re beari g b l w it . E A ST COR N W AL L A N D D E 5 7 VON .

1 The following acco unt is abstracted from Collins There are ﬁve n o n and o in H olmb ush o k w east west l des the gr up , a s n o a d o - Th e well as the great rth n s uth silver lead lod e . Main Lode is th e m ost northerly of them ; it co urse s a few degre es ° E n 20 o of . e . m th e e a o . r nd N , u derli s N at fr v tical , varies fr m a n e t n e in I f o . t on n o few i ch s ma y f et width c sists mai ly quartz , mispickel and iron pyrites and carries chalcopyrite and other o e of o o on ﬁ u r o r s c pper with ccasi ally much o spar . The l de has been worked for a c onsiderable length and to a depth of 1 7 5

e o . fthm s . b l w adit o o o e o in en e The Fl p Jack , als a rich l d , c urses a g eral ast a nd - e i e on and n e e no 1 in 2 I t on n w st d r cti u d rli s rth at . c tai s tin o e and en - o e and en o e o n c pp r ars ic r s , has be w rk d d w to 1 45 — th e . e e . o e of n L o fthm l v l The l de , j ust w st the Mai de , is

- displaced by th e Great Cross c o urse . I n 1 8 8 8 ne ne o K o h this mi , with its ighb urs elly Bray , S ut K e and R edm oor o l n on n lly Bray , , was w rked by the Ca li gt U ited M ne L i s , imited . o en 1 82 2 and 1 868 and o 1 880 to 1 8 8 6 The utput betwe , fr m , a m o unted to tons of copper - ore W i th tons Of m etallic o c pper .

D E O R E AT ON S OL S A I STO C . V N G C , T V K

(A c ti ve in p art. )

Ann M and nn o Shafts at Wheal a aria at Wheal Fa y , ab ut 1 e & mile s north of Gunnislak .

— M a s One - n N ew n n and o o 3 37 p i ch Series Ord a ce Ge l gical ,

- 1 5 S ix n D on 0 S W . i ch ev , 2 n o t of n is e A lo g acc un these mi es giv n by Collins . The sett n on e e o n e M i cludes , am g oth r , small r w rki gs , Wh al aria , Wheal 7 nn Ann M “e o and Fa y , Wheal a aria , h al J siah Wheal Emma . The lodes have been worked on c ontinuo usly for a distance of o ver two miles in Devon and p ossibly to a greater distance thro ugh n on th e o n f th Th e New Great Co sols C r ish side o e Tamar . work l 22 o e a ings general y did not exceed 0 fthms . bel w adit lev l nd

- e o were everywhere rich in c opper ores (Fig . Thes l des were d o e ed in e of 1 9 en isc v r the arly part the th c tury , their backs n n f o n D n th havi g b ee observed as cindery masses o g ssa . uri g e working of the mines this gossan material was occasionally fol o e to e in ne e en for 30 to l w d great d pths , but ge ral it xt ded a d o o e of 40 fthms . n then passed int c mpact mass s mixed sulphide and ﬂ u rs r ores with mispickel and much quartz o p a .

The c ountry - rock c on sists of Upp er Devonian slate which shews sp ots due to metam orph ism and is called by the miner ’ the lousy killas . e are o n o e on M n L o and Ther f ur pri cipal l d s , but ly the ai de the Th e n L in New S outh L ode are n ow worke d . Mai ode the western

’ 1 1 2 2 —2 l M i i R e o 9 1 . 57 6 1 Th e W e st o f E ng and n ng gi n , , pp . ’ 2 - f E l M i i R e o 19 12 . 262 265 Th e W est o ng and n ng gi n , , pp . 5 8 COPPE R OR E S :

" 7 0 0 61 1.

F I . 1 3 D e von Gr eat on ol ro - on o o e G C ss secti s l d s . C s s . f

t of o o e and e e s par the sett c urses alm st due ast w st , but astward 1 5 ° N . I t n e to . e n o 1 in 3 and sw rves E u d rlies ge erally s uth at , n 4 to 30 . or M l 0 . of e ra ges up ft rarely ft in width . uch the mat ria

n e and o - N ew is breccia ceme t d by chalybite ir n pyrites . The o L e i n S uth od has a s milar b e ari g and underlie to th e Main L ode . The S outh L ode branches off from th e Main L ode in Wheal Ann M and o n o It e e a aria rej i s it in Wheal J siah . was extr m ly

th 20 - nd th e 1 20 - nd o e e e een e . a a rich b tw fthm fthm . levels ; als wh r h n L o 4 d in . n o t e e e n of 0 ft . a it j s Mai d Th re it attai s a width , of nd n c onsists mispickel a chalc opyrite in a brecciated ve i stone . M n L o nn The ai de is worke d at Whe al Fa y at th e Eastern Shaft .

I t c onsists on ly Of mispickel and c oppe r - ores in a gangue o f f an and 6 O d o . quartz with patches peach flu rspar , is about ft t t An n 1 n L and A . 3 o o hick . Wheal a Maria (Fig ) b th the Mai de th N w o Lo n e e S uth de are bei g work ed . There are exten sive dumps which were recently estimated to c ontain thre e - quarters of a million tons of material which n f e o a on a e on e o . ass yed av rage e half per c nt . m tallic c pper n h ld 4 n I t e o mines there are 0 miles Of levels . The drai age wate rs from ab ove adit - level are c onveyed through launders in - r Th e o er which scrap iron and steel shavings a e placed . c pp in th e drainage water is in th e form of sulphate ; on re achi ng th e n e on o e n o o on lau d rs ir replaces c pper , pr cipitati g it as a s t the n and f n Th e n are shavi gs itself forms sulphate o iro . shavi gs wash ed in sieve s and the c opper c ollected in tubs where it is " f is and e n ot o e n 85 en . o dried pack d , but m r tha per c t water rem oved as dry c opp er is not required by th e manufacturer . e e o e on in n to en n o on This pr cipitat d c pp r c ta s , accordi g rec t i f rmati , t 4 n f n e e o on . Th e in up o 0 per ce t . ir m e waters by a alys s sh w of 30 n of on th e o o on a maximum grai s copper per gall , but pr p rti a o n to o n and n o of o v ries acc rdi g seas rai fall . The rec very c pper e e o 45 on er nn av rag s ab ut t s p a um .

The output of c opp er - o re s between 1 845 and 1 90 3 amounted 1 o l n to to ns yielding tons of metallic c opper . C l i s ‘ state s that th e total product-ion from the c omm encement in

1 844to the winding up in 1 903 realised ove r four millions sterling .

1 ’ W l M R e 1 9 1 2 . 2 65 . Th e est O f Eng and ining gion , , p E N 5 9 D VO .

E D F OR D ITE D I N E S A I STOC . B UN M , T V K

(A ctive )

on De on o e of V l Shafts situated the v sl p the Tamar al ey ,

e no - e of nn half a mil rth ast New Bridge , Gu islake .

— M a s One - n n n and eo o 33 7 p i ch New Series Ord a ce G l gical ,

- D on 1 0 5 Six n S W . i ch ev , Th e c ountry - rock c on sists of slightly metamorphosed killas D e on n o f Upper v ia age . ° e o r n o 1 5 d . an n e There are thre l des cou si g ab ut E N . u d r ° Th e o n o l n 70 to o . th e o yi g at the s uth m st rtherly , Tavist ck L o e en o e to n o 2 to 7 d , has be st p d a width varyi g fr m ft . The 6 in M u L o e n . e en o to th e arq is de , av ragi g ft width , has b w rked

- e and e en o n o t - 1 50 fthm . l vel is at pr s t w rki g d wn o adit level o r e and (50 fthm s ) . C pper py it s mispickel affect the centre t e l tin and o f o e n to of he o . l d , whi e w l ram r s lie ext the walls The gangue c onsists of quartz with some ﬁ uorspar and cap els of sch o rl . 1 L o e n o to e f 2 O . t Th e N de has b e w rked a d pth o 00 ft . I c on n o e of o n tin and o in tai s r s c pper , arse ic , w lfram a quartz r ar of o an g angue with s ome ﬂuo sp . The values c pper d arsenic n e h and e en 1 n i crease with d pt , their av rage at pres t is per ce t .

n of en . o in o o f copper and 3 per ce t . ars ic Old w rk gs n the back o f th e lode ab ove the deep adit e xtend for a distance of 200 fthms . and n n n and o e The mills dressi g pla t are moder , are w rk d by

- n o n e water p ower Operati g a Pelt n turbi e whe l .

The output of copp er - ore s between 1 844 and 1 8 89 am o unted n n on of e t o to s yieldi g t s m tallic c opper .

H E AL R I E N D SH I A R TA W F P , M Y VY .

(A ctive .

h f no - no - e Of u Shafts ab out al a mile rth rth w st Marytavy Ch rch .

M a s —On e - n N ew e n n and o o 3 3 8 p i ch Seri s Ord a ce Ge l gical,

- 8 ix in D e on 9 S W . S ch v ,

The c ountry- rock c onsists of Cuhn Measure shale s and in trusive greenst one near the limits Of metamorphism effe cted by n th e gra ite . This min e was an imp ortant pr oducer of c oppe r as far back

- 2 e two 6 A 0 . n a s 1 7 9 . dit level is at fthms Ther are pri cipal

- a nd seve ral small lode s and a cross c ourse . 1 Th e following account is derived from Collins .

and . e Th e Main L o de c ourses nearly E . W (the ast part a o t of e and th e e n o of little s u h w st , w st part slightly rth west) ; ° underlies no rth at angles varyin g from 40 to 7 but ave raging f a 30 t . n e in t o 2 . to n e e a b out a d vari s wid h fr m ft , with av rag

1 ’ f E l M i R e o 1 9 1 2 . 2 68 . Th e W e st o ng and ning gi n , , p 60 COPPER OR E S :

6 I t of o . n o e on to of 2 65 s and ab ut ft has bee w rk d a depth fthm ,

on n th e 40 - and th e 50 was excepti ally wide betwee fthm . fthm . ;

7 — and 1 00 - h a d 2 - 0 . . n 00 the fthm the ft m ; at the fthm . levels . and o t e 1 00 — e n At surface als at h fthm . l vel it co sisted of several n n e o en onne e o e e in disti ct bra ch s ft c ct d t g th r by ve lets of quartz .

The lode - c ontents near the surface consisted largely of e arthy ‘ b rown iron - ore n and e o e (gossa ) quartz , b l w this th re was much

o on - and n o chalc pyrite , ir pyrites arse ical pyrites , with s me

- o and 1 12 . e n e chl rite , at the fthm level cassiterit made its appeara c . ’ Sprague s L ode follows a similar course and o utcrops to the south of th e Main Lode but underlies to the north at a steeper

n 240 - n It e o e on . . e a gle . has be w rk d to the fthm level Oth r ’ f ’ d ’ e o o e o an e . lod s were als w rk d , such as James s , Gif rd s Pearc s The total recorded output of copper - ore between 1 846 and 1 8 83 and in 1 90 9 on n on c was t s , yieldi g t s of metalli

c opper .

H EAL R E BOR TH E L D CR OW N D A L E AN D E ST R E BOR W C ( O W C ) , A I T T V S OCK .

(I dle . )

n L u o 2 e o - of Shafts ear the river umbur , ab ut mil s s uth west n Tavistock and 2 2} miles by ro ad from Tavistock statio .

M a s — One - inc h N ew e e n n e and o o 337 p , S ri s Ord a c Ge l gical ,

- D n 1 5 E in e o 0 S . Six ch v ,

n - D n n The c ou try ro ck c onsists of Upp er evo ia slate . e are two o th e o L o e and o L Ther l des , N rth d the S uth ode ,

which c ourse in a gen eral e ast - north - east direction and underlie o L reb or o e on o n n orth . The N rth ode at Wheal C was w rk d d w

' - At h e 1 20 e and e o S . to t . fthm l vel , ther were f ur hafts West 66 and Creb or th e workings apparently did not go lower than fthms . on n o e and n there we re three shafts . The lodes c tai ed c pp r arse ic

ores . Th e o utput at Wheal Creb or between 1 872 and 1 90 1 was

f o - r t ons o c pper o e .

SUN D R Y O CCUR R ENCE S OF COPPER - OR E S W H I CH A R E N OT TR UE

L OD E S .

O OR D AR S E I C A N D O E R MI N E S TI CKL E A TH BY KEH A M T . F N C PP , S P O P N

(I dle . )

and o e o of t e and Shafts adit at F rd , 4mil s uth S ickl path , 4 miles by road from Okehampton station

M a s : —One - n N ew n n 324 s p i ch Series Ord a ce , ; Old Serie

o 5 - D n 7 7 o 2 n e o N . W Ge l gical , ; Six i ch v , .

The country - rock consists Of metam orph osed shales of Cuhn in o th e n e th e n Measure age . Ve s fr m gra ite travers sedime ts d ﬂ u a n e d o . an near a c n b oundi g the lod . The lo e c urses E D E N 6 1 VO .

1 6 e n n to no and . e . u derlies the rth , is ft wid The shaft has b e

A - Sun to of 62 and ee . o e k a depth ft . m ts the adit cross c urs 4 f fluc a and fin dissemi 0 . n u o n n ft wide is of the at re a “carries ely e n r o n o and o in at d arse ical py i tes . B undi g the l de f rm g b oth the hanging and th e foot - wall is a massive rock consisting of of n n o e and o are aggregates axi ite , acti lit quartz thr ugh which develop ed isolated crystalline masses of copper and arsenical pyrites . At the neighb o uring Belstone Min e (now fl ooded) the ores lie in e ne o o e o in e on a massiv gar t (all chr it ) r ck, which plac s c sists of ~hornfels embedding many idiomorphic crystals of pale —green n Th e n o n 7 3 s e th e n i n gar et . mai shaft is d w fthm , whil i cl e L d Of 54 h shaft on the Great ode reaches a vertical epth ft ms . 1 Smyth describes this lode as a p owerful b edded mass of garnet ’ rock with some parts in termingle d with schistose bands ’ of e e — re n n o n matt d pal g e acti lite . h is thick ba d is ' c c ked o o ularl i s ic kel s thr u h ut but ver irre with , 0 and c o o o r ils O c i al e a . black rev e ores __ _t c as on l _t_hes metallic sulphides and oxides are accumulated Instrin gs ru nnin g sometimes th on f on o en n e o fi t . with , but ft quite agai st , directi the strati ca i 2 1 867 1 89 1 n Of o — r o to o o e o . Fr m , t s c pper were s ld

M LT N D I TR I CT VI TH E O TH O O S . . S U

There are several old copper min es marked on th e Old Series o o 2 7 b i in 1 835 e in 1 8 39 een Ge l gical Map (pu l shed , revis d ) betw o e and o R odworth 2 no of o N rth H asley S uth y, miles rth N rth

- n 1 5 . w D N . o o in o on . On n o W M lt the six i ch map ev , , the f ll g are marked in the neighb ourhood of Heasley Mill z— Bampfylde o n N ew o n Min e o I on Min e o o C pper Mi e , Fl re ce , Cr wbar r , St wf rd I on n ne of n De e e r Mi e . O these mi es was described by la B ch ’ one of o e o e n in D on in o as the ld st c pp r mi es ev , which was w rk in 1 729 but abandoned before

t e e e e n . o lin n Of hes mi es J H . C l s states the mi s h re wer rather extensively wo rked a century or m ore ago , and again ‘ with some intermission from 1 85 6 to I n this belt . "of brown and claret - c olo ured L ower Devonian slates] there are n n n o th e ne en of ma y vei lets carryi g c pper , ge ral tr d which is parallel with th e stratiﬁcation th e p rincipal gro up of n e en o e on of e e Of vei l ts , which has be called the l d , c sists a s ri s n o elongated lenses forming a kin d of bedded vei . B th this and many of th e sub ordinate vein lets are ﬁlled with quartz associated with sp ecular Ir on and lim onite and carrying c onsider e n of o in in th e o of o abl qua tities c pper , pr cipally f rm chalc pyrite

o - e a d f e o o o e bel w water l vel n O malachit ab ve , alth ugh chalc cit ,

1 41 42 . l 1 8 78 . T G wa ll . rans . R o . eol. S oc or n vo y . C , ix , , pp , 2 ’ 1 414. M in R e o 19 2 . . H . Co lli Th e W e o f E l J ns , st ng and in g gi n , , p 3 l B c on th e Ge o lo o f Co n w ll De vo W e H . T . De a e he , R ept . gy r a , n and st

In 1 9 41 6 62 COPPER OR E S :

‘ ’ b o n e and r 1 o o ona o n . o in r it . azu ite are als ccasi lly f u d C ll s c onsidered that there was no true lode, but a c oncentration of ore material derived from adjacent b eds . in z ones Of minor f in ractur g . Re cent inf ormation gi ven by th e manage r of the Co mpany is th e ff in y ne th e n o e to e ect that the Bampf lde Mi pri cipal l d , l n or th e e o L o e o and w e ca led the Maide P ac ck d , c urses east st and n e l Th e n to f. 1 47 u d r ies s outh . shaft was su k a depth o fthms ;

W - n 1 7 e e o e ore er en . e o her gr y c pp r , assayi g p c t m tallic c pper , was o n in n e of e o on - ore f u d a ga gu spar with micac us ir . The

6 in Ad v o e e e o ins . it level 3 5 o l d av rag s ab ut width . is at fthms . fr m th e e e e s no e a 1 2 n o e t of 0 ft. o surfac . Th r i a th r l d a distance rth of th e Pe o L o e o o n t and and n n ac ck d , als c ursi g eas west u derlyi g

ne oo e . It n so uth . The mi is ﬂ d d was never worked e ast but o ly e Of e and o to e o e o e w st the vall y , the l de is said b c m imp v rished ’ It o e Cut o n to th e 1 1 2 - . e . eastwards is st p d d w fthm . l vel I n th e n eighb our ing Britannia Mine a lode coursing east and 2 and un n n n - r e e o o o e o e . on w st d rlyi g s uth c tai s c pp r . S R . Pattis describes th e lode in this min e as a quartz ose metalliferous o n and e a o in n o n e e g ssa , r m rks that g ld grai s was f u d , as d scrib d 3 4 b L n and D y yso s by e la B eche . ’ “ Of th e c opper min es in Som e rset De la BeCh e re corded the o n Th e o e ent e Of e So e f llowi g particulars . c pp r adv ur s W st mers t n o o Th e e o n appear ever t have b ec m e of much value . chi f w rki gs

E . of uantoc k s . ee to e e n D o n on on N . s m hav b e at ddi gt , the the Q n Th e ores raised h ere were prin cipally carb o ates ; and Mr . L e onard Ho rner h as p ointed o ut that green and blue carb on ates o f c opper were ﬁrs t w orked in the red sandstone c onglome rate ’ n 5 d own up on the lode in the grauwacke be eath .

S en n o e e - Grab bist hafts have be su k at th r plac s , such as Hill ,

n ne a o an rofit e et n . o e ear Mi he d , but with ut y p abl r ur C pp r is ’ n 6 n o t raised in S omerset at prese t .

’

Th e W e o f E l M R e o 1 9 1 2 . 30 3 1 . st ng and ining gi n , , pp , — l 6 2 2 . l l. ii 1 5 . 2 3 2 7 Geol. S oc r ns . R o . . C orn wa vo V 8 T a y , , , pp 3 D e v re . 267 . onshi , ii , p ’ 1 s 4 n w ll D e v “fe S o m e r e 1 8 9 . 6 1 . R e . o Co r o . 3 pt n a , n and st t , p 5 l 2 6 . G l S oc . . . an T ra ns . eo . L o o vo d 3 3 , nd n , iii , pp 3 09 ci l . . 6 . Op . , p

64 COPPER OR E S 1

on W e St . l e Carad , st C e r ’ Ca m e o o I llo an Br a , C k s g M i e ac . K tc h n and P . T Carn

don alds . Bre a .

e E R e u Carn Br a , ast dr th

e So u I llo Carn Br a , th gan Carn Cam bo rne Cambo rne

Carn yor th St . Just

Car vann el Gwennap Ch ac ewater or Busy Chac ewater

lo e e St . A ne Char tt , Gr at g s Cliffo rd Gwenn ap liffo U nitedW est wenn C rd , G ap Ting Tang an d

Moyle . R 7 9 Clowan c e W o o d Cro wan

R 89 Clyjah and W e nt R edru th

worth . Com for d Gwe nn ap Con dur row Cam bo rne Con dur r ow Cam borne Con dur r ow So u th Cam bo rn e o durrow W e m o e C n , st Ca b rn o n dur row W e m o e C , st Ca b rn Co nso lidated Mines Gwennap

’ Co o k s Ki tc hen Cam bo rne ’ Co o k s Kit c hen (see

also Carn Brea) . ’ i c e N e w m o e Co o k s K t h n , Ca b rn ’ o o Kitc h en N ew C k s ,

Creegb raws Cre egb r aws and

Pe nke vi l United . Cren ver and A bra Cro wan

h am . Cren ver and A bra Cr o wan

h am .

re ver So u C n , th Crinn is Carlyo n Crinn is Carlyo n

ns o l e . Co idat d , Gt r is E a C inn , st is E a and Crinn , st ,

S o u th Par .

Cri is W e and S t. Au e ll R 6 6 nn , st , st

R egent United . o o Cr fty , N rth D ms e l H o c a , p s Spin te r . A E D I 65 PP N X .

D ani e l D arlingto n D l n to W e ar i g n , st D o wns E as , t

D o wn s , No rth

D owns L le o t , itt N r h E lle E n , as t E lle S o n , u th Fanny Fowey Cons o ls owe o o l F y C ns s ,

S ou th . Fo we Con so ls W est y , Fran c e s

‘ Fh an c es , N ew

e S o u Franc s , th

e e Fran c s , W st

c e W e Fran s , st

F c e W e ran s , st

Fri endship

Glasgow Carado n Gon am en a Goo d Fo rtu ne and

L ittle Sp eed . R 245 Gorland

Gorlan d

Gorlan d W e , st Gram b ler

Gr am b ler St .

A u byn . r amb ler o G , N rth e vi lle E a Gr n , st v lle E as Gren i , t lle W e for Grenvi , st (

m erly Trevo o le ) .

Gunn islake Clitters

l e E Gun nis ak , ast , and B edfo rd Con

sols . la e Old Gunnis k , Gus ku s H allam ann ing and

Cro ft Go th al. H awkm o or H wkm r W e a oo , st H earle H ingston D o wn

C onsols . 66 COPPE R OR E S 2

H olm b ush Callington

H olm b us h Callingto n H o lm b ush E ll o , ast. Ca ingt n H o lm b ush W e lli on , st Ca ngt H o lm b ush Kelly Sto ke

Bray . Clim sland . l Jewe l St . H ilary

J ewe ll S t . H i lary 1 846 L anesc o t Tywardr e ath (Date of plans 1 8 30 ) L e u e E 1 8 50 is r , _ast L e u e N ew is r , L e u e o e is r , N rth Min Marazi o n Margery Maria Marke Valle y e lle o r Mark Va y ,

J en kyn . Marke Valley Mary M ellane ar

Mus i c N angiles Ne ptu ne Owles

Owles Par Conso ls 7 “es t o o l Par C ns s , P ee vo r o r Pe ver P e e v r W o , est Pem bro ke

R 4 ll 1 8 Pe m bro ke E ast S t . A u ste

Cr inn is .

em o e N e w St . l e P br k , B az y e e o e e bu lo e P rran , G rg P rranza e e P rran , Gr at e e u l e Pe rran S t . G o rg Perranzab o

United . Pe rran United Perranzabu lo e Ph oenix Lin kinh o rme

P ldic e o f S t . D a o , part y P o ldi c e W e wen , st G nap

Pro spe r S t . H ilary

Pr s er Grea t o o S t . H l o p , , G d i ary Pro vide n c e an d B eam Min e L o d es Pro spe r Unite d Pro vi den c e Pro vi den c e Pr uden c e A E N D I 67 PP X .

Prussia Pru ssia and Car ew dr Unite d Mines . R e listian Gwine ar 1 840 R e tallac k P err an z ab ulo e R e llac o ta k , N rth R o s e R osewarn e Co ns o ls R osewarn e , N ew R osewarn e,N ew R osewar n e o , N rth R osewarne e Unit d , R osewarn e ni e U t d ,

E ast . R 2 1 7 R osewarn e H er Gwinear

land Unite d . R osk e ar

R osk ear o , N r th R osk ear S , o u th R osk ear So u , th R osk ear W e , st Seto n Set o n Se o n E t , ast Se o N ew t n , Se o S o t n , u th S e o W e t n , st Sp eedwell Squ ire S tray Park

Tin c roft

Tin c r o ft S o u , th Ting Tang (see Clif o ni e W e f rd U t d , st) To lc arn

To lc arn e

To lc arne So u , th T o lgus To l us E as g , t

To l us e S o u g , Gr at th

T l us So u o g , th To l us W e g , st To l us W e g , st To lvadden Towan

T w o o an , N rth To w So u an , th

Treleigh W oo d

Tr enwith 68 COPPE R OR E S 2

Tr esavean Gwen nap

Tresavea n Sou , th P erranar

wor th al.

Tresk erb y Gwennap

Tr eth ellan Trevi sk ey Tre vo o le Tywar nh aile Tywarnh aile T warnh aile E as y , t Tywarnh aile Unite d itedH ills ' Min es (U n , Ch arles S ou th To wan )

T warnh aile nn St . A e y Ba s , gn s and Tallac k R 1 1 3 Unite d H ills Tywarnh ayle

ni e i e l U t d M n s , C if fo rd and An drew Gwennap (Cliffo rd Am al

gam ate d) . Unity Cregb aws U ny U n y V r e o , Gr at Vor e S , Gr at , and ith

n ey Metal. R 93 Vor o H el on 3 , N rth st

R 398 Vyvyan Cons tantine

D E VONSH I R E .

Bamfylde No rth Mo lto n m l e N ew m l e Ba fy d , Ba fy d B edfo rd Co ns o ls Tavisto c k B e dfo rd Co ns o ls Tavisto c k

Gawton .

e fo S o u B d rd , th 2} B edford United

B elsto ne (see Mid .

D evon ) . Ck eb or Cr eb or

r e b o r E C , ast r e w Cr eb o , N reb o r S o u C , th

Cre lak c 1 D evo n Great Co ns o ls APPEN DI X 69

Mine .

4406 D evo n Great Co n Tavisto c k o l c o m s s , prising S o u th Fanny , An n Maria , a o Maria, J siah , ’ E m m W o a , ats n s L o e N ew S d , o u th L e N ew o o d , N rth L o e e l To r d , Cap

L o de . R 99 D evo i e T v o c n Un t d , a ist k

S o u th . D r ak ewalls

Flo e c e N ew r n , Fri en dship F e W e ri ndship , st f r Mid . D evo n ( o

m erly B elsto ne ) .

LI ST OF PUB L I SH E D SIX - I NCH GE OL OGI CA L MA PS L OF COR NW A L . l Tu c kin gm ill and P o o .

D . R edru th and St . ay

Cam b o rn e and Tro o n .

L an ne r .

B o sc aswell.

H ayle .

R osewarn e .

Trann ac k .

al Towns he nd and Tren wh e .

us . S t . J t

Perranu thn o e and Tr esc owe .

B osc rege and Bre age . 70 x IN D E .

X I N D E .

A l f - o o e e 4 8 . o 63 69 . 2 band n d Min s , p ans , Carad n , , , A le D 4 4. e 3 5 36 . o c 6 5 and Cak s , , Carad n , istri t A le r — E s o E 4 1 . e 35 . 7 5 0 5 and Cak s , a t , Ca ad n , ast , , A lf e C o o l H ll 4 . 1 6 . o 6 r d ns s , Carad n i , l — A 1 C a o S 4 48 49 5 0 5 4. e e 6 1 7 . ou 7 fr d Min s , , ar d n , th, , , , ' A nn “h e l 4 “s t 4 4 . 3 7 . o e 7 8 5 0 5 , a , Carad n , , , , , A n “h l Car rew e 5 7 5 8 . d 38 39 . n a Maria , a , , , , A m o r rh rr Ca a ac k 2 . o e 44. 3 35 nti ny , , , — Ar o i 4 2 2 . e 1 4. e 2 7 1 7 2 5 7 ag n t , Carn Br a , , , , ,

Ar z o 4. r e E 3 9 . i na , Ca n Br a , ast , A i l e c o e 24 2 e o u 40 . 5 33 . S rs n a r s , , , Carn Br a , th , A c m 1 m e 5 . o e 39 . ta a it , Carn Ca b rn ,

- A n 1 7 . e o c 6 1 . r 3 5 xi it r k , Carn Ma th , , A u l 1 . e 4 3 6 3 7 49 5 3 62 . e J. 5 3 z rit , , , , , , , Carn , , ,

arn or th 1 5 . y , 7 oli ne “e l 1 7 . Car , h a , m l Car vann el 9 e o e i e 6 1 62 . 3 . Ba pfy d C pp r M n , , , 1 2 1 4 1 9 22 24 e 3 6 . e e 4 7 Baryt s , Cassit rit , , , , , , , ,

E “h e l 2 32 46 60 . e 9 . 33 Bass t , ast a , , , , — — e in e 1 8 2 2 c ew e i e 3 7 39 . 7 9 . Bass t M s , , Cha at r M n , a l l 4 1 2 2 6 28 36 e o r 29 . c o c e 3 B ss t , N th , Cha it , , , , , , , ,

e S o u “h e l 2 49 6 1 . 7 29 . Bass t , th a , , , W 2 7 2 2 lc o e l 2 3 4 7 25 2 6 28 e e 8 9 . Bass t , st , , , Cha pyrit , , , , , , , , , s e “h l 9 2 5 6 48 49 5 3 5 7 5 8 e 2 7 2 . 3 3 3 Ba s t , a , , , , , , , , , , m u 6 . e c Wh e l 2 7 2 8 29 3 5 . 60 1 B a ha p , a , , , , ,

D l 4 . e c e T . 4 4 c o n ol 0 e a Sir H . 5 7 2 3 e B h , , , , , , , Chan C s s , 7 4 l 8 9 42 . 5 6 1 . c e “e 3 3 , Chan , h a , , ,

e o i 4 c e of c o e - o e 3 . e e 5 5 5 5 6 5 9 . B df rd Unit d M n s , , , , Chara t rs pp r r s ,

l o l Wh e l 1 9 . e e ine 6 1 . e B st n M , Char s , a ,

Be lve a n 3 2 . le o w e 6 . , Char st n Min s , 7 D o w 2 lo e “e l 1 9 . e 1 7 . Binn r ns , , Char tt , h a , m u 1 4 l A e 36 3 7 49 2 1 . e e ur Bis th , , Ch ssy it ( z it ) , , , , m l 4 5 2 . u u e 3 . 3 6 Bis th s phid , , m i l ’ s u e 1 4. 4. Bi th nit , Chi i ,

l c c o e - o re 1 8 2 8 35 36 37 lo e B a k pp r , , , , , , Ch rit ,

‘

4 4 o ll 1 2 7 37 46 . 43 5 6 47 5 0 5 5 . c o , , , , , Chrys a , , , ,

l Clanac o m b e e 5 3 . c o e o f c o e l 2 3 7 . B a k xid pp r , , , , Min , l f o A m l m e e 1 8 o min o o 2 46 . B d M r , , C i f rd a ga at d Min s , , — 1 4 49 2 34 3 6 . o e 5 3 6 . B rnit , , , , , ’ f ll l f “h eal 34 36 . o c 5 6 7 1 2 1 5 . o B ta a k , , , , , C i f rd , , ,

o “h e l 2 Cli a H e 1 8 . 9 38 3 9 . B ys , a , , , gg ad ,

l w e W e l 40 . e e 2 . C o anc Br ag , , h a ,

w l h W e wo 40 . e e 32 . C a Br r , yj and nt rth ,

B r i a “h e l 2 o l 2 1 . n 9 . gg , a , C ba t , '

r C o c “e l 6 1 5 . e 62 . B itannia Min , k , h a , , 1 2 3 3 34 44 49 t e a l ll . H . 5 3 u e “h 9 . o c 3 , B k s , , C ins , J , , , , , , fu ll M 5 2 5 7 5 8 5 9 6 1 62 . e e 1 8 2 7 2 8 2 9 . r in s , , , , , , , , , — “ l C o m fo rd 32 3 3 . u e h e 3 7 3 9 . B sy , Gr at a , , , o u e or c c o e 27 C nd rrit , pit h pp r ,

Co nd u rr o w , 27 .

C ll e Co ndu r ro w e 2 7 2 9 . 5 3 . abi a Min , , Gr at , ,

d rro w S o u 2 7 2 8 2 9 . m u m 44. Co nd u Ca i , , th , , , Co o l da e e e 2 34 C e a 6 . airn Br , ns i t d Min s , Gr at , , ,

1 5 . 3 5 , 36 . ’ Ca ll o o o c e 6 . e e 5 7 . ingt n Unit d Min s , C k s Kit h n , ’ ’ llo w o e o c e n N ew 25 . L d 1 8 . o Ca ay s , C k s Kit h , ,

C a m o m C o e l c e 1 48 5 5 . b e , 5 , 8 , 9 . pp r g an , , ,

m o r e R e d ru a nd S c o e o e H ll 2 . Ca b n , th rri r C pp r i , — D 4 nd l 1 1 C o e ve 1 4 7 1 4 1 5 . c 17 1 a e 1 . istri ts , , P at pp r , nati , , , , ,

m o e o e e c ed 47 54 5 8 . r e 39 . Ca b n V an , C pp r, pr ipitat , , ,

72 I N D E X .

H w 1 M r e o o o 4 6 8 9 4 essa W e l 38 . n d , J ry , 3 , , , , , , , h a , 1 9 2 6 2 7 37 42 44 46 47 48 e ll c c o e e c e e o f , , , , , , , , , M ta i pp r , p r ntag in

5 0 5 1 2 . o e 8 . , , 5 r s , H 7 4. e l “e l 1 7 . e c o 1 r and , h a , M xi , , H n l 26 . s o D ow 2 . e c i g t n n , Min ra pit h , H 4 — m l e o f . o D ow M e 5 5 5 5 6 . e l o e n 5 ingst n n in s , , Min ra z n s , a ig nt , H — h D — w 9 . o o f o e e 7 8 . e o f t e o o 37 3 ist ry C pp r Min s , Min s N rth ns , l — H olmb u sh 5 4 e o f o e 63 69 . , , Min s , p ans aband n d , H lm — 4 4 4 o b u sh o ol 5 6 5 7 . c el 7 1 8 9 55 5 7 5 8 C ns s , Mispi k , , , , , , , , 7 H o e l 1 . “e 4 . 5 9 60 6 p , h a , 0 , ,

H 4. o n e L . 62 . on n r r, , M ta a , H 4 4 . o rseﬁ esh o re 1 . oun n e , M t Mi ,

H W e l 40 . un R 5 8 . u c t , . , , M si , h a ,

I ne o u o c e ec o f on o e 5 an iles W e l A ew 40 . g s r ks , ff t , r s , , N g and h a ndr ,

6 7 . ve o e see c o e ve . , Nati C pp r , pp r , nati

- l I 2 1 7 . o c o e 1 7 . e un e W e ndig pp r , , , N pt , h a , ’

- I o N ew oo c e 25 . 3 . r n hat , C k s Kit h n ,

N ew lo enc e ne 6 1 . F r Mi ,

N ew e o ol 5 7 . Gr at C ns s ,

ew l l - 2 4 e W e 5 7 . c el ore 1 4. J , h a , , Ni k , , 7 w ll 1 1 2 . e e “h a 0 3 3 . o D ow 29 J , e , 3 , , N rth ns ,

o W l 5 8 . H a le 6 1 . J siah , hea 5 7 , No rth e s y ,

4 m o l 9 . e on 2 . Ka in , Ok ha pt ,

ell 5 4 5 7 . Old o ol 22 . K y Bray , , P ,

e ll W e 5 3 . S o u 5 7 . Old W e l K y Bray, th , h a hisp r ,

K illifr h f - et 7 . n o c o e o e 3 . , 3 Origi pp r r s ,

Kit H ill 2 f - om . Ou u o c o e o e : o , tp t pp r r s fr C rn H ll H i n o D own and w ll 9 om o e Kit i , gst n a , ; fr C rnish parish s ,

u i l e l e 5 6 . 1 0 om D evon 1 0 D ec e e G nn s ak C itt rs , ; fr , ; r as — of, 2 , 9 1 1 .

l l 1 . Ow es, W he a , 5

L anesc ot , 42 , 44.

L ei u e W e l 1 8 1 9 . s r , h a , , — 42 4 L ev n 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 5 . o ol 4. a t , , , , , Par C ns s , , 44 L e o f m n e le o f 8 . S ou . if , i s , ngth , Par , th ,

m 4 1 4 o S . R . 62 . L on e . i it , , Pattis n , ,

- r 48 5 . L e 4. e c o c c o e o e 3 25 3 isk ard , P a k pp r , , , ,

L o e w o f 8 . P eevor e 1 8 29 . d s , idth , Unit d , , m 42 4 L on c lose 2 5 . e o e e 6 5 . g , P br k Min , , ,

L ovel c e 3 5 . en ev l 32 . a , P k i , P h l 4 L W e l 40 . e nstru t a 7 3 . ydia , h a , , ,

L o S 62 . e c e 1 7 . ys ns , P nzan ,

er St . eo e 1 9 . P ran G rg ,

e n e 1 9 . P rra Unit d ,

s r A 2 3 . e u lo e 1 9 . ac Ali te D . M , P rranzab , ’ d “h e a1 30 3 1 3 2 . e eve c e W e wo a nd Mai , , , , P rs ran (and nt rth 46 47 H ll 4 l c e 1 1 4 1 5 3 6 3 7 o e 0. Ma a hit , , , , , , , , C pp r i ) ,

6 1 . ll . A . 2 1 . 48 , 49 , 5 3 , Phi ips , J , — 4 4 2 . o f m ea 9 . oe e 6 7 5 5 3 Maps ining ar s , Ph nix Min s , , ,

- M - c e o lo c l u b l o f o e m e 63 69 . aps , six in h g gi a , p P ans aband n d in s ,

le W e l 29 . lish e d, 69 . P nty , h a , — M o n e 1 7 . P o ldic e 1 8 30 32 . arazi n Mi s , , ,

er W e l 1 7 . P oldo r 35 36 . Marg y , h a , y , ,

W e l R ed u 40 . P o l o o th 6 . Maria , h a , r th , g , 4 W e l T v o c 57 . o o l 1 8 0 . Maria , h a , a ist k , P , ,

e lle 46 47 5 1 . o T o w 1 8 . Mark Va y , , , P rth an ,

r W e l 40 . 3 . Ma y , h a , Prian ,

el c o e 1 4 3 6 45 49 . o uc ve e 2 a nd l e 1 1 . M a nit , , , , , Pr d ti ar as , P at 4 M ellanear e 1 6 . o e n e 1 7 0 . Min , Pr sp r U it d , , D E 7 3 IN X .

1 4 ov e c e n e 5 6 7 . Te e e 1 . Pr id n Mi s , , , trah drit ,

W e l 1 8 1 9 . T m u e c e o . 5 . Pr d n , h a , , h as , Captain Chas ,

l 39 . l r u W e T e o e 46 . Pr ssia , h a , i , — W . 7 r c e Tin c oft ine 2 6 7 1 8 2 6 27 . Pry , , . M , , , , ,

- e l l m u l e c o o c Tin T 3 35 36 37 . P b ish d six in h g gi a aps , g ang, , , ,

69 . To k enb ur and Y olland o o l y C ns s ,

- r 1 4 u le c o e o e 8 9 . T o lc arn 4 P rp pp r , , e , 0 . T olc arn e S o u 2 7 29 , th , , .

To l us e 1 8 39 . g Min s , ,

u c W e l 30 32 . To l ad o Q i k , h a , , v d n , 1 7 . T o w 4 n S ou 0 . a , th ,

T o w e l 1 9 . an , W h a , R e dm o o r 57 Tr l ann ac k W e 5 6 40 . , , h a , , , R ed e o f c o e l 2 3 7 3 6 ur l 4 o T e e W e 2 . xid pp r , , , , , , r as , h a ,

4 5 5 . T l 37 6 ea ur W e W e 1 7 . , r s y , st h a ,

R e r u 5 8 . Tr l i 3 9 e e h o ns ol 8 . d th , , , g C s , 1 4 r R e u e 5 . T enwith W e l 5 6 1 7 . dr thit , , , h a , , ,

R elistian ons o l 1 7 . Tresavean n e 2 3 5 7 18 C s , Mi s , , , , , , — R e ll c 1 . 2 4 ta a k , 7 3 3 . 1 4 k l 9 38 0 . Tres er 39 R o e W e b n e 38 . s , h a , , , y Mi s , , Tr th arru 2 s war 1 7 . R o e ne e 3 . , p ,

- R osk ear ne 1 8 22 23 . Tr eth ellan 32 33 . Mi s , , , , ,

R u c o e 47 Trevarth 35 . by pp r , , — Treve ddoe , 47 , 5 3 54.

Trevisk e 32 3 . y , , 3

S A 8 1 8 Trevoo le 40 . t . ne g s , , . , — 4 D 2 8 42 5 . Trewa as 6 S t . Au ell c 6 v 1 7 . st istri t , , , , , , Tr u th w ll 1 St . D a e e 30 . e 5 . y Unit d Min s , , — w r h le 1 . D 1 6 1 7 . T a n a 9 St . E c rth istri t , y y ,

St D rosk n 1 8 1 9 . . Ge orge and y , ,

H ll 40 . St . H l 1 6 . e i ary , Unit d i s , 2 1 e e 34 35 3 6 St . I ve 5 6 8 7 . n . s , , , , , Unit d Mi s , , , — S e 1 1 1 . 2 5 6 8 9 1 2 1 7 . e St . u J st , , , , , , Unit d tat s , ,

W e l 1 2 30 . S c eel e 7 1 4. h it , , Unity , h a , ,

W ood 3 3 1 32 . Sec on e r c m e 4. dary n i h nt , Unity , , ,

4 U n W e l 41 . Se o n e 22 23 . t n Mi s , y , h a , f S l c e ous or e 2 . n e o c o e 55 . i i , Ura at pp r ,

- m 2 1 . S lve ore 1 4 2 1 44 5 1 . n u i r , , , , Ura i , m S W . 6 1 . yth , , i W e l 35 3 i n E 6. S o m e e 62 . rs t , V rg , ast h a , , l i n W e W e 35 36 . S o u A m e c 1 4. th ri a , , V rgi , st h a , ,

4 e o u c o e - ore 1 3 5 6 7 1 4 S ou o . th Carad n , Vitr s pp r , , , , , , , — 2 4 4 S o u o 2 7 25 26 . 1 5 1 8 8 35 3 6 3 7 3 5 th Cr fty , , , , , , , , , , ,

- 4 46 7 . S u lo e 7 . o th dipping d s , , — 4 4 r W e l 5 6 0 . S ou ol o D c 2 6 1 62 . Vo th M t n istri t , , , h a , , , , 4 2 V vian W e l 1 . S o u P o l ooth . th g , y , h a ,

u R o dwo r th 6 1 . S o th y , \Veb b and e c e 4 49 S o u T o lc arne 27 . s 8 th , G a h , M ssr , , ,

1 2 . S e ar n o ol 1 2 . 5 0 5 5 5 3 p C ns s , , , , ll e l W e on W 41 . S ee well W e l 1 7 . p d , h a , ingt , h a , w W e o W e l . S e r r ies W e l 40 . 35 p , h a , nt rth , h a , f “o lfram 7 24 2 2 e W e l 40 . 5 6 27 5 5 5 9 . Spinst r , h a , , , , , , , ,

S u e W e l 3 5 3 6 . q ir , h a , ,

Yellow c o e - r u e 5 0 . o e sec Ch alc o Stannife ro s granit , pp r , py

S o we 46 47 . e . t s , , rit

S ow o I on ne 6 1 . t f rd r Mi ,

S w er W e l 1 7 . inc len e 1 6. tra b ry , h a , Z b d , m e 20 2 1 41 . one o f e n c n 3 . Stray Park , , , Z ri h t , one of o e o e 3 4 Z xidis d r s , , . o ne o f r m u l e T m e 46 . h , 3 . a arit , Z p i ary s p id s 4 o ne of ul e en c m e T vi o c 2 5 8 5 . 3 4. a st k , , , , Z s phid ri h nt , , 4 o e o f o e 3 4 2 1 26 2 T lo R c 5 . 3 3 3 ay r , i hard , Z n s r s , , , , , , , 4 47 4 5 e 48 3 6 6 9 5 . la e I V. Te no rit , . , , , , P t SPE CI A L R EPOR TS ON TH E MI NER AL R ESOUR CE S OF R EA T R I T G B AI N .

VOL . T N D A N A N E S E R E I TU N E N A O S . B . G S M G y H e nry D ewey D e H . w o and G . in s , ith c ntribu ti o ns

m d B . A . E r T . w b . . B o e h ea o o y C N , , ast d , G . V . l R 7 o o B VVI S Oll B . . . “. c c . S c . 8 S c 3 . 3 llu , , and P k , , pp , i stra

o . e 1 9 1 ti ns Wrapp r ( 5 ; E dit . 2 0 7 R B VOL A N D 1 TH E I TE . . I I . AR T E S “ . l . W o B . Sc . B Y y G V i s n , ,

R . . o c o B . T . E wo o W c S c . D . A M . . . W S c ast d , P k , , ray , , w c o u t B . . T . R e o Sc o o b H . . D e and b rts n , , ith ntrib i ns y G in s ,

l e . l tex 1 1 . 6 t u e . 9 pp p at s ﬁg r W rappe r . 1 9 1 E 5 . 1 9 22 0 ( ; dit 3 , )

A N H D R I T E . B R L VOL . I I I . P S U M A N D . . l S e o c D . S c . GY Y y h r k , ,

m M . A . . A N D E L E S T I N E A N D . S STR N T I A N I TE . and B ith , ; C O 4 l D . c . 6 . 4 llu B R . L . S oc S o . y her k , pp i strati ns W rapper . 1 9 1 5 E 2 1 9 1 8 ( ; dit . , )

B R . L F R P AB . . u V . L U O S e R . . VO . I W o c o c y G Carr th rs and P k ,

D . W M . . B w c o u o b A . Sc H e D . Sc . w , ith ntrib ti ns y ray , , nry e ey ,

A . 4 B . m h ad 2 . l illu str i E . . B ro e e at on . W e and C . N , pp rapp r 1 1 9 6 E . 3 1 9 22 ( ; dit , )

H - FE L S P AR H S P H A TE o r L I M E A L VOL . . TA S U M H L E S V PO , P O , S A , L U M A GO OR R AP H I TE L D E N ITE H R M I T E TA L C P B G , MO YB , C O ,

A N D STE A T I T E S A P S T N E S AP - R A N D T S T N E ( O O , O OCK PO O ) ,

- D S S c . . L L . D . A . F D I A T M I T E . B . S . le O y trahan , , , J tt , D m . H . B . A . w S . L L . D . c o n r i u D . c t b , , and C inha , , ith

M . lo u . A T . E wo o o b . T . ti ns y C C gh , ; ast d , and ll 4 . 3 u o . F m d A . H lli n B 3 W e . A . a o . , pp i strati ns rapp r 1 9 1 6 E 2 1 9 1 7 ( ; dit . , ) O L V R E R A T R A T E R I AL S : A N I S T E R A N D S I L I A V . I . F C O Y M G C

R SA N D F OR OP E N - H E AR T H ST E E L FU R N A E S D L OCK , C , O O

24 . M T E R E S U R E S A N D E L . 1 3 l e . 8 e I . O C G O OGY pp p at s t xt

u e . W e 1 9 1 8 E . 2 1 9 20 ﬁg r s rapp r ( ; dit , ) E R A L OI L I M M E R I D E OI L SH A L E L I N I TE S VO L . VI I . IN M , K G , G , E N L A N D A T R A L GA . E T S A N N E L AL S U S W A L E S . J , C CO , N G and

D . L L . D . B E S c . w c o n tri u K . . b B S ir A . y Strahan , , , ith m D w . S M D . Sc . H . e e . A . . E . . o b W . o ti ns y Gibs n , , y , B ith , , C N

l . 1 2 . A . e 5 1 l e . e r m h d B . . 7 B o e e a , , and J Pring pp p at t xt

W e 1 9 1 8 E . 1 920 u e . ﬁg r s rapp r ( ; dit 2 , ) I R N OR E S : H /E M A T I TE S W E S T U M B E R L A N D OL . I I I . V V O OF C , B m E E D I TR T . M L A N A S H IR E A N D T H L A S I . S A . C K C y B ith ,

u . W e 1 9 1 4 l e . 29 e e 9 1 8 2 pp . p at s t xt ﬁg r s rapp r ( ) OR E S c ontd S U N D R N E D D E D OR E S I X . I R N VO L . O ( ) Y U B OF D U R H A M E A S T U M B E R L A N D R T H W A L E S D E R B S H I R E , C , NO , Y , H E I sL E M A N R I S T L D I S TR I C T A N D S M E R S E T T OF , B O O ,

D E V N A N D R N W A L L . B T . . Cantrill B . S c . R . L . O CO y C , , D we u S e lo c D . S c . H . e . 8 7 . 7 e e . h r k , , and y pp t xt ﬁg r s “( rappe r ( 1 9 19 ) L I R N OR E S c ontd TH E H JE M AT I T E S T H E F R E S T VO . X . O ( ) OF O i B T . b l D . e . 9 T H A L E S . F N D S U W . S S 3 . OF D E A N A O y y , pp f la e 1 9 1 9 1 4te xt ﬁg u re s . “pp r ( )

I R N O R E S c o ntd T H E I R N O R E S S T L A N D . O L I . V . X O ( ) O OF CO L e e c G . C l . “ G . . o B . S W By M . ; , V i s n ,

' w c o u o b T . R o b e o J. S . B . S c . ; ith ntrib ti ns y rts n , 1 8 e u e 1 920 F 2 40 . le F . R . S . f g ( ) tt , pp t xt i r s I R N O R E s c ontd E D D E D OR E S T H E L I A S X I I . VO L . O ( ) B OF ,

O o L I T E s A N D L A T E R F o R M A T I O N s I N E N L A N D R G . W . G y ,

. 40 d B . A . le . 2 . L m lu h . . c , d a p g , C B an J Pring pp W e 9 20 12 e ﬁ u e . 1 8 plates . t xt g r s rapp r ( ) - I . I R N . R E S A N D VOL . X I I O O P R E CAR BON IF E R OU S ‘ V CAR BON I FE R OU S . BE D D E D OR E S OF E N GL A N D A N D V AL E S .

B ir A . o D . L D . S S c . L W y trahan , S , . Gibs n , rill C . ant B . c . R . . . H e D Sc T C S . L . S e lo c B . Sc . ; , ; h r k , , and nry '

D ewe . 1 23 . 3 l e . 1 e e 1 9 20 y pp p at s 0 t xt ﬁgures . W rapp r ( ) R C X I V . E R A R A E E S VOL . T R I AL F R E S U R F TO Y M S : I R E CL A YS . O C 7 24 . 4 l A N D E L . 3 . 1 “ e G O OGY pp p ates 3 text ﬁgu res . rapp r ( 1 9 20 ) p

VO L . . R S E N I A N D A N TI M N D we OR S . B H e e XV A C O Y E y nry y ,

c o u b . . l w on S e . L L . D . D Sc . ith ntrib ti s y J F tt , , ,

l o . . . . W So 5 9 . l e . 1 e . 2 e u and G V i s n , B pp p at t xt ﬁg r s W rappe r ( 1 9 20 ) R E R A T R X VI . A TE R I A L L A VOL . F C O Y M S : GA N I S TE R A N D S I I C

R AN D F OR P E N - H E AR TH TE E F M T E S O S L U R N A E S D L I . OCK , C , O O

E TR R AP H A N D H E M I S TR B m . M . A . H e e H . Th o as P OG Y C Y y rb rt , , m H alli d M A . Sc . D A . . on . E R . 1 1 . e . le 5 F , , and rn st G ad y pp

e ur e . W 1 2 7 plates . 6 t xt ﬁg s rapper ( 9 0 ) L E N VOL . I I . TH E A D I P P E R AN D NI E L OR E S XV , Z C , CO CK OF l B . . o . TL AN D . W w c o o S Se . u b CO y G V i s n , B , ith ntrib ti ns y

le LL . D . F R . F . o n S . S . 1 5 9 . 2 l . 1 e J h tt , , pp p ates 6 t xt ﬁgure s ( 1 92 1 )

- I II . SAL T AN D R IN E . B R . L l D . c . VOL . R e o c S XV OCK B y . Sh r k ,

l e . 1 e e . 2 1 1 23 pp . 2 p at s 6 t xt ﬁgur s W rapper ( 1 9 ) I X L E A D A N D I N R E N T H E R . I VOL X . Z C O S CAR BON I FE OU S R R TH AL E B m S W S . e S M . A . 1 62 . OCK OF NO y B rnard ith , pp

25 e e . W e 1 9 2 1 3 plates . t xt ﬁgur s rapp r ( )

‘ D AN D I N : TH E N I N D I S TR I T R T H L . L E A I VO . XX Z C M G C OF NO “

B . T . CAR D I G A N S H I R E A N D W E S T MON T GOM E R YS H I R E . y 0 f l lo o Se . o e o o eo o e c o e D . J n s , , Pr f ss r G gy and Min ra gy , Vi t ria lo l l ve nc e e . 2 07 . o u e e o o c . Uni rsity , Ma h st r pp C r d G gi a Map

2 l 4 e u e . W e 1 9 22 7 p ates . t xt ﬁg r s rapp r ( )

O X L E A D I L V E R - L E A D A N D I N R E S OF R N WA L L V L . X I . S O , Z C CO ,

H e D . 2 . 4 l e . D E V ON A N D SOM E R S E T . By nry ewey 7 pp p at s e 1 92 1 1 4te xt ﬁgures . W rapp r ( )

R E H L AKE D I TR I T . I I . LE A D A N D I N O S T E S VOL . XX Z C OF C

4 . wo o 5 6 . 1 l e . e u e B T . E y ast d , pp p at t xt ﬁg r s W rapp er 1 9 2 1 )

N P R E - AR N I E R U S II I . L E A D A N D I N OR E S I TH E VO L . XX Z C C BO F O

A R T I . R OCKS OF W E S T SH R OP S H I R E AN D NOR T H W A L E S . P m H R E S M . A . A R T I I . W E S T S H R P S I . B e O y B rnard ith , P m A . B H en D ewe e S M . R TH W AL E S . y NO ry y and B rnard ith , W e 1 922 1 e u e . 9 5 pp . 3 t xt ﬁg r s rapp r ( ) L I N I TE A N D I N E R A L O I L I N VO L . I . A N N E L A L S XX V C CO , G M m u B . se . o c o o b . . T A D B . o S S C L N . W , f O y Gibs n , r ntrib ti ns y J

M . A L A e o . . ee D . Sc . le E . . F tt , M nd rs n , , G , , and 7 M . 6 e u e . “ e . 1 9 22 c r e o . A . 7 3 M . Ma g g r , pp t xt ﬁg r s rapp r ( ) N OR E S R T H U M E R L A N D A N D OL . L E A D A N D I V . XXV Z C OF NO B

A . D . . w o R B S le S m M . Sc c A L S T N . O MOO y tan y ith , , , ith ntri l f 1 1 . “ . R u e . 0 1 5 e . e bu ti o ns b v . G . Carr th rs pp p at s rapp r ( 19 23 )

L E A D A N D I N OR E S D U R H AM Y R S H I R E I . OL . V XXV Z C OF , O K B TE s O N T H E I S L E M A N B A N D D E R S H IR E W I TH N o _ . Y , OF y A u F R R u e Sir e . . S . . . b G Carr th rs and r y M

x e . “T e 1 9 23 2 l e . 6 e u 1 1 4pp . p at s t t ﬁg r s app r ( ) R N L L AN D D E B E WA V N . L I I . P P E R R S VO . XXV CO O OF CO O y x l . 1 3 e ﬁ u e . 7 . 4 e W e . H enry D ewey . 6 pp .p at s t t g r s rapp r ( 1 9 2 3 ) 6

I n P r ep arati on . C P P E R R E S O H E I D L A N D S T H E L A E L . O VO O F T M , K B H en D e we D I S T R I T A N D R TH A L E S . o e C , NO y ry y and th r

c o ntribu to rs . VOL . R E R A C T R F A T E R I A L S IR E L A S . H E M I A L 8 . d F O Y M , C Y C C .

A N D H S I AL TE S T S . B R . . E u B o . A . o e P Y C y F n s , , and th r c o u o ntrib t rs .

I S E L LAN E O S E O I E I R M C U C NOM C M MO S . TH I CKN E S S E S OF STR A T A I N TH E COU N T I E S OF E N GL A N D A N D W A L E S E X L U S I VE R S L D E R T H AN T H E E R MI A N , C OF OCK O P . B A D . L . . D m S Sc L . . l D we T . . H o e H . e y trahan , , , V s , y ,

H . B . in o . S c . W . . mm unn S o B . Sc . . R . in W . C C gt n , , C i ns , , B K g,

B . A . d D A B W . se . 1 2 an . . 7 . 36 e u e . W e , ray , pp t xt ﬁg r s rapp r ( 1 9 1 6)

TH E I L - SH AL E TH E L TH TH E E L O S IAN AR T I . OF O S . P G O OGY OF

TH E - B OIL H AL E FI E L D . R S S . . u e e y G Carr th rs , bas d h f . o n t w . e o o H ell . l . AR T I I . rk M Cad and J S . Grant W i so n P '

- E TH D S W R I N T H E IL H A L E S . B l w ll. M O OF O K G O S y W . Ca d e

T I I I . TH E H E M I TR AR B D . R . P C S Y OF TH E OI L S H A L E S . y

S eu F . I 1 . l . C . 99 8 3 u e . olou e eo o c l . t art , pp ﬁg r s C r d G gi a Map Table of c om parative ve rtic al se c tio ns and plate o f fo ssils fro m

- il S l . . O e W e 1 906 E d . 2 Ou t o rin ha strata rapp r ( ; it , ( f p t)

A H A N D T o TH E L L E T I N A L I N H I N A - L A AN D BOOK CO C O OF K O , C C Y

H I N A - ST N E I N TH E U S E U M R A TI AL E L E R M Y N C O , M OF P C C G O OGY , J B l N W . . Al e H ow B . e . ur o STR E E T L N D S . e s , O O , y J n , , C at r , ll D c . 2 1 . 9 l e . 5 5 e with an Appendix b y A an B . i k 7 pp p at s t xt ur e W e 1 9 1 4 ﬁg s . rapp r ( ) GU ID E T o TH E COL L E CT I ON OF GE M S T ON E S I N TH E MU S E U M OF

M c Li to k D . S c . 0 . R A TI AL E L . B W . F . . n c 8 P C C G O OGY y P , pp

19 1 2 E . 2 24te xt ﬁgur es . W rapp er ( ; dit ) '

l B . S c . 2 8 . TH E A R S H IR E A U X I TI L A . B . . W o Y B C C Y y G V i s n , pp

l 2 e ur e . W e 1 922 2 p ates . t xt ﬁg s rapp r ( ) E N MI E L TH E I S L E M AN W I TH SP E I A L R E E R CO O C G O OGY OF OF , C F E R I N E R e n e om th e E N CE T o T H E ME TAL L I F OU S M S . ( pri t d fr

m l . 1 . f B W . L u 85 G e ology Of th e I sle O Man . ) y G . a p gh pp W e 1 903 2 illustrations . rapp r ( ) TH E G E OL OGY OF FAL M OU TH A N D TR U R O A N D OF TH E MI N I N G E l o o f D I S TR I CT OF CA M BOR N E A N D R E D R U TH . ( xp anati n M Ali r H ll R . N . D . A . ac ste e e B . . Sh t y J B i , , and ,

l M . B . S . e w e olo c l o e b . ith P tr gi a N t s y J F tt , , l 24 l e . 65 e u e . o 1 906 c . 5 . D . S 3 3 pp p at s t xt ﬁg r s C th ( ) A H A N D BOOK T o A COL L E CTI ON OF TH E MI N E R A L S OF TH E BR I T I S H I S L A N D S M S TL S E L E TE D R M T H E L U D L A M L L E TI N , O Y C F O CO C O , T H E U S E U M R A T I A L E L ER M N STR E E T IN M OF P C C G O OGY , J Y , R u dl r late ur o B . W . e L N D N S . W . O O , y F , C at r 1 241 . W e 905 of th e Mus eum . pp rapp r ( ) T H E AL S S U T H W A L E S W I T H S P E I A L R E E R E N E T O TH E CO OF O , C F C

R I N AN D D I S TR I U T I N A N TH R A I T E . B A u e S O I G B O OF C y br y trahan ,

M . A D . so . F . I . ll . C L L . D . W . o M A . S . D . . , c , , and P ard , , ,

l . W e . R dle . 9 1 . 1 0 e assist e d b y E . G . a y pp p at s rapp r

1 8 E . 2 1 9 1 5 ( 90 ; dit , )