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Estlands Außenpolitik Nach Dem Beitritt Zur Europäischen Union

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Estlands Außenpolitik Nach Dem Beitritt Zur Europäischen Union Estlands Außenpolitik nach dem Beitritt zur Europäischen Union – Handlungsoptionen eines Kleinstaates – Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt der Philosophischen Fakultät der Technischen Universität Chemnitz von Till-Gneomar Danckworth geboren am 12. März 1976 in Bonn Cuxhaven, den 29. November 2006 Abgabe: 29. November 2006 Annahme: 16. Mai 2007 Promotionskolloquium: 22. Mai 2007 Zusammenfassung Estland kehrte mit der Aufnahme in die Europäische Union im Mai 2004 auch politisch endgültig zurück nach Europa. Nach Jahrzehnten der Fremdherrschaft sind die Esten nun gleichberechtigte Mitglieder in den europäischen Institutionen. Diese Arbeit will eine Antwort auf die Frage gegeben, welche Optionen die Außenpolitik Estlands nach dem Beitritt zur Europäischen Union (EU) hat. Die Analyse der Außenpolitik erfolgt anhand folgender Leitfragen: • Welche Handlungsoptionen und Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten stehen einem Kleinstaat in der EU trotz seiner beschränkten Ressourcen zur Verfügung? • Werden Kleinstaaten zu Vasallen der großen EU-Staaten oder kommt ihnen eine neue Vermittlerrolle bei Konflikten in der größeren EU zu? • Können Kleinstaaten angesichts ihrer Dynamik und ihres Pragmatismus in der EU durchsetzungsfähiger werden als große Staaten? • Können kleine Mitgliedsländer vielleicht sogar Vorbilder werden? Gibt es für Estland prädestinierte Partner in der EU? Bearbeitungs- und Beobachtungszeitraum waren die Jahre 2004 bis 2006, währenddessen mehrere Forschungsaufenthalte in Estland und Brüssel absolviert wurden, bei denen wichtige außenpolitische Entscheidungsträger interviewt wurden. Diese Gesprächsreihen leisteten neben einer umfangreichen Literaturrecherche einen entscheiden Beitrag für den Erfolg dieser Dissertation. Summary Following Estonia’s admission to the European Union in May 2004 the country finally was included into the rest of Europe not only geographically, but also politically. After decades of foreign rule the Estonians have become fully emancipated members of the European Institutions. This doctoral thesis will provide an answer to the question which options there are for an Estonian foreign policy after the accession of Estonia to the European Union. The analysis of Estonia’s foreign policy will be executed along the following key questions: • What are the options and the scope of design for the foreign policy of a small state within the European Union in spite of its limited resources? • Will small states only become vassals of big EU-states or could they develop into negotiators between conflicting parties within the greater European Union? • Could small states become more assertive within the European Union given their dynamics and their pragmatism? • Could small member states even develop into archetypes? Are there any predestined partners for Estonia within the European Union? The processing and monitoring period began in 2004 and was finished in 2006. During this period several research visits to Brussels and Estonia had been done including interviews with important foreign policy makers. Apart from a comprehensive literature research, those interviews contributed results that were critical for the success of this dissertation. Meiner Frau Victoria Danckworth geb. v. Grafenstein und meinen Eltern Brigitte Danckworth geb. Baronesse v. Schilling a.d.H. Jürgensberg / Jerwen (Estland) und Dr. med. Hans-Peter Danckworth gewidmet. Inhaltsverzeichnis 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung.................................................................................................................8 1.1 Einführung und Fragestellung...........................................................................8 1.2 Forschungsstand und theoretische Grundlagen...............................................17 1.3 Vorgehensweise und Methodik.......................................................................24 2 Geprägt durch Fremdbestimmung: Estlands Geschichte.................................28 2.1 Epochen der Fremdherrschaft .........................................................................28 2.2 Erste Unabhängigkeit von 1918 bis 1940 .......................................................31 2.2.1 Innenpolitische Entwicklung...................................................................31 2.2.2 Außenpolitische Entwicklung.................................................................36 2.3 Estland unter Sowjetherrschaft .......................................................................40 2.4 Der Weg in die erneute Unabhängigkeit.........................................................45 3 Ein mutiger Transformationsprozess als Wegbereiter in die Europäische Union ..............................................................................................................................56 3.1 Transformationsprozess in Estland .................................................................56 3.1.1 Etablierung des demokratischen politischen Systems ............................56 3.1.2 Umfassender Minderheitenschutz...........................................................64 3.1.3 Entwicklung eines radikal-marktwirtschaftlichen Wirtschaftssystems ..73 3.2 Integrationsprozess in die Europäische Union................................................85 3.2.1 Heranführung an die Europäische Union................................................85 3.2.2 Beitrittsprozess........................................................................................91 4 Fundamente estnischer Außenpolitik..................................................................96 4.1 Der außenpolitische Entscheidungsprozess in Estland ...................................96 4.1.1 Außenpolitische Akteure: Kompetenzen und Wirken ............................96 4.1.2 Einfluss der Innenpolitik auf die Außenpolitik.....................................116 4.1.3 Außenpolitische Grundhaltungen und Gestaltungsideen......................139 4.2 Leitlinien estnischer Außenpolitik ................................................................146 4.2.1 Außenpolitische Ziele ...........................................................................146 4.2.2 Außenpolitische Strategien ...................................................................155 Inhaltsverzeichnis 6 5 Herausforderungen für die Außenpolitik Estlands in den bilateralen, regionalen und sicherheitspolitischen Beziehungen nach dem Beitritt zur Europäischen Union....................................................................................................164 5.1 Schwierige Beziehungen zu Russland ..........................................................164 5.1.1 Ziele gegenüber Russland .....................................................................165 5.1.2 Strategien gegenüber Russland .............................................................181 5.2 Regionale Beziehungen.................................................................................189 5.2.1 Baltische Nachbarn, mehr als eine Schicksalsgemeinschaft?...............189 5.2.2 Nordische Nachbarn, die favorisierten Partner!....................................194 5.2.3 Regionale Kooperationen und regionale Institutionen mit Zukunft?....199 5.3 Estlands Sicherheitspolitik............................................................................220 5.3.1 Konventionelle Bedrohungsszenarien: Ist die NATO-Mitgliedschaft die richtige Antwort? ..................................................................................................221 5.3.2 Gefolgschaft als Antwort auf die Herausforderungen asymmetrischer Sicherheitsrisiken? ................................................................................................227 6 Estlands Europapolitik in der erweiterten Europäischen Union ...................234 6.1 Estlands Stellung im politischen System der Europäischen Union und seine europapolitischen Akteure ........................................................................................234 6.2 Estnische Konzepte für die Außenpolitik der Europäischen Union..............250 6.2.1 Die Europäische Union und Russland ..................................................251 6.2.2 Nachbarschaftspolitik der Europäischen Union....................................261 6.3 Estnische Ziele für die interne Entwicklung der Europäischen Union .........264 6.3.1 Ein wirtschaftlich erfolgreiches Europa................................................265 6.3.2 Effiziente Institutionen und eine bürgernahe Europäische Union ........270 7 Schlussbetrachtung und Ausblick .....................................................................276 7.1 Zusammenfassung.........................................................................................276 7.2 Handlungsoptionen für Estlands Außenpolitik .............................................291 Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................295 Primärquellen ............................................................................................................295 Gesprächspartner...................................................................................................295 Inhaltsverzeichnis 7 Quellen und Dokumente estnischer sowie europäischer Institutionen, Behörden und Organisationen ...............................................................................................297 Völkerrechtliche Verträge und Gesetze ................................................................317 Sekundärquellen........................................................................................................318
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