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Judaïsme(S) : Genre Et Religion

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Judaïsme(S) : Genre Et Religion Clio. Femmes, Genre, Histoire 44 | 2016 Judaïsme(s) : genre et religion Leora Auslander et Sylvie Steinberg (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/clio/13187 DOI : 10.4000/clio.13187 ISSN : 1777-5299 Éditeur Belin Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 décembre 2016 ISBN : 9782701198538 ISSN : 1252-7017 Référence électronique Leora Auslander et Sylvie Steinberg (dir.), Clio. Femmes, Genre, Histoire, 44 | 2016, « Judaïsme(s) : genre et religion » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 01 janvier 2021, consulté le 07 janvier 2021. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/clio/13187 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/clio.13187 Tous droits réservés CLIO. Femmes, Genre, Histoire 44/2016 Judaïsme(s) : genre et religion Responsables du numéro : Leora AUSLANDER & Sylvie STEINBERG Leora AUSLANDER & Sylvie STEINBERG Éditorial 7 Dossier Christophe BATSCH La mère profanée : retour sur une innovation juridique dans la Judée antique 21 Elisheva BAUMGARTEN Prier à part ? Le genre dans les synagogues ashkénazes médiévales (XIIIe-XIVe siècle) 43 Cristina CIUCU Un messie au féminin ? Mystique juive et messianisme aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles 63 Isabelle LACOUE-LABARTHE L’émergence d’une « conscience féministe » juive. Europe, États-Unis, Palestine (1880-1930) 95 Béatrice de GASQUET « Dépasser l’interdit ». Le châle de prière des femmes en France au XXIe siècle 123 Regards complémentaires Ron NAIWELD Le sacrement du langage et la domination masculine. Le neder dans le judaïsme ancien 147 Lisa ANTEBY-YEMINI De l’Éthiopie à Israël : migration et rôles rituels des femmes Beta Israel 157 4 Leora Auslander & Sylvie Steinberg État de la recherche Sylvie Anne GOLDBERG Lien de sang – lien social. Matrilinéarité, convertis et apostats, de l’Antiquité tardive au Moyen Âge 171 Itinéraire de recherche Claudine VASSAS Présences du féminin dans le judaïsme 201 Documents Renée Levine MELAMMED Femmes juives en pays musulman au Moyen Âge : deux documents de la Genizah du Caire 229 Claire LE FOLL Moïseï Berlin, ethnographe du mariage juif en Russie (1861) 243 Valérie POUZOL Les Femmes du mur (Jérusalem, 2016-1880) 253 Portraits Agnès FINE Daniel Fabre (1947-2016). « L’invisible initiation » en Europe, une recherche pionnière 265 Michelle PERROT Rolande Trempé (1916-2016) 273 Agnès FINE & Claudine LEDUC Rolande Trempé (1916-2016), notre bien chère collègue toulousaine 278 Varia Rolande TREMPÉ Les cigarières toulousaines en grève (1870-1875) 281 Laure Mélanie PIGUET De la jeune fille à la femme mariée. La correspondance d’Augusta de Pourtalès (1903-1918) 295 Judaïsme(s) : genre et religion 5 Clio a lu « Genre et religion » 313 ⋅ Éric FOURNIER, La « Belle Juive » d’Ivanhoé à la Shoah (Leora Auslander) ; ⋅ Laura S. SCHOR, The Best School in Jerusalem: Annie Landau’s School for Girls, 1900-1960 (Vincent Vilmain) ; ⋅ Melissa R. KLAPPER, Ballots, Babies, and Banners of Peace: American Jewish Women’s Activism, 1890-1940 (Deborah Dash Moore) ; ⋅ Isabelle LACOUE-LABARTHE, Femmes, féminisme, sionisme dans la communauté juive de Palestine avant 1948 (Nadia Malinovich) ; ⋅ Susan Martha KAHN, Reproducing Jews: A Cultural Account of Assisted Conception in Israel (Martine Gros). Ouvrages collectifs ⋅ Marion KAPLAN & Deborah DASH MOORE (eds), Gender and Jewish History (The Modern Jewish Experience) (Benjamin Baader) ; ⋅ Firoozeh KASHANI-SABET & Beth S. WENGE (eds), Gender in Judaism and Islam. Common Lives, Uncommon Heritage (Lisa Anteby-Yemini) ; ⋅ Lisa ANTEBY-YEMINI (dir.), Juives et musulmanes. Genre et religion en négociation (Naomi Davidson) ; ⋅ Benjamin Maria BAADER, Sharon GILLERMAN & Paul LERNER (eds), Jewish Masculinities: German Jews, Gender, and History (Lisa Silverman) ; ⋅ Nelly LAS (dir.), Le Féminisme face aux dilemmes juifs contemporains (Isabelle Lacoue-Labarthe). Comptes rendus divers (à lire sur le site www.clio.revues.org) ⋅ Dossier « Genre et archéologie », Les Nouvelles de l’archéologie (Brigitte Lion) ; ⋅ Martine SONNET, L’Éducation des filles au temps des Lumières (Dominique Picco) ; ⋅ Pilar PÉREZ-FUENTES HERNÁNDEZ (dir.), Entre dos orillas: las mujeres en la historia de España y América latina (Valentine Mercier) ; ⋅ Clive THOMSON & Georges HÉRELLE, Archéologie de l’inversion sexuelle fin de siècle (Régis Schlagdenhauffen) ; ⋅ Anne ROTHENBÜHLER, Le Baluchon et le jupon. Les Suissesses à Paris, itinéraires migratoires et professionnels (1880-1914) (Delphine Diaz) ; 6 Leora Auslander & Sylvie Steinberg ⋅ Brigitte HAMANN, Bertha von Suttner. Une vie pour la paix (M.-C. Hoock- Demarle) ; ⋅ Geneviève GUILPAIN, Les Célibataires, des femmes singulières. Le célibat en France (XVIIe-XXIe siècle) (Rebecca Rogers) ; ⋅ Rachel JEAN-BAPTISTE, Conjugal Rights: Marriage, Sexuality and Urban Life in Colonial Libreville (Anne Hugon) ; ⋅ Régis REVENIN, Une histoire des garçons et des filles: amour, genre, sexualité dans la France d’après-guerre (Susan Whitney) ; ⋅ Marian RUBCHAK, New Imaginaries: Youthful Reinvention of Ukraine’s Cultural Paradigm (Nataliya Borys) ; ⋅ Isabelle COLLET, L’École apprend-elle l’égalité des sexes ? (Simon Massei). Ouvrages collectifs ⋅ Jérôme COURDURIÈS, & Agnès FINE (dir.), Homosexualité et parenté (Chloé Vallée) ; ⋅ Florence ROCHEFORT & Éliane VIENNOT (dir.), L’Engagement des hommes pour l’égalité des sexes (XIVe-XXe siècle) (Karen Offen) ; ⋅ Florence ROCHEFORT & Maria Eleonora SANNA (dir.), Normes religieuses et genre. Mutations, résistances et reconfiguration (XIXe-XXIe) (Marion Maudet). Clio a reçu 341 Résumés/abstracts/mots-clés/keywords 345 Auteur.e.s 357 Glossaire 363 Éditorial Leora AUSLANDER & Sylvie STEINBERG Le numéro 44 de la revue Clio, Femmes, Genre, Histoire propose un parcours de longue durée à travers l’histoire des juifs, de la judéité et du judaïsme. C’est, en effet, ce triptyque, ainsi que la vie en diaspora, qui rend l’analyse du genre dans la tradition juive si spécifique. Le judaïsme est, bien sûr, une religion, mais il n’est pas qu’une religion. « Peuple », « Nation », « Ethnie », « Culture », ou « Communauté de destin » ? Les juifs ne cessent depuis des siècles de débattre sur leur identité, et ils ont produit quantité d’ouvrages de fiction, de méditation ou d’humour sur cette question. C’est au regard de cette complexité et de la diversité des situations historiques dans lesquelles les juifs ont vécu que nous avons choisi de mettre un “s” à Judaïsme. Ce numéro de Clio s’intéressera tout autant aux périodes où les juifs se sont constitués comme un peuple, contrôlant un territoire et obéissant à un gouvernement, dans la Judée antique ou dans l’État d’Israël actuel, qu’aux périodes et situations, bien plus nombreuses et durables, où ils se sont regroupés en communautés diasporiques. De l’Égypte des Fatimides à l’Allemagne médiévale, de la péninsule ibérique à l’Empire ottoman, de la Russie tsariste à l’Éthiopie contemporaine, de New York à Berlin ou Paris, les modes de vie et les conditions historiques sont aussi placés sous le signe de la diversité. La dispersion à travers le monde et la cohabitation avec d’autres cultures – voire l’intégration ou l’assimilation – ont rendu l’expérience juive plurielle. Malgré tout, les juifs de la diaspora ont souvent été reliés entre eux par le récit de leurs mythes et de leur histoire, par leurs langues, par des traditions culinaires, musicales, théâtrales ou vestimentaires partagées. En tant que « culture » ou 8 Leora Auslander & Sylvie Steinberg « ethnicité », la judéité a ainsi plus en commun avec les modes d’identification et de distinction des autres peuples diasporiques et minoritaires qu’avec d’autres groupes définis par la religion. Parmi les ciments qui unissent les juifs entre eux, il faut néanmoins revenir au rôle essentiel de la religion mosaïque. On pourrait dire qu’elle a joué et joue toujours un rôle, même pour les agnostiques et les athées tentés périodiquement de se demander ce qu’il adviendrait de la judéité si plus personne ne pratiquait le judaïsme – un trait d’union dialectique et humoristique qui relie aussi les juifs entre eux. Là encore, les différents contextes étatiques et diasporiques dans lesquels les juifs se sont trouvés ainsi que les formes de discrimination, d’acculturation et d’assimilation qu’ils ont connues, ont eu une influence sur leurs croyances et leurs pratiques religieuses, faisant émerger des « mouvements » mystiques et messianiques à côté de « courants » identifiables à des modes de vie et des pratiques collectives – libéraux, conservateurs ou orthodoxes. Même si histoire des juifs, histoire de la judéité et histoire du judaïsme sont étroitement imbriquées, nous avons choisi de privilégier l’étude des croyances, des rituels, des courants théologiques et spirituels plutôt que les aspects sociaux, économiques, politiques ou culturels de l’histoire du monde juif. Il s’agit ici de croiser les problématiques et approches de l’histoire des religions et celles de l’histoire des femmes et du genre1. Comme pour d’autres groupes religieux, le sens commun désigne souvent la « tradition » religieuse comme la clef de voûte de la conception du genre que se font les juifs depuis des générations, qu’il s’agisse de l’accès différencié des hommes et des femmes à l’étude des textes, de leur participation respective aux différents rites, de leurs conceptions et pratiques afférentes au mariage, à la sexualité ou à la procréation2. Dans le cas des juifs, cette tradition religieuse étant un dénominateur commun qui plonge ses racines dans la plus haute Antiquité, l’importance accordée à la religion, trop souvent conçue comme immuable, paraît d’autant
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