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On the Two Species of Bruchidius (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Established in North America L

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On the Two Species of Bruchidius (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Established in North America L Volume 100 THE CAN ADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 139 · ,\lansingh, A., and B. N. Smallman. The effect of photoperiod on the incidence and physiology of diapause in two saturniids. J. Insect Physiol. In press. :'dorris, R. F. 1967. Factors inducing diapause in Hyphantria cunea. Can. Ent. 99: 522-529. Tanaka, Y. 1951. Studies on hibernation with ~pecial reference to photoperiodicitv and breeding of the Chinese Tussar - silkworm. VI. f. seric. Sci., Tokyo 20: 191-201: Williams, C. M. 1946. Physiolof!y of insect diapause: the role of the brain in the production and termination of pupal dormancy in the giant silkworm, Platyscmzi,J cecropia. Bioi. Bull. mar. bioi. Lab., Woods Hole 90: 234-243. Y\'illiams, C. ?\1. 1956. Physiology of insect diapause. X. An endocrine mechanism for the influence of temperature on diapausing pupa of Cecropia silkworm. Bioi. Bull. mar. bioi. Lab., TVoods Hole llO: 201-218. (Receind 14 August 1967) ON THE TWO SPECIES OF BRUCHIDIUS (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE) ESTABLISHED IN NORTH AMERICA L. ]. Bornl\u:n' Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa Abstract Cm. Ent. 100: 139-145 (1968) The European Bmcbidius ,1ter {,\Iarsh.), first discm·ered in Massachusetts in 1918, and later in Virginia, is here recorded from Rochester, N.Y. In addition to Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link, its known host in the United States, the insect was reared from seeds of Petteria rameutacea (Sieber) Presl and Laburnum alpinum Bercht. and Prcsl at the New York locality. All three plants are introductions from Europe. Brucbidius zmicolor (01.) was recognized in 1965 when it was discovered in British Columbia breeding in the seed pods of Onobrycbis ~'iciae­ folia Scop. A single specimen, collected in Nicola, B.C., in 1922, indicates that the insect has been present in soutlnvestcrn Canada for a considerable time. The Broom Brucbid in Eastern United States . The first member of the Old World genus Bruchidius to become established li1 North America was one attached to the Scotch broom, Cytisus scoparius (Linnaeus) Link. Olsen (1918, p. 234) reared a bruchid which he thought was the native Bruchus calvus Horn from seeds of the broom at Wood's Hole, Mass. However, Bridwell ( 192 5, p. 80) found the insect to be a Bruchidius to which he applied the name ater (i\!Iarsham), one of the numerous names of bruchids reported as being associated with C. scoparius and related plants in Europe. Later ( 1938, p. 76) he changed the name to B. villosus (Fabricius) after having a correspondent examine the type for him in Copenhagen. An extract from a letter of Bridwell's regarding B. villosus follows: "The account of the broom bruchid in the Bur. Nev.,·s Letter [United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine News Letter, 6(9): 34, 1939.] was prepared by me for the Division of Insect Identification and published without indication of authorship." In it the insect is recorded as having been reared from seeds of C. scoparius in .\'1onticello, V a. The author was uncertain whether this was an extension of the \1assachusetts colony or represented a separate introduction into Virginia. The Olsen error was repeated by Johnson (1930, p. 65), who reported both ,uer Marsham and calvus Horn as "common in the seed pods of the Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius)." Bridwell (1936, p. 186) reared Acanthoscelides calvus (Horn) from the seed capsules of Helianthemum canadense (Linnaeus) Michaux H\'scart·h-- Associate. 140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST February 1 (family Cistaceae) in Ocean View, Va.; Kitty Hawk, N.C.; and Priest's Md.; and the writer has several rearing records of calvus, all from the same It is most unlikely that calvus can breed in the seeds of a leguminous plant. Hoffman's (1945, p. 83) use of the name Bruchidius fasciatus (Olivier) our introduced species was not accepted by Bridwell nor by the writer. ever, not until Southgate ( 1963) published on the identity of the broom was the nomenclature of the insect in question straightened out. This au concluded that Bruchidius ater (Marsham) (synonyms: cisti Paykull ( Fabricius), and rmtem1arius Motschulsky) was the bruchid established in United States, and that B. cisti (Fabricius) (synonyms: pubescens Germar, Curtis, and obscuricomis Blanchard), 13. villosus (Fabricius), and B. fascia ( 0 livier) were all distinct. Numerous relatives of C. scoparius have been listed as host plants of mem of the broom bruchid complex. Now that this complex has been divided . four valid species, the exact host or hosts of each bruchid cannot be determined · The following genera have been involved in addition to Cythvus: Calycnrr1'"''" Genista, Lalmrmm1, Lembotropis, Petteria, and Sarotbaunms. Gleason ( 195H, p. 396) reported C. scoparius to be naturalized in many places from Nova Scotia to Virginia and southward, and also on the Pacific Coast. Gilkey ( 1957, p. 195) wrote that the plant 'vas introduced as an ornamental by early settlers in the Pacific Northwest, and that it has spread extensively, crow·ding out native vegetation. On the \Vest Coast it is currently known from Califo · · northward to British Columbia, and in many areas it is considered a serious of agriculture. · The Massachusetts and Virginia records for B. ater arc the only published ones. The writer collected the insect on two occasions, both nca Warrenton, Va. On 27 December 1947, with H. S. Barber, infested pods broom were found to contain both dead and living adult bruchids. On 29 June 1950, the pods collected had adults ready to emerge. Of the 50 or more collected in December, about half of them were still unopened. Two valves exit holes made by adults. This indicates that most of the adults await opening of the pods to escape, some even failing to survive the wait, rather cut through the valve. In this case, those that were collected had already wa1 about 6 months. There is but one generation per year. On 21 December 1950, seeds of Petteria ramentacea (Sieber) Presl received from Bernard Harkness who obtained them from plants growing Highland Park, Rochester, N.Y. Adults of B. ater were emerging at the · About 2 weeks later, a second lot of infested seeds was received from the source. These were from the cultivated shrub Laburnum alpinum and Presl, which has been recorded as a host in Europe. Mr. Harkness to~d writer that he had also taken the bruchid from seeds of C. scoparius grow Rochester. The determinations of these three plants were furnished by Harkness. Examples of the bruchid from pods collected in June at Warrenton, Va., given toR. W. Howe to compare with European broom bruchids (see . 1963, p. 795). The genitalia of males from Rochester, reared from Petterta Laburnum, and of males from Warrenton, reared from Cytisus, are all ~· ... ·~· .. -~. with those illustrated by Southgate (1963, p. 797). Although currently known only from the Northeastern United B. ater can be expected to follow its host southward from Virginia and THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 141 ·orthward into the Maritime Provinces where the host plant is able to thrive, and eventually to be introduced into the West Coast colonies of the Scotch broom. A Sainfoin Bruchid in Western Canada Early in 1965, L. K. Peterson of the Lethbridge Research Station in Alberta reared a series of a bruchid from pods of Onobrychis grown in Lillooet, B.C. The insect was determined by W. J. Brown as Bruchidius unicolor (Olivier), a ~European species of Bruchidae not previously recorded from the New World. Later, the writer compared the Canadian examples with determined European material and also concluded that the new insect was uuicolor. ~:;;. Upon learning of a Bruchidius being established in British Columbia, the i;; writer recalled having had sent to him a bruchid of this genus by Ralph Hopping ;.;~years ago. It was labeled "Nicola B.C./VI-6 1922/P. N. Vroom". It was assumed to be an Oriental Bruchidius, and being unable to determine it, the writer returned the example. Recently, H. B. Leech kindly sent the specimen on for re-examination, and it proved to be B. zmicolor. The Lillooet seed was grown by D. C. Jones, who advised us that he had been growing the plant commercially for about 10 years and that the original seed came from Merritt, B.C. He also wrote that the bruchid injury had not been . noted before 1965. The grower kindly furnished us \\·ith a small sample of seeds ··on 5 July 1966 from the 1965 crop after they had been in storage for perhaps 10 months. A random sample of 100 of the single-seeded pods was examined with the following results: of 72 pods which had visible entrance holes of the first stage bruchid larvae, 49 contained seeds which had been destroyed by the ,t, bruchid. During this examination, the predaceous mite Pyemotes (Pediculoides) ~'ventricosus (Newport), determined by E. E. Lindquist, was discovered in some '· of the seeds with dead bruchid larvae, so 100 or more pods showing entrance holes were placed in individual vials and removed from the original lot. In the rearing ~~jar the mites i.ncreased so rapidly that only two adult bruchids ~vere able to emerge ~.. ·normally dunng the followmg 2 weeks when the lot was fumtgated. Twenty or · more adults were obtained from the pods caged individually during the period p;,11 July to 10 August. 1t-c·~ ' ~:~: On 12 September, a small lot of pods just harvested was received from Mr. ~Uones. No bruchid exit holes were noted, and the infestation based upon entrance ·~ales of the young larvae was less than two percent. This lot also came infested ~,With the predaceous mite and soon had to be fumigated. A few bruchid-infested 'pods were placed in individual vi~ls when first received.
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