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Report on the Exchange and Summary European Judicial Training Network Exchange Programme for Judicial Authorities REPORT ON THE EXCHANGE AND SUMMARY Instructions: 1. The report must be sent to the EJTN ([email protected]) within one month after the exchange. 2. Please use the template below to write your report (recommended length: 4 pages). 3. Please write in English or French. Should this not be possible, the report can be written in another language but the summary must be in English or French. 4. Please read the guidelines for drafting the report (in Annex). Feel free to add any other relevant information in your report. 5. The summary shall contain a synthesis of the most important information of the report. 6. Please note that NO NAMES, neither yours nor the ones of the persons you met during your exchange, should appear in the report in order to ensure anonymity1. Initials can be used when necessary. Identification of the participant Name: First name: Nationality: German Country of exchange: Estonia Publication For dissemination purposes and as information for future participants in the Programme please take note that, unless you indicate otherwise, EJTN may publish your report in its website. In this case the report will remain anonymous and your name and surname will not appear. To this aim, please do not mention any names in the reports. Initials can be used instead. Please tick this box if you do not wish for your report to be published For completion by EJTN staff only Publication reference: 1 To that purpose, the first page of this report will be taken out before any possible publication Réseau Européen de Formation Judiciaire/European Judicial Training Network (aisbl) Rue du Luxembourg 16B, B-1000 Bruxelles; Tel: +32 2 280 22 42; Fax: + 32 2 280 22 36; E-mail: [email protected] With the support of the European Union For completion by EJTN staff only Publication reference: Identification of the participant Nationality: German Functions: Administrative Judge Length of service: 16 years Identification of the exchange Hosting jurisdiction/institution: Riigikohus / Supreme Court of Estonia City: Tallinn / Tartu Country: Estonia Dates of the exchange: October 1st - October 12th 2012 Type of exchange: one to one exchange group exchange general exchange specialized exchange (please specify : ) REPORT I. Programme of the exchange The exchange took place in Estonia from the October 1st to October 12th, 2012. The participants came from France, Italy, Romania, Spain and Germany. The group consisted of two civil judges, three criminal judges and myself, an administrative judge. In the first week we visited several institutions in Tallinn and Tartu and attended the Estonian Lawyers´ Conference “Constitution 20. From the Pragmatism of Legal Practise to Constitutionalism” in Tartu. For the second week the group split up and the participants were separated into several courts. a) The group exchange from October 1st to October 5th, 2012 in Tallinn and Tartu On Monday, the 1st of October, we visited the Harju County Court in Tallinn, which is one of four county courts in Estonia. We gained an insight into the structure of the Estonian three-level court system and learned that the first instance is comprised of four county courts (the Harju, the Pärnu, the Tartu and the Viru County Court) and two administrative courts (the Tallin and the Tartu Administrative Court). The second instance is comprised of two circuit courts (the Tallin and the Tartu Circuit Court). The third instance is the Supreme Court in Tartu. European Judicial Training Network With the support of the European Union Exchange Programme for Judicial Authorities The Harju County Court has three different courthouses in Tallinn. First we went to the Tartu maantee courthouse which deals with civil law cases. One of the judges gave us a brief overview of the Estonian court system, the court administration and the usual working processes. We were made familiar with the way an average civil case is handled in the first instance. In difficult cases a preliminary hearing can be held to schedule the case. In such a hearing first evidence can be taken if necessary. Then one or more often two hearings (of approximately one hour) will take place before the jugdement will be rendered. In such proceedings the judge is obliged to explain the law, in particular, the substantial law to the parties. She (or he) can also make use of a written procedure. Apart from the regular procedure there is an order for payment procedure, which is used quite often. The average length of civil proceedings in the first instance is approximately 160 days. Furthermore we had the opportunity to attend a hearing: A hire- purchaser defaulted on the payment due to a difficult family situation. The hearing ended with a settlement, which was taken to the minutes. A judge (Kohtunik) is supported in his work by a legal advisor (Konsultandid). Both of them benefit from a highly developed modern IT-System and a database. Afterwards we visited the Liivalia courthouse of the Harju County Court in Tallinn, which is competent for criminal cases and misdemeanors. Here we were given a presentation on the court’s organisation and on some of the pending cases. In addition, we attended a hearing in a criminal tax case. We were also made familiar with the all-digital facilities in the working process and especially in the hearing. The first day was completed by a visit of the Riigikogu, the Estonian Parlament. The 12th chamber of the Riigikogu has 101 members (21 women and 80 men). I was surprised to learn that in Estonia modern technology is also used for the elections of the Riigikogu. Using their identity card Estonians can vote electronically over the internet. Moreover we gained an insight into the history and the different tasks of the Riigikogu. It is competent for example to adopt a bill, to elect the President of the Republic pursuant to § 79 of the Constitution, to ratify and denounce international treaties in accordance with § 121 of the Constitution, to pass the state budget, to appoint the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (on a proposal of the President of the Republic) and to appoint the justices of the Supreme Court (on a proposal of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court). We met a member of the Riigikogu who was a former judge at the European Court of Human Rights and designed the Estonian judicial system. We learned, that the Ministry of Justice is responsible for the appointment of judges and for the budget of first and second instance courts. Nonetheless judges are independent and the Minister of Justice has to refrain from any influence on the courts. The Supreme Court is completely independent and has its own budget. On Tuesday, the 2nd of October 2012, we visited the Ministry of Justice, where we could deepen our knowledge of the Estonian court system and court administration. I found the statistics quite interesting. We heard about the incoming cases in 2011 (29.575 regular civil cases, 39.362 orders for payment procedures, 20.908 criminal cases, 3.206 administrative cases and 6.852 cases in the courts of appeal). It was also worth knowing that today there are 242 judges in Estonia (153 judges in the four county courts of the first instance, 27 judges in the two administrative courts of the first instance, 43 judges in the two courts of appeal and 19 judges in the Supreme Court). Afterwards we went to the Tallinn Circuit Court (court of appeal) where the chairman explained the tasks of the court. We learned that in the Tallin Circuit Court exists a "Riigikohut Entsendis", i.e. a permanent office of the Supreme Court. At the end of the second day the Prosecutor General welcomed us in his office and made us familiar with the Estonian criminal justice system. There are 199 prosecutors in Estonia. Since 2004 it is stated in the law, that the prosecutor´s office leads the pre-trial proceeding ensuring the legality and effectiveness of it and represents public prosecution in court (Section 30 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). If necessary, the same prosecutor runs a case from the lowest court to the Supreme Court. A prosecutor can send a criminal matter to the court in simplified proceedings. There is a short procedure, a compromise procedure (plea bargaining), an imperative procedure and a fast procedure (48 hours). Most of the European Judicial Training Network With the support of the European Union Exchange Programme for Judicial Authorities criminal cases will be dealt with in the short procedure. Only 11% of the cases go to the adversarial procedure (for serious crimes). On our third day, Wednesday the 3rd of October 2012, we visited the office of the Chancellor of Justice. According to his mandate the Chancellor of Justice is the guardian of constitution. He can start constitutional proceedings, for instance send a request to the Supreme Court. We learned that the Estonian legal system does not provide for an individual constitutional complaints procedure in constitutional matters. The Chancellor of Justice is also an ombudsman and an arbitrator of discrimination disputes. Then we travelled to Tartu and visited our hosting institution, the Riigikogu (Supreme Court of Estonia). The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court gave us an overview of the structure, the tasks and the organisation of the Supreme Court. On our fourth day, Thursday the 4th of October, we attended the Estonian Lawyers´Conference "Constitution 20. From the Pragmatism of Legal Practise to Constitutionalism" in Tartu. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court gave a paper on the history and the development of the Estonian Constititution including the amendments ("Constitution 20").
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