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Acknowledgments ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Much of the work for this book began in the research and writing of my doctoral dissertation, submitted to the Department of History at the Univer­ sity of California at Berkeley in 1992. The criticisms and recommendations of my dissertation committee and early readers were invaluable. To that first audience, Robert Bellah, Don Price, David Keightley, and especially my pa­ tient dissertation director, Frederic Wakeman, lowe a great debt. There are probably few endeavors as lonely as writing, but my enterprise has been made less solitary by the encouragement of a number of teachers and other scholars. Most notable have been Don Munro and Hoyt Tillman, who have been my most consistent supporters and intellectual inspiration, always providing the right proportion of encouragement and criticism. I hope that the present work will justify their loyalty and provide some evidence of the beneficial effects of their numerous years of guidance. For Don's indul­ gence, intellectual grace, and support I am deeply grateful. David Mungello, who read part of this work, has far exceeded what a writer asks of an outside reader. For his detailed, incisive criticisms and his interest in my work as a historian and in my personal well-being, I express my gratitude. My dear friend, Haun Saussy, graciously contributed to the book's final phases. Any strengths of the finished work are in part the legacy of his wise counsel. I would also like to thank several of my graduate instructors at Berkeley: Marty Jay, Tu Wei-ming, Irwin Scheiner, Gene Irschick, and, above all, Ge­ rard Caspary. My first graduate instructor and director of my master's thesis, George C. Hatch Jr., of Washington University, deserves the highest recogni­ tion. Under his aegis I learned the craft of sinology while absorbing every­ thing I could about traditional Chinese intellectual history. It was George who disciplined and nurtured my zeal. For the many times that we discussed Sima Qian, Kongzi, the Five Masters of the Northern Song, Su Shi, Zhu Xi, and Wang Yangming, until all hours of the night, I will constantly be re­ paying him. As a Chinese intellectual historian, George Hatch is without peer, yet he is no less the exemplar of graduate pedagogy and, unlike Cheng Yichuan, "ta you renqing." I wish him "wansui." There have been many other people over the years whose critical reading of my work has been most welcome. I list here Tani Barlow, John Berthrong, Michael Bess (a constant source of inspiration, guidance, and levity), Peter Bol, E. Bruce Brooks, John Chaffee, Wing-tsit Chan, Susan Cherniack, Brad Clough, Ken DeWoskin, Pat Ebrey, Feng Youlan, Griff Foulk, Luis Gomez, John Henderson, Jim Hevia, Cappy Hurst, Keith Knapp, Livia Kohn, Viv­ ienne Kouba, Matt Levey, Donald Lowe, John Lucy, Victor Mair, Masao Mar­ uyama, Nancy Price, Lisa Raphals, Henry Rosemont, Hal Roth, Bob Sharf, Ed Shaughnessy, Jonathan Spence, Maryska Suda, Tang Xiaobing, Buzzy Teiser, Stephen Tobias, Jing Wang, Tom Wilson, Angela Zito, and especially Zhang Longxi. I am indebted to a number of libraries and institutions in Asia, Europe, and the United States. I was especially well treated at the old quarters of the Zhongyang Tushuguan (National Central Library) in Taibei. The Yun­ nansheng Tushuguan (Yunnan Provincial Library) in Kunming, where I was granted unrestricted access to its holdings in ancient and medieval philoso­ phy, proved a delightful site for research. Under the direction of associate professor and deputy director emeritus, Yang Wumei, the library's impressive classical archives were opened to me. Research was expertly facilitated by the directors of circulation of the Classical Collection, Wang Shuiqiao and Guo Jing, who searched for every item I needed, always bringing to my desk, with obvious enthusiasm, what they had found. The Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris permitted me to reproduce an illustration of "Le Systeme du monde au moment de la Naissance de Louis Ie Grand" from the Cabinet des Estampes. In the United States, the Cleveland Public Library allowed me, under the direction of Alice Loranth, head of the Fine Arts and Special Collections, to examine and to photocopy Jesuit missionary texts from the John Griswold White Collection. The Bancroft Library of the University of California let me examine early works on China. Special thanks are due to the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections at the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library of the University of Michigan for permission to photograph items in their collections. The East Asiatic Library of the University of California, the Asia Library of the University of Michigan, the Asian Library of the University of Colorado, the East Asian Library of Washington University, and the Van pelt East Asia Library of the University of Pennsylvania were exceptionally re­ sourceful. I particularly must thank Karl Kahler, Penn's East Asia bibliogra- xii Acknowledgments pher, for his interest in my work and for an untiring commitment to scholars of East Asia. Various institutions provided support these last several years. The College of Arts and Sciences at Oklahoma State University provided summer fund­ ing to support my writing in 1989. The Institute of East Asian Studies and the Center for Chinese Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, pro­ vided office space and technical assistance. At the University of Colorado at Denver, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, under the aegis of Mar­ vin D. Loflin, subsidized research and final revisions of the manuscript through summer grants and a junior faculty development award. The Office of the Vice Chancellor for Academic and Student Affairs, formerly headed by Georgia Lesh-Laurie, provided funds for travel to conferences. I also thank the history department faculties at the Universities of Mis­ souri, Colorado at Denver, and Florida, who offered opportunities to share my work with them. My colleagues in the Department of History at the Uni­ versity of Colorado at Denver, especially Frederick Allen, Michael Ducey, Mark Foster, Tom Noel, Myra Rich, and Jim Wolf, are the finest any historian could wish for, and I am privileged to have been favored by a professional life among them. The Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Pennsylvania provided a wonderful home for a scholar in the final year of revisions on this book-my colleagues, Victor Mair and Nancy Shatz man Steinhardt, gave me a vigorous department forum to present my ideas. An invitation to deliver a paper before the Neo-Confucian Studies Seminar at Columbia University inspired me to develop the meditation on "tradition­ ary invention" that figures in the book, and I thank my friends, Conrad Schirokauer and Anne Birdwhistell, the seminar's cochairs, and the seminar rapporteur, Ann Marie Satoh. For the discussion that followed, I am indebted to Conrad, Anne, Marie Guarino, Bob Hymes, Murray Rubinstein, Arthur Tiedeman, Jaret Weisfogel, and Ted de Bary. Graduate students at the Universities of Colorado and Pennsylvania, Rich­ ard Burden and Robert Fisher, and Ari Levine, Sara Davis, Brian Ray, and Rosalind Bradford, offered regular and inspiring intellectual exchanges. It has been a delight to observe their professional and personal growth and to remember now how much they, especially Richard, have unselfconsciously contributed to the present work. Elisa Holland, the finest undergraduate student I have ever had, deserves immense credit for her indefatigable and endlessly inspired work in preparing a comprehensive index. In this demand­ ing endeavor she was ably assisted by Richard Burden. I am-and the readers of the book surely will be-deeply grateful to them both. The matter of personal debts is never settled by words. Nevertheless, I Acknowledgments xiii want to acknowledge publicly, however imperfectly, the family and friends who so generously contributed to this work. Over the last four years, my editor, Ken Wissoker, has patiently and care­ fully stewarded the project to completion. His belief in this book has been undeviating, and I cannot convey the depth of my appreciation for his confi­ dence in my scholarship and for his work in bringing it to the public. The book also owes much to two devoted readers and critics. I am especially grateful to Maura High, the copyeditor, whose insight and keen judgment have greatly improved the present work. Paula Dragosh's editorial super­ vision made the normally painstaking work of the copyediting and proof­ reading stages very pleasurable. For camaraderie and animated scholarly exchange over the last sixteen years on the full breadth of the intellectual and social history of China, I wish to thank John Ewell and Ned Davis, who were always willing to read chap­ ters and to offer advice, direction, and a needed sense of perspective. Their friendship and guidance have been a constant source of light for me. I am greatly indebted to a number of friends, chief among them Stephen J. Clarke, who may be as thrilled as I am that this part of my lebenswerk has come to an end. Michael Krumholz continues to maintain a keen interest in my scholarly work and has proven a most sensitive listener. Hal and Risa Aqua have been an inspiration as parents, artists, and conversationalists of considerable moral seriousness. John and Rita Gasbarro have provided a sec­ ond home for our daughters and a place where I could profitably discuss the lives of sixteenth-century Italian Jesuits and their texts. In this same context of friendship and intellectual interchange, the humor, advice, and loyal crit­ icism of Timothy Ritter has kept me sane over the last four years. I thank, too, my colleagues and friends at Oklahoma State University. Carol Moder and Brewster Fitz, godparents of our daughter Elena, have been a perpetual source of wit and repartee.
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