Volume 100 THE CAN ADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 139 · ,\lansingh, A., and B. N. Smallman. The effect of photoperiod on the incidence and physiology of diapause in two saturniids. J. Physiol. In press. :'dorris, R. F. 1967. Factors inducing diapause in Hyphantria cunea. Can. Ent. 99: 522-529. Tanaka, Y. 1951. Studies on hibernation with ~pecial reference to photoperiodicitv and breeding of the Chinese Tussar - silkworm. VI. f. seric. Sci., Tokyo 20: 191-201: Williams, C. M. 1946. Physiolof!y of insect diapause: the role of the brain in the production and termination of pupal dormancy in the giant silkworm, Platyscmzi,J cecropia. Bioi. Bull. mar. bioi. Lab., Woods Hole 90: 234-243. Y\'illiams, C. ?\1. 1956. Physiology of insect diapause. X. An endocrine mechanism for the influence of temperature on diapausing pupa of Cecropia silkworm. Bioi. Bull. mar. bioi. Lab., TVoods Hole llO: 201-218. (Receind 14 August 1967)

ON THE TWO SPECIES OF (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE) ESTABLISHED IN NORTH AMERICA L. ]. Bornl\u:n' Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa

Abstract Cm. Ent. 100: 139-145 (1968) The European Bmcbidius ,1ter {,\Iarsh.), first discm·ered in Massachusetts in 1918, and later in Virginia, is here recorded from Rochester, N.Y. In addition to (L.) Link, its known host in the United States, the insect was reared from seeds of Petteria rameutacea (Sieber) Presl and Laburnum alpinum Bercht. and Prcsl at the New York locality. All three plants are introductions from Europe. Brucbidius zmicolor (01.) was recognized in 1965 when it was discovered in British Columbia breeding in the seed pods of Onobrycbis ~'iciae­ folia Scop. A single specimen, collected in Nicola, B.C., in 1922, indicates that the insect has been present in soutlnvestcrn Canada for a considerable time. The Broom Brucbid in Eastern United States . The first member of the Old World Bruchidius to become established li1 North America was one attached to the Scotch broom, Cytisus scoparius (Linnaeus) Link. Olsen (1918, p. 234) reared a bruchid which he thought was the native Bruchus calvus Horn from seeds of the broom at Wood's Hole, Mass. However, Bridwell ( 192 5, p. 80) found the insect to be a Bruchidius to which he applied the name ater (i\!Iarsham), one of the numerous names of bruchids reported as being associated with C. scoparius and related plants in Europe. Later ( 1938, p. 76) he changed the name to B. villosus (Fabricius) after having a correspondent examine the type for him in Copenhagen. An extract from a letter of Bridwell's regarding B. villosus follows: "The account of the broom bruchid in the Bur. Nev.,·s Letter [United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine News Letter, 6(9): 34, 1939.] was prepared by me for the Division of Insect Identification and published without indication of authorship." In it the insect is recorded as having been reared from seeds of C. scoparius in .\'1onticello, V a. The author was uncertain whether this was an extension of the \1assachusetts colony or represented a separate introduction into Virginia. The Olsen error was repeated by Johnson (1930, p. 65), who reported both ,uer Marsham and calvus Horn as "common in the seed pods of the Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius)." Bridwell (1936, p. 186) reared Acanthoscelides calvus (Horn) from the seed capsules of Helianthemum canadense (Linnaeus) Michaux H\'scart·h-- Associate. 140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST February 1 (family Cistaceae) in Ocean View, Va.; Kitty Hawk, N.C.; and Priest's Md.; and the writer has several rearing records of calvus, all from the same It is most unlikely that calvus can breed in the seeds of a leguminous plant. Hoffman's (1945, p. 83) use of the name Bruchidius fasciatus (Olivier) our introduced species was not accepted by Bridwell nor by the writer. ever, not until Southgate ( 1963) published on the identity of the broom was the nomenclature of the insect in question straightened out. This au concluded that Bruchidius ater (Marsham) (synonyms: cisti Paykull ( Fabricius), and rmtem1arius Motschulsky) was the bruchid established in United States, and that B. cisti (Fabricius) (synonyms: pubescens Germar, Curtis, and obscuricomis Blanchard), 13. villosus (Fabricius), and B. fascia ( 0 livier) were all distinct. Numerous relatives of C. scoparius have been listed as host plants of mem of the broom bruchid complex. Now that this complex has been divided . four valid species, the exact host or hosts of each bruchid cannot be determined · The following genera have been involved in addition to Cythvus: Calycnrr1'"''" Genista, Lalmrmm1, Lembotropis, Petteria, and Sarotbaunms. Gleason ( 195H, p. 396) reported C. scoparius to be naturalized in many places from Nova Scotia to Virginia and southward, and also on the Pacific Coast. Gilkey ( 1957, p. 195) wrote that the plant 'vas introduced as an ornamental by early settlers in the Pacific Northwest, and that it has spread extensively, crow·ding out native vegetation. On the \Vest Coast it is currently known from Califo · · northward to British Columbia, and in many areas it is considered a serious of agriculture. · The Massachusetts and Virginia records for B. ater arc the only published ones. The writer collected the insect on two occasions, both nca Warrenton, Va. On 27 December 1947, with H. S. Barber, infested pods broom were found to contain both dead and living adult bruchids. On 29 June 1950, the pods collected had adults ready to emerge. Of the 50 or more collected in December, about half of them were still unopened. Two valves exit holes made by adults. This indicates that most of the adults await opening of the pods to escape, some even failing to survive the wait, rather cut through the valve. In this case, those that were collected had already wa1 about 6 months. There is but one generation per year. On 21 December 1950, seeds of Petteria ramentacea (Sieber) Presl received from Bernard Harkness who obtained them from plants growing Highland Park, Rochester, N.Y. Adults of B. ater were emerging at the · About 2 weeks later, a second lot of infested seeds was received from the source. These were from the cultivated shrub Laburnum alpinum and Presl, which has been recorded as a host in Europe. Mr. Harkness to~d writer that he had also taken the bruchid from seeds of C. scoparius grow Rochester. The determinations of these three plants were furnished by Harkness. Examples of the bruchid from pods collected in June at Warrenton, Va., given toR. W. Howe to compare with European broom bruchids (see . 1963, p. 795). The genitalia of males from Rochester, reared from Petterta Laburnum, and of males from Warrenton, reared from Cytisus, are all ~· ... ·~· .. -~. with those illustrated by Southgate (1963, p. 797). Although currently known only from the Northeastern United B. ater can be expected to follow its host southward from Virginia and THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 141 ·orthward into the Maritime Provinces where the host plant is able to thrive, and eventually to be introduced into the West Coast colonies of the Scotch broom.

A Sainfoin Bruchid in Western Canada Early in 1965, L. K. Peterson of the Lethbridge Research Station in Alberta reared a series of a bruchid from pods of Onobrychis grown in Lillooet, B.C. The insect was determined by W. J. Brown as Bruchidius unicolor (Olivier), a ~European species of Bruchidae not previously recorded from the New World. Later, the writer compared the Canadian examples with determined European material and also concluded that the new insect was uuicolor. ~:;;. Upon learning of a Bruchidius being established in British Columbia, the i;; writer recalled having had sent to him a bruchid of this genus by Ralph Hopping ;.;~years ago. It was labeled "Nicola B.C./VI-6 1922/P. N. Vroom". It was assumed to be an Oriental Bruchidius, and being unable to determine it, the writer returned the example. Recently, H. B. Leech kindly sent the specimen on for re-examination, and it proved to be B. zmicolor. The Lillooet seed was grown by D. C. Jones, who advised us that he had been growing the plant commercially for about 10 years and that the original seed came from Merritt, B.C. He also wrote that the bruchid injury had not been . noted before 1965. The grower kindly furnished us \\·ith a small sample of seeds ··on 5 July 1966 from the 1965 crop after they had been in storage for perhaps 10 months. A random sample of 100 of the single-seeded pods was examined with the following results: of 72 pods which had visible entrance holes of the first stage bruchid larvae, 49 contained seeds which had been destroyed by the ,t, bruchid. During this examination, the predaceous mite Pyemotes (Pediculoides) ~'ventricosus (Newport), determined by E. E. Lindquist, was discovered in some '· of the seeds with dead bruchid larvae, so 100 or more pods showing entrance holes were placed in individual vials and removed from the original lot. In the rearing ~~jar the mites i.ncreased so rapidly that only two adult bruchids ~vere able to emerge ~.. ·normally dunng the followmg 2 weeks when the lot was fumtgated. Twenty or · more adults were obtained from the pods caged individually during the period p;,11 July to 10 August. 1t-c·~ ' ~:~: On 12 September, a small lot of pods just harvested was received from Mr. ~Uones. No bruchid exit holes were noted, and the infestation based upon entrance ·~ales of the young larvae was less than two percent. This lot also came infested ~,With the predaceous mite and soon had to be fumigated. A few bruchid-infested 'pods were placed in individual vi~ls when first received. In mid-Nov.ember, living ~~ature larvae only were found m the few seeds of both lots exanuned. When ~1~xamined in early July 1967, all larvae of the first lot were dead. In the second ~ot of about 40 pods, no adults had emerged, ~ut two were f~u?d de~d within t.heir ~t_Seeds, and all but two larvae were dead. fhe two remammg ahve were m a .'Weakened condition and soon succumbed. Mature larvae, therefore, are able to t~rvive for months in their cells waiting for conditions which favor transformation ::,to adults. I.' Little has been learned of the life history of B. wzicolor in Canada. The ~~9sence of fresh eggs on pods and the tendency of the full-grown larvae to delay ~tf,~nsformation indicate that there is but one generation per year. Klokov ( 1928, ~pp. 161-164) reported considerable injury by this bruchid to sainfoin seed in the ~J.Jkraine in 1926. The adults were active in the field for about 2 months, fdepositing eggs on immature pods. The larvae remained within the seeds for 142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

hibernation and pupation, t~e new adults emerging in late spring of the f year.

Onobrycbis is a rather large genus of Old World legumes, u·.1'-H.lUUL]J 100 species mostly from the Mediterranean region. The plants are related to the vetches and some are of value as forage crops and even as mentals. Many species have been grown experimentally throughout Canada the United States and presumably other areas in the New World to where they may be adopted profitably in agriculture. The species here has been known as Onobrycbis sativa, but the correct name and synonyms, furnished by C. Frankton, are as follows: 011obrychis viciaefolia Scopoli Hedysarum onobrychis (Linnaeus) Onobrychis onobrycbis (Linnaeus) Rydberg 0. sativa Lamarck The plant is variously known as sainfoin, sandfoin, and, according to and Bailey ( 195 6, p. 511), also saintfoin, holy clover, and esparcet. Not much been learned about the early introductions of the plant into North Am Clark and Malte (1913, pp. 140-142) illustrated the plant under the name 0. These authors stated that the plant had been cultivated in France for more four centuries and from there had been widely dispersed to temperate regio that it was introduced into the United States "nearly 90 years ago" [about 1823 and that experiments of its adoption had been conducted for the past 15 [since 1898] in Ottawa. Rydberg (1917, pp. 524-525) stated regarding the "Cultivated and occasionally escaped: Mont. - Colo. - Utah - Ida. Sand­ Gleason (1958, p. 437), in treating the flora of the northeastern United Sta and adjacent Canada, stated that 0. viciaefolia was "occasionally cultivated forage; escaped or introduced at numerous scattered stations in our range and to the Pacific." A. B. Ash and associates in the Indian Affairs Branch in British furnished us with the following information regarding Onobrychis in the Valley. Some of the older Indian residents interviewed recalled the plant b planted in this area as early as 1900, or even before. Its use as a forage spread locally, but alfalfa, introduced later, proved to be of more value. thrived as an escape from cultivation and the seeds from these wild plants often harvested by the Indians for sale. The plant is at present being grown the Valley for seed and stock food to some extent. Bruchidius ater (Marsham) Bruchus cisti: Paykull1800: 159. Bruchus ater Marsham 1802: 236. Bruchus antennarius Motschulsky 1874: 232. Bruchus calvus: Olsen 1918: 234. Bruchidius ater (Marsham), Schilsky 1905: No. 85. : Bridwell 1938: 70. Sparteus villosus: Bridwell 1946: 55. Bruchus ater was briefly described by Marsham as indigenous to without citing a more definite locality. Paykull's material was from Austria, Motschulsky did not give a locality for his antennarius. Southgate redescn the insect, illustrated the male genitalia, and listed the synonymy. Because broom bruchid has been previously confused with three other species and THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 143 ' numerous names, all references to the insect, other than those listed above, be verified. The known distribution remains Great Britain, Austria, and nited States, and the only verified host plants are Cytisus scoparius, Petteria , and Laburnum alpinum.

Bruchidius unicolor (Olivier) unicolor Olivier 1795: 17, pl. 2, figs. 20a, b . .. u..,,~.,.~··wv zmicolor (Olivier), Schilsky 1905: III. Following his original description of this species, Olivier wrote: "Elle sc · ve dans toute d'Europe." Descriptions of this bruchid with illustrations and synonomies are given by (1945, p. 61) and by Lukjanovitsh and Ter-Minassian (1957, p. 135). latter authors (1957, pp. 35, 136) list seven species of Bruchidius as being · with six species of Onobrychis, with B. unicolor being restricted to ·· viciaefolia. The seven bruchids include two described as new from Russia. lski ( 1958, pp. 5-7), in reporting the bruchid from Poland for the first time, ted the adult and pods and seeds of Onobry chis sativa ( = viciaefolia) from the adults had emerged. Hoffman ( 1962, pp. 467, 468) briefly discussed species and illustrated the adult. Descriptive Key The larger black Acanthoscelides species with which the two introduced could be collected or confused may be distinguished by their normally the fifth and sixth elytral striae abbreviated apically, the thorax longer than and by the structure of the hind leg. The femur has on the lower inner a tooth at the apical fourth or fifth, beyond which are one or more smaller les, and the tibia has a well-developed slender mucro at the apex beneath. The following descriptive key should further assist in distinguishing the two hidius. in question from native American species and from each other. · black except four basal joints of antenna and occasionally apices of front and middle femora and tibiae and fourth tarsal segment of all legs dark rufous. Body abon evenly ·and sparsely covered with fine cinereous pubescence having a metallic ochreous luster in certain lights, the covering not concealing surface sculpture. Eyes normally prominent. Antenna ( t ~ ) short, with head reflexed reaching just beyond base of elytron, joints 1 to 4 , 6 to 10 each as wide or wider than long. Thorax more than Yz wider than long. conjointly less than lj10 longer than wide. Ventral segments of male without longer . Hind femur with inner ventral margin minutely serrulate before the single usually tooth beyond apical fourth. Hind tibia ( t ~ ) ·Nidening apically; the prominent margin terminating in a short, stout, acute mucro egual in length to width of first tarsal segment at middle; outer apical margin also with three minute denticles, one dorsal, subdorsal, and one lateral, each about l-'3 the length of mucro. Male genitalia with arches ventrally united to form the hypomere which is without a median keel. ~naot)ha with two well-separated areas of armature, in repose both posterior to the arches, denticles rod-shaped. Adult length (thorax and elytra), 2.4-2.8 mm ...... ater (Marsham) oval; entirely black. Body above densely coYered with rather coarse, pale, ochreous escence having a metallic ochreous luster, the covering concealing most of surface . Eyes less prominent, posterior margin meeting the neck at a broad angle. ~·._,~ ...... ( t) stout, long, joint 8 reaching the base of elytron, 1 to 3 short and comparatively , 4 to 11 each longer than wide and as long as 2 and 3 together; ( ~ ) shorter and slender, joint 4 but little wider than 3, 4 to 11 each shorter than 2 and 3 together. less than % wider than long. Elytra conjointly about ~ longer than wide, tuber­ at base of fourth interval. Ventral segments of male with numerous elongate hairs middle. Hind femur with little or no evidence of serrulations before a small acute tooth -~~·a·~-u at or before apical fourth. Hind tibia widening to apical fourth, thence narrowing 144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST February I

FIGS. 1, 2. Brucbidius unicolor (Olivier), male genitalia: 1, ventral view; 2, lateral dew.

slightly dorsally; ventral margin not prominent; outer apical margin with usually minute denticles above a larger triangular sublateral denticle; mucro ( Q ) similar to, less prominent than, sublateral denticle, ( ~ ) very minute or essentially wanting. genitalia (Figs. 1, 2) with lateral arches ventrally united to form hypomere which bears large leaf-like median keel. Endophallus with two areas of armature, in repose one each side of lateral arches: first area consisting of a pair of short curved plates armed very minute spines, second area occupying entire surface of elongate (and folded) :;aL·'-'"""' region armed with minute blunt spines. Adult length (thorax and elytra), 2.4-2.8 mm ...... unicolor (0 Acknowledgments The writer appreciates the co-operation of those mentioned in the text.· having generously made determinations or furnished material or information in the preparation of the present paper, and to S. Klosevych of the bio-Grap Unit, Ottawa, for photographs. References Bailey, L. H., and E. Z. Bailey. 1956. Hortus Second (8th printing). Macmillan Co., York. Bridwell, J. C. 1925. Bruchidius ater (Marsham), an unrecorded immigrant from ]. Wasb. Acad. Sci. 5: 80. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 145 J. C. 1936. (Notes on Bruchidae). Proc. ent. Soc. TVash. 37: 185-187. J. C. 1938. Specularius erythrinae, a new bruchid affecting seeds of Erytbrina. f. T¥asb. Acad. Sci. 28: 69-76. J. C. 1946. The genera of of the family Bruchidae in America north of Mexico. f. Wasb. Acad. Sci. 36: 52-57. G. H., and M. 0. Malte. 1913. Plantes Tourrageres Prairies et Paturages. Imprimerie · du Gouvernement, Ottawa. H. M. 1957. Weeds of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State College, Corvallis. , A. H. 1958. The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. (rev. ed.) Vol. 2. Lancaster Press.

1uuuw .., A. 1945. Coleopteres Bruchides et Anthribides. Faune Fr. 44: 1-184. man, A. 1962. Les Brucbidius, pp. 462-468. In Balachowsky, A. S., Entomologie appliquee a I'agriculture. Tome I. Coleoptera. Masson et Cie (ed.), Paris. , C. W. 1930. A list of the insect fauna of Nantucket, Massachusetts. Publ. Nan­ tucket Maria Mitcbe/1 Assoc. 3(2): 1-175. , E. V. 1928. Notes on a injuring the seeds of sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa). (In Russian.) Rev. appl. Ent. (Abstr.), 17: 8. ,,M,..,...,,·,,.c, F. K., et M. E. Ter-Minassian. 1957. Bruchidae. Fauna U.S.S.R .. , (N.S.), 67. Moscow. , B. 1958. Dowy Dla Polski Szkodnik Nasion Esparcety-Zagladek Eurytoma onobrycbidis Nik. Roczn. Naukro ln. 77-A-4: 543-554, Fot. 5-7. , M. 1795. Entomologie IV, 79: 1-24. C. E. 1918. (Exhibition of specimens.) fl N.Y. ent. Soc. 26: 234. P. A. 1917. Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains. Steinman and Lancaster. , J. 1905. Bruchidae. In Kuster and Kraatz, Die Kafer Europa's, Vol. 41: pp. I-IV, A-MM; Nos. 1-100. Bauer und Raspe, Niirnberg. B. J. 1963. The true identity of the broom bruchid and synoptic notes on other of Brucbidius. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 56(6): 795-798.

(Received 20 October 1967)

THE LIFE HISTORY OF IPS CALLIGRAPHUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) WITH NOTES ON ITS BIOLOGY IN CALIFORNIA1

D. L. WooD and R. \V. STARK Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Uninrsity of California, Berkeley

Abstract Can. Ent. 100: 145-151 (1968) Ips calligrapbus (Germar) is distributed continentally throughout North America, including Guatemala and British Honduras. It has been collected on only rare occasions in California, primarily in bhe central Sierra Nevada Mountains. Four generations were observed during 1961 and 1962, and average summer development required about 40 days. All stages except the egg were observed in the winter. The unique gallery system exhibits four to six egg galleries, which range in length from 25.4 to 38.1 em, and radiate ·characteristi-cally from a large, irregular, nuptial ·chamber excavated by the male. At Grass Valley, Cal., this bark beetle was observed breeding predominantly in the thick~barked portions of the lower bole. Its galleries are often intermixed wi{)h those of Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, I. confusus LeConte, /. latidens LeConte, and Afelanophila californica Van Dyke in ponderosa pine. I. confusus was the most abundant species · · of Ips in all localities where I. calligrapbus was found.

'"'-'''~u•.wu was supported in part by a research grant from the California State Division of Forestry T. • Walker and Surdna Foundations; University of California Agricultural Experiment Station 778, "The Classification, Bionomics, Ecology and Control of Bark Beetles ( Scolytidae) Infesting Trees".