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Controles Determinantes En La Geoquímica Y Mineralogía De Los Sedimentos Fluviales Activos En La Cuenca Del Río Limarí - Iv Región De Coquimbo, Chile

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Controles Determinantes En La Geoquímica Y Mineralogía De Los Sedimentos Fluviales Activos En La Cuenca Del Río Limarí - Iv Región De Coquimbo, Chile UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS Y MATEMÁTICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE GEOLOGÍA CONTROLES DETERMINANTES EN LA GEOQUÍMICA Y MINERALOGÍA DE LOS SEDIMENTOS FLUVIALES ACTIVOS EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO LIMARÍ - IV REGIÓN DE COQUIMBO, CHILE MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL TITULO DE GEÓLOGO FELIPE IGNACIO ASTUDILLO WELLS PROFESOR GUÍA: JUAN PABLO LACASSIE REYES MIEMBROS DE LA COMISIÓN: BRIAN TOWNLEY CALLEJAS LUISA PINTO LINCOÑIR SANTIAGO DE CHILE MARZO 2011 Resumen En el presente trabajo se analiza la composición mineralógica y química de los sedimentos activos y pre- industriales de los principales ríos que conforman la cuenca del Río Limarí (Región de Coquimbo, Chile). El objetivo es determinar la influencia que tiene tanto la geología como la actividad antropogénica sobre los sedimentos fluviales que componen la cuenca. Luego, en base a la abundancia de metales pesados, establecer su calidad ambiental. Se estima que los resultados de este trabajo son de particular interés en esta zona debido a la estrecha interacción que existe entre sus principales actividades económicas, correspondientes a agricultura y minería. Se analizó la fracción fina (<180 µm) de los sedimentos, la cual se estima representativa de la carga en suspensión. La composición química fue determinada mediante espectrometría de masa y la composición mineralógica mediante difracción de Rayos-X. Los datos fueron procesados utilizando herramientas tales como diagramas de variación geográfica y redes neuronales artificiales. Estos diagramas permitieron realizar una caracterización geoquímica y mineralógica de la cuenca y definir cuáles son los factores más influyentes sobre la composición de los sedimentos. Los resultados obtenidos indican que los factores naturales con mayor influencia sobre la composición química y mineralógica de los sedimentos son: la composición química del basamento rocoso, la presencia de zonas mineralizadas, el efecto de dilución (o concentración) asociado a la confluencia con ríos tributarios y la geomorfología de los valles. Por otro lado, entre los factores antropogénicos se destacó la influencia asociada a la agricultura (uso de fertilizantes), a la minería (lixiviación del material de descarte hacia los ríos) y a la urbanización (descargas urbanas). Los resultados también sugieren que el sistema de embalses ha afectado el régimen hidrodinámico natural modificando tanto la carga en suspensión como los patrones de sedimentación. En particular, los sedimentos activos de algunos cursos fluviales presentan concentraciones de elementos muy superiores al promedio de la cuenca, evidenciando anomalías geoquímicas. Los casos más representativos corresponden a: 1) curso superior del Río Hurtado, presenta altas concentraciones de Cu, Cd, As, Zn, Y, Co, Ni, Se, Bi, Tl, Be, U, MnO, Mo, Sn y HREE asociados a una zona de alteración hidrotermal en la Cordillera de los Andes; 2) curso medio del Estero Ingenio, presenta elevadas concentraciones de Cu, Hg, Au, Fe 2O3, Bi, Co, Ni, Sb, Ag y Au asociados a las descargas de la planta La Cocinera (planta de flotación de Cu, Au y Ag); 3) curso superior del Estero Punitaqui (aguas abajo de la Quebrada Los Mantos), presenta elevadas concentraciones de Cu, Hg, Au y Total S asociados a la mina Mantos de Punitaqui. Por lo tanto, los resultados permiten concluir que la ocurrencia anómala de metales pesados en los sedimentos tienen un origen natural, antrópico o mixto, correspondientes a los procesos de lixiviación tanto de cuerpos mineralizados, como lixiviación de materiales de descarte asociados a yacimientos metálicos y plantas de beneficio que son explotados por la pequeña y mediana minería. La toxicidad de los sedimentos se determinó comparando los resultados con parámetros internacionales. Los resultados mostraron que en diversas localidades de la cuenca, las concentraciones de Cu, Cd, Hg, As, Zn y Cr, son superiores a los máximos recomendados, razón por la cual existe una alta probabilidad de que en algunos sectores de la cuenca, los ecosistemas asociados se vean afectados en forma negativa. ii Agradecimientos Quiero agradecer a todos aquellos que colaboraron tanto en mi formación universitaria como en la realización de este trabajo. En primer lugar quiero agradecer a mi familia, y en especial a mi madre por su preocupación y apoyo incondicional. A mis compañeros y amigos de la universidad. A Daniela por tenerme infinita paciencia y por haber estado siempre a mi lado apoyándome en los momentos de estrés y cansancio. A mi profesor guía "JP" por su excelente disposición en compartir sus conocimientos. A los profesores miembros de la comisión por sus valiosos concejos. A María Rosa por su simpatía y preocupación. Por último, agradezco al Proyecto Basal PB0809, Estudio de Tres Cuencas Fluviales Asociadas a la Minería, desarrollados en conjunto entre el Centro Avanzado de Tecnología para la Minería de la Universidad de Chile y el Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, por hacer posible el desarrollo de este trabajo. iii INDICE 1 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................. 1 1.1 Antecedentes generales ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objetivos .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Objetivo general ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.2.2 Objetivos específicos .................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Hipótesis .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Ubicación y accesos ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Descripción de la zona de estudio ................................................................................................ 6 1.5.1 Drenajes principales ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.5.2 Geomorfología .............................................................................................................................. 9 1.5.3 Clima ...........................................................................................................................................11 1.5.4 Asentamientos humanos ............................................................................................................12 1.5.5 Actividades económicas .............................................................................................................12 2 METODOLOGÍA DE TRABAJO ......................................................... 16 2.1 Terreno ...........................................................................................................................................16 2.2 Laboratorio.....................................................................................................................................17 2.3 Procesamiento de datos ...............................................................................................................18 2.3.1 Datos geoquímicos .....................................................................................................................18 2.3.2 Datos mineralógicos ...................................................................................................................24 3 MARCO GEOLÓGICO ........................................................................ 25 3.1 Unidades litoestratigráficas .........................................................................................................26 3.1.1 Rocas estratificadas ....................................................................................................................26 3.1.2 Rocas intrusivas ..........................................................................................................................28 3.1.3 Rocas metamórficas ...................................................................................................................31 3.2 Zonas con alteración hidrotermal ...............................................................................................31 3.3 Estructuras principales ................................................................................................................31 3.4 Yacimientos minerales .................................................................................................................35 3.4.1 Yacimientos metálicos ................................................................................................................35 3.4.2 Yacimientos no-metálicos ...........................................................................................................39 4 RESULTADOS .................................................................................... 42 4.1 Control de calidad de datos .........................................................................................................42 4.2 Gráficos univariables de variación geográfica ..........................................................................43 4.2.1 Eje norte: Río Limarí - Hurtado ...................................................................................................45 iv 4.2.2
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