lMATA Dedicated to those who serve marine mammal science through training, public display, research, husbandry, conservation, and education.

Back. Cover: Graphics play like a sentinel over Tacoma. an important role in the Washington, site of the 22nd public display of animals; Annual IMATA Conference. they are essential education From COver: Chuckles, the Photograph by Mark Holden. tools that provide the public only Amazon River dolphin with a wide range of in North America, resides at important information about the Pittsburgh Zoo in animals and the environment. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph by Marcye Photograph by n'm Smith. Miller-Lebert Copyright 1994. AIl of the articles contained within Soundings are the personal views of the respective authors and not necessarily the views of IMATA . DESIGN & PRODUCTION: I-deal Services, San Diego, California (619) 275-1800

Page 2 Spring 1994 ~- ---­ ------

lMATA PUBLlCAnONS COMMlTIEE

Editor John Kirtland Regional The Dolphin Expedence Editorial Director Reports Dave Force Designed to help members Sea World Q/Texas keep track of what is going Assodate Editor on in other facilities around :.Jedra Hecker the world. i\arional Aquadum in Baltimore IMATA'S Growth Contributing Editors Jim Clarke and Development Pete Davey Greg Dye IMATA is dedicated to Steve Shippee providing and advancing the Kari Snelgrove The Amazon most professional. effective, Contributing Writers and humane care and Kathy Sdao River Dolphin handling of all marine Jeff Fasick Learning about this species is a animals in all habitats. Editoria) Advisory Board challenge. Few Inia have been Randy Brill, Ph.D. housed in captivity for long NCCOSCINRaD periods making research of the Brian E. Joseph, D.V.M. unusual species frustrating. Minnesota Zoological Garden Ken Ramirez john G. Shedd Aquadum Ted Turner Sea World ifOhio 00 the Terrie Williams , Ph.D. Shell Q[fice ifNaval Research This column will try to keep ouodings t'!: pubtisb\!\J 10I.1I Ilm~ II yt'ar l'\ ~ lntc'lUllWOoU '.1arim' ,o\nimoJ TraJlU~B :\s.sociaooo tlM.,-\ T:\ ) you abreast of new books, lIS a ~f'\11 ~ k1 l~ mm\MS "rlulol13 cxpre..:, d In Soundings are 1hc5C! (II the .tutoors 311,j d\..1 t,('l I ~'-1r lly t\'!plcseut th.:lSe .of the f.dac113! l\d\1:SoJI'Y B...~rd ..:'If {'II L\\.-\fA. articles, and other interesting SIil:!m~l1!:a ". milflU!iCOJ ls, phdogr.ll'ru.. dnd U1USlRtkms..IIl! ,-\'doJmed unJ en('u~d. but will be renuned items you might have missed nnly if a'(((\mpanl~d ~y J rerum en\ elo pe and. ,Hlequtlte p)slJ~ •\ ny maU~f1al.1i pttd j!; ~\lb\l;'C1' "Ut 11 r",,\.'lslCln adlincs!or submlsskln arc the HlSl dil} vi th~ providing a place where month or Ma fc h, June. Sept~ m b(' r . a nd December .\11 suhmissions shoold be add - d II.' rht r.dlwf', Ichll Klnlalld, Join us in the beautiful Pacific CJ() IMATA. t 720 South Sho(9 RoaJ. Sdn pu:::go. (aIU\>n1I.J problems and solutions, 9:1!lO'} US:\. or h ,\Xed to (ble)) 226·3')M. Address thangc-s Northwest. sboukll!e seDl to IMA'r/\'s Secretary. Nedra HlXkt"f. Jl lhe samt! questions and answers, and add""" new ideas can be shared. @ Printed on recycled paper.

Spring 1994 Page 3 in a process referred to as Negotiated will carry it through during her Rule Making. This is a system where administration. For more on this, be input by experts, not just policy makers, sure to ch eck out Cheryl's article is provided pn'or to the implementation elsewhere in this issue. of regulations involving the care and These are just a few of th e maintenance of marine mammals (now "highlights," but you can see that while there's a novel idea!). This is yet we might not be at a high proflle point in another example which reinforces our the year, we are continuing to work for intention to be recognized as experts in the benefit of IMATA and its members. the science of behavioral conditioning, Let me close this column by wishing hu sbandry, and research with marine all of you and your animals the very mammals. best as you go into the summer season, The Board of Directors is also or for those of you "downunder" and evaluating IMATA's five-year strategy plan which came out of meetings that elsewhere in the southern hemisphere, were conducted during our 1991 may the winte r be equally productive. conference in Concord, California. We P.S.: When was the last time that you now intend to establish updated goals spoke to an IMATA member from and objectives for IMATA. Ch eryl another facility? -Dave Force Boy, you see a lot sitting in the Messinger is heading up this project and "president's chair" of lMATA. The best view is of the dedication, effort, and commitment that is put forth by the Board of Directors and the com mittee chairs-a co ll ection of terrific individuals. I merely represent the team, not dictate its direction , and I am excited about the direction that we ha ve been taking so far this year. At our mid-year Board meeting, just The first six months of this year have political . held in May, we focused on a number of proven to be extremely trying and controversy issues which should have a very positive frustrating, and due to numerous regarding impact on the membership. Although the complications and delays, both the Winter dolphins in the Bahamas which has list is long, some of the items that were and Spring issues of Soundings have demanded my attemio n, as well as discussed at this meeting include: come out extremely late. Because [ have several critica lly ill dolphins at another IM ATA 's Board intends to continue to received a number of inquiries wondering Bahamian faCility, all of which took me take a pro-active approa ch towards where the issues are, I wa nted to take this away from my office and e\'en off the detra ctors of our industry and in opportunity to let everyone know what island for a period of time. In addition, responding to letters and articles in the has been happening. because the Winter issue of soundings print and electronic media that we feel Although the Winter issue was actually did not reach anyone until well after the unfairly represent your dedication and sent to the printer on time in early deadline for this issue, most people were commitme nt to marine animals. January, due to a great deal of unaware that I had left Hawaii. Although it has been greatly improved, miscommunication, as well as a lack of Consequently, submissions for this issue we want to find ways to fully communication, it was not mailed until have been following me from ocean to "modernize" our membership record late March. Apparently, there was some ocean, and I was still receiving them as keeping. The LLP. committee has been confusion with our bank regarding which late as the first week in May. extremely busy with active patticipation account one of our checks should be Ironically, perhaps, the question of in permit issues and the re-authorization cashed against; this resulted in the printer tardiness ma y stem from increased of the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection not being paid a substantial sum for expectations. When I think back to just Act, and comm ittee representatives will previous work and, while they did the fi ve or ten years ago, I remember that we once again be attending both the layout, they refused to actually print the used to receive Soundings on a rather haphazard and unpredictable schedule, International Whaling Commission magazine until they received their money. (IWC ) and the Convention on Unfortunately, I did not learn about this some years we didn't even receive four issues; it was what we expected and it International Trade of Endangered until I just happened to be in San Diego in was seldom questioned. Since the Species (CITES) meetings this year. late February. Once the confusion creation of the Publications Committee IMATA has also re ceived an between the printer, IMATA, and the three years ago, however, we have been unsolicited request to be involved in bank was resolved, the issue was finally able to publish the magazine on a very discussions with the United States .printed and mailed. regular basis and even a slight deviation Department of Agriculture's Animal and This current issue is also quite late . Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) This is due in part to a great deal of Editor - continued on page 17

Page 4 Spring 1994 de Blainville adopted that name for its genus when he described it in 1817. The name "geoffrensis" is reflective of Geoffrey St. Hillaire, who collected Inia specimens (including the original "type specimen" of this species) from Portugal azo for Napoleon (Leatherwood & Reeves, 1983). The first collection of the species, however, was by Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira around 1790 (Best & da Silva, 1993). Inia are also known by the common names "boto" (often misspelled as "boutu"), "bufeo," "pink dolphin," and Amazon River dolphin. Relative to marine cetaceans, Inia and (lnia geQ/frensis) the other platanistoids are more primitive in terms of evolution. Inia is by more closely related to, and Sandi Schreib, Annie Burrows, and Tim Smith morphologically representative of, the Pittsburgh Aqua Zoo - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Miocene fossil cetaceans (Archaeoceti) than are any other living cetacean (Barnes, 1990; de Muizon, 1985; EDITOR'S NOTE, The fl) lI~lwing article is the third III an Oil-going series Mchedlidze, 1984). Morphological de\'oted to preslIltlng factual and detailed inklnnation regarding the varillUS features linking Inia to fossil cetaceans species of marine dllUl1clls that many of us work wit h on a daUy basis. This include long rostrums, pre-molariform "eries willl'l1nLinut' in future issues of Soundings teeth, and free cervical vertebrae. Grabert (1984) suggested that relatives The Amazon River dolphin (/nia geQ/jrensis) is a freshwater cetacean of the of Inia may have immigrated from the suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales) , belonging to the superfamily Platanistoidea. Pacific coa stal waters to previously Learning about this species is a challenge. Few Inia (pronounced [N-ee-uh) have been submerged regions of western South housed in captivity for long periods, and little research has been done in the wild. America and subsequently adapted to Also, within the literature there are contradictions and pure conjectures based upon freshwater. hearsay, small sample sizes, and brief observational periods. Because of this, trying to Inia is traditionally classified within learn about this unusual species is often frustrating. The following information, the Platanistidae family. However, some therefore, relies heavily upon the work of the most vvidely respected Inia researchers, researchers classify each platanistoid Robin C. Best and Vera da Silva. genus in its own family, listing Inia in Iniidae. Recently, Inia have been CLASSIFICATION. [n Bolivia, the Guarayo Indians called this dolphin "Inia," and considered related to other platanistoid dolphins at the superfamily level (Platanistidoidea) (Zhou, 1982; Barnes, Domning, & Ray , 1985), or related to Pontoporia blainvillei and Lipotes vexzl(zfer at the family level (Iniidae) (Heyning, 1989). It has been disputed whether there is a single species within the genus, several species, or several subspecies ~; l n ce some populations of Inia are partially isolated. At the 1986 Workshop on the Biology and Conservation of Platanistoid Dolphins . participants agreed to recognize only one species until more extensive investigations are completed. Confusion with other species is unlikely because of the Inia's distribution and distinctive physical characteristics. Occasionally oceanic The Amazon River dolphin exhibits the exceptional(y long rostrum typical if platanistoid dolphins. Inia - continued on page 8

Spring 1994 Page 5 CONFERE CE COO 0 '94

With spring finally here, it's time columns. The closing banquet, to begin thinking about this year's including awards ceremony and conference. The staff of Point dancing, 'will take place on Friday, Defiance Zoo and Aquarium is 11 November. pleased and excited to be hosting The conference will be held at the the 22nd Annual International Sheraton Tacoma Hotel and the Marine Animal Trainers Association adjacent Tacoma Convention Conference here in Tacoma, Center. Located in the heart of Washington. Plans are already \,vell Tacoma's financial district, the underway to make th is a Sheraton Tacoma is a new 26-story memorable , enjoyable, and art-deco styled high-rise hotel informative week. overlooking Commencement Bay The conference \,vill begin on and Mt. Rainier. It has two Sunday, 06 November 1994 with restaurants and three cocktail registration in the afternoon and the lounges, a spa and sauna, and traditional Icebreaker Reception in health facilities available to all JOIN US IN THE the evening. The week will be filled guests. When Al Gore, Vice­ BEAUTIFUL PACIFIC with formal presentations, poster President of the United States, NORTHWEST presentations, group discussions, visited Washington State for an audio-visual night, a visit to Point environmental meeting earlier this by Defiance Zoo and Aquarium, and year, he and his staff chose to stay Kathy Sdao other events which will be detailed at the Sheraton Tacoma Hotel! IMATA First Vice-President in future Corlference Countdown Many of you may be unfamiliar with the city of Tacoma, though you probably have some information about our neighbor to the north, Sea ttle. In fact, Bob Hope used to tell a joke that the word "Tacoma" was derived from an ancient Native American word meaning "When is the next bus to Seattle?" But seriously, Tacoma is in its own right a friendly, scenic, and affordable destination. Tacoma is Washington's second largest city, with a metro area population of over 600,000 people. It is located only 16 miles south of the Seattle­ Tacoma International Airport, -'; serviced by every major airline il carrier (special airfare and rental car '; discounts are being negotiated, ~ details will be available in this !MA TA First Vice President Kathy Sdao consulted many experts ill planning the menuJor the column in subsequent issues). co!J/erence banquet. The climate in Tacoma is mild

Page 6 Spring 1994 vear-round. But no, you won't be ~eeding to pack sunscreen and thongs this year like you did for the two previous conferences! The temperature here in November averages between a high of 50'F (l0°C) and a low of 39'F (4°C). Snovv is unlikel y in the city, althouah there \\'ill undoubtedly be snow in the surrounding Cascade M umain abo ut a one to two hour drh'e . More likely, weather in T ma \\'ill be a mixture of some su n-hine and some rain or drizzle, o bring a water-resistant jacket and Point Ddiance Zoo and Aquarium trainer Nolan Harvey works with bel't!?i ~~za1D~~u~~~.::: t~; ultrasound procedure. IMA TA members Will have the opportwlIly to VISI e " a "bumbershoot" (i.e.: umbrella). annual co,!/erence. Internationally acclaimed Point information (not to mention KATHYSDAO Defiance Zoo and Aquarium is socialize)? I urge you to make located within Point Defiance Park, IMATA First Vice-President plans not only to attend the 1994 Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium one of the largest urban parks in the conference, but to participate to the 5400 North Pearl St. nation, covering nearly 700 acres. fullest extent possible. Take a look Tacoma, WA 98407-3218 USA Contained within its boundaries are at the information provided in the over 30 miles of hiking trails, many Tel: (206) 591-5337 mailing you received (or will receive FAX: (206) 591-5448 gardens and ponds, acres of ol~­ shortly) calling for submission of growth forest, a five-mile scenic or abstracts. This year, think about drive, views of surrounding Puget VIC CHARfAUROS sending in an abstract as well as Sound and mountain ranges, and Conference Committee Chairperson your registration form . Remember, much more . Chicago Zoological SOCiety, it is up to all of us to make this yet Further points of interest around Brookfield Zoo another successful conference. I Tacoma, Puget Sound, and Point 3300 Golf Rd. sincerely look forward to hearing Defiance Zoo and Aquarium will be Brooksfield, lL 60513 USA from you. Please direct any included in the next CorJIerence Tel: (708) 485-0263 questions or suggestions that you Countdown column. The important FAX: (708) 485-3532 might have to either: thing for each of you to consider right now is "How can I get involved in this year's conference?" Isn't there some innovation, research project, training technique, or professional accomplishment that yo u would like to share with your colleagues? Where else can you find literally hundreds of trainers gathered together at one time in order to learn and exchange

Spring 1994 Page 7 Inia - continuedJ" From paae'" 5 DESCRIPTION • Th e ! nza . h as been assisting in the locomotion of the Inia. dolphin species such as Tursiops are called "the ugly dolphin" (Caldwell & The dorsal fin is more of a ridge, peaking mistakenly labeled rive r dolphins Caldwell, 1969a, 1969b, 1972), but this approximately two thirds of the way because they travel briefly into river simply reflects the fact that bottlenose down the back at a few inches in height, systems or canals (in Florida, for dolphins have long been considered the and tapering into the peduncle. example). In co ntrast, Inia live standard model for a dolphin's The Inia is known as the "pink their entire lives in freshwater, dolphin" because of its unusual never traveling into the ocean. skin colo ration which varies Platanistoid dolphins are found bet\"'een pink and grey. Best and only in the continents of South da Silva (1989) suggest that the America and Asia, and each variation is affected by age, water platanistoid genus inhabits clarity, sunlight, temperature, or separate river systems. While the some combination of these Inia is the only platanistoid found factors . Inia are born grey, and in the Amazon and Orinoco river the pink coloration becomes more systems, it is not the only evident in older individuals, dolphin. At times the Inia is possibly due to a loss of confused with a small population pigmentation. Inia from opaque of the delphinid Sota1iajluviatilis, waters are also pinker than those also known as "tucuxi" found in clear water, where a (pronounced TOOK-a -shee). "sun-tan effect" (Layne & While tucuxi are largely oceanic, Caldwell, 1964 ) may mask one population lives 1,200 miles pinkness. Captive Inia have been (1931 km) into the Amazon observed to have a "fl ushing" River system. The tucuxi (which response, temporarily becoming resembles the bo~tlenose dolphin) The Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) is one 0/ six species 0/ p.inker on the belly and ve ntral possesses a slgntficantly shorter nver dolphlnsJound around the world. Side of the pectoral flippers when rostrum, a more triangular dorsal fIn, excited (Schreib & Burrows, and is much smaller than the Inia. appearance. Any other type of dolphin 1988). This is probably caused by therefore appears odd-looking to the in creased blood flow through average observer. subcutaneous capillaries, since pinkness DISTRIBUTION. Inia range The Inia has many physical features is lost in cold water and is not evident throughout the Amazon and Orinoco which differ not only from the bottlenose after death (Krieger, 1986; Best & da River systems (including all of their dolphin , but from the oceanic dolphins Silva, 1989). tributaries) except where estuaries, in general. Like the rest of its riverine The largest of the platanistoid rapids, and waterfalls exis t. They are superfamily, Inia ha s the distinctive dolphins, the Inia reaches maximum found most commonly at the mouths of platanistoid feature of an extremely long adult lengths of 255 cm (8.4 ft.) and rivers and below rapids, possibly for rostrum. A unique feature among all 156.5 kg (345 lbs) in males, and 201 increased feeding success. During the cetaceans, however, is that Inia cm (6.6 ft.) and 98 .5 .kg (217 Ibs) in cyclic seasonal flooding of this area, the rostrums are covered with small hairs females. Best and da Silva (1989) note Inia range through the entire floodplain, which remain throughout their lives. that longer measurements of Inia may even in extremely shallow pools and The tooth count varies (bet\.veen 24 and have resulted by measuring over the amidst trees of the flooded forest (Best & 34 on each ramus ) within di fferent dorsal ridge. da Silva, 1993). populations of Inia (Best & da Silva, Attaining an accurate population 1993), but in addition to conical teeth NATURAL HISTORY. The Inia is a estimate is difficult due to many factors, all/nia have molariform teeth, which including the species' extensive range, i~ far more solitary species than many a unique feature among cetaceans. oceanic dolphins. A majority of the poor visibility of the riverwater, and Like belugas, Inia have been observed observers report mostly single animal the discrete way in which Inia surface. wrinkling, pulsing, and flexing their sightings (58-81%), a few pair The populations are considered to be in bulbous melons, apparently voluntarily good condition, but highly vulnerable sightings, and only occasional group (Leatherwood & Reeves, 1983; Schreib sightings (Layne, 1958; Trebbau & van due mainly to hydroelectric development & Burrows, 1988). The eyes appear & along the rivers, as well as deforestation Bree, 1974; Best da Silva, 1989). small, yet it is actually the eye opening and pollution factors. The rapidly Best and da Silva (1989) also suggest which is reduced. The eyeball itself is that the pairs may be mothers and growing Amazon fisherie s industry is simi lar in size to that of Tursiops not a major threat presently, but may calves, and the group slghtings may be (Krieger, 1986). The pectoral flippers of pose a threat in the future (Perrin, related to courtship and mati ng Inia are large and wide , resembling sea behavior. Additional evidence of this Brownell, Zhou, & Liu, 1989). Inia is lion flippers more than bottlenose listed on Appendix II of CITES. dolphin flippers, and are well-suited for Inia - continued to page 19

Page 8 Spring 1994 Th e Regional Reports are designed to help membership keep track Q/ what is going on at otherJacilities around the world. If y ou have something that you would like to include in a regional report please send it to Soundings or to the regional reporter Jor your area. Please note that there are aJew regions that still need reporters, particularly Canada, Central and South Amedca, AJdca, and Eastem Europe. lfyou would like to help collect reportsJromyour area please contact John Kirtland.

U.S. ALASKA/HAWAII REGION \Nell as with the care of newborns. Sea Life Park - Waimanalo, HAWAIl Laura Bottaro & Stephanie Vlachos Sea Life Park Waikiki Aquarium - Honolulu, The Hawaiian monk seal Head Start Waimanalo, Hawaii HAWAII program is still going strong at Sea Life Park. They have rehabilitated six Dolphin Quest - Waikoloa, HAWAII Daily activities during the winter under-sized pups born in the spring of progressed slowly towards the Waikiki 1993; four of which were relocated to The Dolphin Quest staff would like Aquarium's spring reopening. After the northwestern Hawaiian Islands in to say aloha and mahalo to all the nearly 17 months of renovation January. The tvvo other pups still [MATA members who attended the everyone was looking forward to the needed to gain some more pounds to 1993 conference. The participation big day. reach their target weight of 150 Ibs and enthusiasm of all who attended The aquarium'S Hawaiian monk (330 kg) and were scheduled to be made it a velY special week. Thanks seals (Monachus schauinslandl) were released in late spring. These two to all. kept busy by their involvement in pups will be the 26th and 27th pups The new year has produced experiments conducted by University successfully rehabilitated by Sea Life expansion for Dolphin Quest with the of Hawaii graduate students under Park since they became involved with addition of a new facility in French guidance from their professor and from the Head Start project in 1989. The Sea Life Park nursery was home Polynesia. Located at the Moorea the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Beachcomber Parkroyal on the island to five Laysan albatross (Diomedia Service. An impedance study went of Moorea, just eleven miles from immutabilis) chicks over the winter. very well once the animals learned Tahiti, this new faCility will further the Due to less than optimal nesting sites that all they had to do was lie goal to educate and share the beauty at several runways around the state, motionless . A saliva study is on­ of marine mammals to other parts of eggs were collected from several going , with weekly samples being the world . The facilit y currently airfields on the islands of Oahu and houses three rough-toothed dolphins taken from two seals. Kauai and incubated under close (Steno bredanensis). Expect to hear The most recent test has been supervision at the University of Hawaii more about this new facility and their getting the seals use to ultrasound by Dr. Casey Whittow. Dr. Whittow animals very soon. probes. This test is progressing very studied the eggs and the pipping and The focus at Dolphin Quest-Hawaii well, however, from time-to-time the hatching process and then turned the is currently toward their four pregnant animals do get a little spooked by all chicks over to Sea Life Park to be bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops the people who want to watch. raised. When the chicks arrive, they truncatus). All four dolphin are now Tom Fenske would like to extend his are anywhere from three or four days in the latter stages of pregnancy and thanks to Marlee Breese and the staff to three weeks old and they weigh are expected to calf early this summer. at Sea Life Park for allowing him to between 300 and 800 grams. The staff has been closely monitoring begin training one of the monk seals at A pilot study has recently been the animals with monthly ultrasound their park. It is hoped that this animal launched in an attempt to attract some examinations and have gained can be moved to the aquarium once of the albatross that have been valuable information by comparing the the construction has been finished . attempting to nest on Oahu and pregnancies. The Dolphin Quest staff The training is going nicely and the relocate them to a small island about would enjoy hearing from other seal is now conditioned to human one mile offshore from Sea Life Park. IMATA members who have had touch and being moved around on a Decoy albatross, as well as the bird's experiences with dolphin deliveries, as target. calIs (played on solar powered CD

Spring 1994 Page 9 players), have been set up and are Whale Stadium at Sea World for The staff at Sea World is loo king being closely monitored by volunteers sharing their time. forward to a fun , busy, and productive from the Hawaiian Audubon Society. summer and wish all IMATA members This technique , known as social Sea World if California - San Diego, a fulfilling season. attraction, has been successful with CALIFORNIA other sea bird species and seems to be U.S. PACIFIC NORTHWEST working in this project, as observers The trainers at Dolphin Stadium REGION have recently seen a few wild albatross worked very hard and diligently over Cinthia Alia who appear interested in this future the winter and it has paid off Oregon Coast Aquarium nesting site. handsomely in their husbandry Newport, Oregon Finally, Sea Life Park is training. They now have six Tursiops collaborating with a doctoral student giving voluntary urine samples daily. Oregon Coast Aquarium - Newport, from Colorado State University. Needless to say, this will prov ide the OREGON Resea rcher/student Ginger Le Blanc is veterinary staff with a wealth of interested to see if a California sea lion information regarding the dolphin's The aviculturists at the Oregon Coast (Zalophus ca!jfornianus) is able to use health and body chemistly. Aquarium have been working hard the visual perspective of a human Extensive training with the park's coming up with enrichment ideas for being to obtain a food reward. As of pilot whale (Globicephala their tufted puffins (Fratercula this writing, three-year-old Po'okela is m a cro rhyn ch us) , Betty, has also cirrhata) , common murres (Uria just getting used to her apparatus. caused much excitement as she is now aalge) , rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca Hopefully the task will come naturally doing footpushes and "hydrohops. " monocerata) , pigeon guillemots to Po'okela, as her mother, Huapala, Sea World hosted the First Annual (Cepphus columba), and American was the subject of Adam Pack's thesis Bird Conference of the International black oyster-catchers (Haematopus research at the Kewalo Basin Marine Association of Avian Trainers and bachmanz). Some of their ideas Mammal Laboratory back in 1984. Educato rs (lAATE) at the beginning of include drilling holes in driftwood and February. The bird trainers did a placing mealworms in them, placing superb job putting together a great U.S. CALIFORNIA REGION "live rocks" (rocks cov ered with Dave Roberts program and presented some very interesting papers Sea World of California concerning avian training and San Diego, California husbandry. The social structure at EATMIMoorpark College - Moorpark, Shamu Stadium underwent a CALIFORNIA few changes this winter with the arrival of Ulises, a beautiful The staff and students of the 15-year-old male killer whale Moorpark College Exo tic Animal (Orcinus orca) from Spain. Training and Management (EATM) Ulises is at Sea World on a program held their biggest Spring breeding loan from the Spectacular fund raiser ever this past Barcelona Zoo after outgroWing March. They rehearsed a new show the zoo's facility. While the and their zoo received a complete Barcelona Zoo is awaiting the makeover to help them reach their goal construction of a new killer of $20,000. whale facility, the staff at Sea The second-year class had a World will make every effort to fantastic experience in February on the ensure that Ulises enj oys a program's annual field trip to San healthy and stimulating Diego. The trip proved to be a lifestyle with his new fabulous learning experience thanks to companions in San Diego. the help of many IMATA members at The park's Rocky Point Sea World and the San Diego Zoo. The Preserve, which is comprised of students would like to extend their Otter Outlook and Dolphin Bay thanks to the entire sea lion staff at the (an interactive exhibit with San Diego Zoo, and especially to Kristi bottlenose dolphins), continues 1 for her "motivational" speech. to be a big hit with Sea World's ~ Another special thanks to Julie and guests, continually delighting A napping polar bear is rdlected in the quiet water Q/ Don Ludwig, Dave Roberts, and folks of all ages. its exhibit at the Point Difiance Zoo and Aquan'um. everyone at the bird show and Killer

Page 10 Spring 1994 mussels, barnacles, worms, etc.) in the contributing to the hair loss, however. alike; she will be missed. shallow areas of the pool. and putting Jim wo uld be interested in hearing large bull kelp whips in the deep end from anyone who has seen this Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens ­ near the underwater viewing window. problem in other polar bears. Chicago, ILLINOIS These enrichment ideas have been a great success and the birds are U.S. MIDWEST REGION The Lincoln Park Zoo will begin interacting with them frequently. Faith Dunham construction on a new pinniped exhibit The pinniped and otter exhibits have Marine World Africa USA very soon. During the construction undergone some minor construction. Vallejo, California phase, the zoo's resident pinnipeds will By the time this issue of Soundings need temporary homes. Lincoln Park goes to press, the new otter viewing Broo/ifie!d Zoo - Brookfteld, ILLINOIS would like to lend the animals to an window will have been installed and appropriate facility on a short-term work \,vill have begun on replacing the The staff of the Seven Seas Panorama basis. The available animals are 1.2 acrylic underwater viewing window in at the Brookfteld Zoo have been busy adult California sea lions and 1.3 the pinniped exhibit with a glass one. this winter with many projects, but harbor seals. None of the animals are none more exciting than watching the trained and they currently live in a Point Df{iance Zoo & Aquarium ­ development of their baby dolphin, colony situation. The animals will Tacoma , WASHINGTON Kaylee. The female bottlenose dolphin need temporary homes for is now eight months old and is a approximately two to th ree years. If So far, 1994 has been a palticularly charmer, according to repOlts. She is any facility would be interested in busy year for the staff at Point learning many new and fun things adopting these animals, please contact Deftance. Much of their time has been from her poolmates and is very Mark Rosenthal. Curator of Mammals, spent preparing for two exciting receptive to interactions with the at the Lincoln Park Zoo for more upcoming events: the 22nd Annual training staff. Kaylee has been eating information (312) 294-4663. IMATA confe rence to be held in fish for many weeks and now Tacoma in November, and the birth of understands a whistle bridge and she St. Louis Zoo - St. Louis, MISSOURI beluga whale (De!phinapterus leucas) enjoys touching and following targets. Mauyak's second calf, due in late Her spontane ous participation in Jim Alexander reports that everyone summer. Additionally, structural shows has equally delighted many is very excited about the new marine modifications were made to the beluga visitors. mammal show, as well as the new pool in early March to allovv the staff Recen tly, the zoo transferred two animals, which debuted at the st. greater flexibility in managing animals. adult male Tursiops from their Dolphin Louis Zoo on 14 May. Jim would also Connection facility in the Florida Keys like to welcome Meg Hart-Dudek to his U.S. ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION to the Seven Seas facility. The move staff; Meg formerly worked in the Jim Blankenship went smo othly and Lucky and zoo's bird house. Denver Zoo Hastings are acclimating nicely to their Denver, Colorado new environment. Indianapolis Zoo - Indianapolis, The training staff would like to INDIANA Marine Ljfe Aquan'um - Rapid City, welcome new trainers Wendy Komar SOUTH DAKOTA and Ronnie Martell to Seven Seas and The staff of the Indianapolis Zoo's wish them much success. marine mammal department is looking Lee Kellar would like to introduce Very regrettably, the Brookfield Zoo forward to the spring and summer the newest staff member at Marine Life announces the recent loss of a very seaso n. Along with preparing for Aquarium. Barbara Riemenscheider special friend. Amy the harbor seal several births, they have been working has joined the team in Rapid City as (Phoca vitulina) passed away at the on scripts and performance ideas for the facility'S new Assistant Curator. age of 43. Amy arrived at the their cetaceans and pinnipeds. Brookfield Zoo in 1953, originally The zoo hosted the Mid-West Denver Zoo - Denver, COLORADO making her home in the Children'S Marine Mammal Meeting on 18 March Zoo. Years later, she came to Seven and would like to extend their thanks The Denver Zoo reports that they Seas and joined forces with Olga the to everyone who attended and shared are seeing considerable hair loss in walrus and they became the most thoughts and ideas. This was the third their polar bears (Ursus man"timus). famous animal pair in the zoo. Amy annual gathering of representatives According to Jim Blankenship, the will be remembered for her gentle from midwestern facilities. The number zoo's bears tend to spend significantly disposition and the incredible prowess of people attending has been growing more time inside their holding area, she displayed for many a hapless duck steadily each year and everyone is where it is much warmer, than they do that landed in her pool. Amy touched now looking forwa rd to next year's outside. He does not know if this is the lives of many trainers and visitors meeting.

Spring 1994 Page 11 • The Oceans of Fun staff spent a sea lion, began recycling paper and Glen Oak Zoo - Peoria, ILLINOIS winter of big midwestern snowstorms plastic into the appropriate containers. writing program sc ripts and training 1\vo female sea lions are also helping Roz Wolfram of the Glen Oak Zoo is new behaviors in anticipation of to focus attention on topiCS such as in the process of formatting a new another busy summer season. medical behaviors and their show and would appreciate any Although normally Oceans of Fun is importance, diet, and the animals' suggestions for interesting behaviors open year-round, this past season they physical adaptations. These that will help her educate the public were closed temporarily in order to educational talks also include harbor about the animal's natural behaviors. complete some pool maintenance. and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) Roz is working with 1 2 California sea They reopened in mid-March in time so that the public can gain a better lions; if anyone has any suggestions, for the spring season. understanding of the differences please give her a call at (309) 686­ between seals and sea lions. 3365. Knoxville Zoological Gardens ­ Knoxville, TENNESSEE U.S. SOUTHEAST REGION Sea World ifOhio - Aurora, OHIO Shara Tarule Tina Judd of the Knoxville Zoo Dolphin Research Center It was a vely busy and productive reports that their 10-year-old, captive­ Grassy Key, Florida winter in snow-covered Ohio. Sea born, hand-raised polar bear, Kanook­ World' s pinnipeds and otters were Suia, gave birth to her first cub over Clearwater Marine Science Center - temporarily moved to Sea World of the Thanksgiving 1993 weekend only Clearwater, FLORIDA Florida while the back area and to eat it. Obviously this was very filtration area of the Sea Lion and Otter disheartening to the staff, but Kanook­ In early JanualY, CMSC Aquarium Stadium were rehabed. The remodeled Suia seems to have recovered and the dolphin trainers traveled to the Florida facility now has new and larger pools, staff is now discussing her future Keys to visit marine facilities and a new North American and Asian otter breeding plans. network with other marine mammal area, as well as a new fish preparation On a happier note, two blackfooted trainers. The first stop was Theater of area. penguin chicks (Spheniscus demersus) the Sea in Islamorada where they In other news, the park's killer recently fledged. The father of these observed Annette and Pam conducting whales all advanced in their tone chicks is the fourth oldest living wild­ a public session. Later they all repertoire (computer generated tones caught African penguin in North discussed methods of adding as an auditory stimulus to perform America ; he is approaching 30 this environmental me ssages to publiC behaviors) over the winter, and the year. Way to go, Sylvester' presentations and ways to keep the staff continued to advance the The zoo's educational pinniped talks message "fresh." Jerry was also kind husbandry program with their killer took on a unique conservational flair enough to introduce Thea ter of the whales and Pacific white-sided this spring as Alpha, a bull California Sea's 3-month-old calf to the CMSC dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). The staff also spent the winter brainstorming for new behaviors and ideas to implement into their education shows for the current season. Sea World of Ohio was also excited to assist with the rece nt It\!\ATA mid­ year Board of Directors meeting which was held in the Cleveland area. They were equally delighted to ha ve the Directors a nd several committee chairpersons attend the park's opening week-end. Lastly, everyone at Sea World of Ohio would like to welcome Dennis -0 Gilbert as their new Executive Vice to.." President/General Manager. \£ =...,"o Oceans if Fun Milwaukee, This young Kogia, either a pygmy or dwarf sperm wh ale, is recovering and will soon be released. thanks to the dedicated morts ifthe animal care stqffat the National Aquarium in WISCONSIN Baltimore's stranding' center.

Page 12 Spring 1994 • staff. at DRC have been kept busy with new meeting held at Hawk's Cay to The next stop was the Chicago programs which have shown great promote communication between Zoological Society's Dolphin promise. In Januaty they conducted facilities and share information Connection at Hawk's Cay. It was a their first Intermediate Dolphinlab concerning the animals in zoological miserable, rainy day, but the training which included seminars on manatees habitats. Facilities represented staff welcomed the Science Center staff and sea lions, current research, included the Dolphin Research Center. to their facility and shared a training conservation, the reauthorization of the Ocean Reef Club, Ocean World, and session despite the weather (they also the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Theater of the Sea; staff from the shared raincoats and coffee!). Act , and endangered marine Chicago Zoological Society's Brookfield Everyone discussed husbandry ideas, mammals. ORCs internship and Zoo also attended. The sixty people in and the Clearwater staff thoroughly volunteer programs have also attendance had an educational and fun enjoyed the hospitality shown by expanded, offering experience in many evening and everyone is looking trainers Gena, Beth, Kevin, and John. of their departments, such as animal forward to meeting again next year. The third visit was to the Dolphin care and training, research, education, Research Center in Grassy Key, where and membership and development. Mote Man'ne Laboratory - Sarasota, trainers Linda, Kathy, Barbara, and Everyone at DRC is happy to report FLORIDA Shara introduced their many animals that their four-month-old bottlenose and involved the staff in sessions calf is doing well. They found out only As of April 1994, the construction of throughout the day. They also weeks ago that the baby is a female the first phase of the new Mote Marine observed Dr. Nathanson and dolphin (the natural enclosures are not the best Lab Marine Mammal Research and Santini working "vith special-needs at viewing the under-side of a fast Rehabilitation facility will be complete. children. moving baby). Now the naming The first phase consists of a research The Clearwater staff would like to process will begin (at DRC a building to house the existing marine extend a very heartfelt "thank you" to suggestion list of names is kept, the . mammal and sea turtle program, an the staffs of all the facilities for their difficulty is in trying to narrow down animal care complex which includes gracious hospitality and kindness. the choices to one that the entire staff t\.vo medical pools, animal care office, This trip confirmed the belief that agrees on. For this baby they had 856 fish prep room, veterinary laboratoty net\vorking is a valuable way to share names to choose from!). With the help and office, as well as a public ideas, thereby improving training and of Dr. Debbie Duffield and some blood education component with visitor presentations through the discussion of from the placenta it should be center and classroom. Everyone at both similarities and differences with determined in a few months whether Mote feels that the center will be a others in the field. It's a wonderful Rainbow or Sandy is the proud father. significant contribution to the care of way to keep in contact with old DRC once again had the extreme stranded marine animals along the friends, and make new ones as well. pleasure of working with Dr. Terrie west coast of Florida. At the CMSC Aquarium, the staff is Williams, Scientific Officer-Office of Michelle Wells reports that a few continuing to train husbandry Naval Research, on her blubber hours after she finished her last report behaviors with Sunset, their resident thickness/heat flow study. All of the to IMATA telling of their successful dolphin, and he is progressing nicely. DRC dolphins cooperated perfectly, rehabilitation of a bottlenose dolphin, Construction is scheduled to begin providing Dr. Williams with a wealth they had yet another live stranding! shortly on a husbandry platform which of information. This time it was an unusual species for will add a new dimension to these this area-a pygmy killer whale behaviors. Thanks to West Marine Dolphin Connection - Duck Key, (Feresa attenuata). This was Products for their generous donation of FLORIDA Michelle's first experience with this the funding for the platform. CMSC species and he was an incredible would also like to thank Michelle Wells The Dolphin Connection staff is animal. The extremely poor condition for her valuable input as a behavioral pleased to announce that Hawk's Cay of Lunar (as he was named) put the consultant to CMSC. Michelle has Resort has been awarded the Florida MML staff and their volunteers brought many creative ideas to the Hotel and Motel Association's through the most rigorous times they training program, and her expertise Environmental Quality Achievement had yet to go through in taking care of and upbeat attitude make it a pleasure Award for 1993. This was due in part a stranded animal. Unfortunately, to work with her. to the environmental education despite the dedication of 315 people programs developed and implemented and 6,600 hours of round-the-clock Dolphin Research Center - Grassy Key, by the Dolphin Connection. care, Lunar died on Christmas FLORIDA In December, the Dolphin morning. The necropsy revealed Connection staff hosted a meeting of significant findings of a parasitic The tourist season is in full swing local South Florida dolphin facilities. infection of the brain, possible down in the Florida Keys and the staff The gathering was the 2nd annual meningitis, pneumonia, and intestinal

Spring 1994 Page 13 ulcers. The Mote staff was saddened The snow has gone and the staff at playing and has started eating fish. As by Lunar's death, but feel their efforts NAIB are busy preparing for their a newborn, Gorki was taken out of the throughout the forty days of care were summer season. They have spent the water everyday for the first three not in vain. They learned invaluable winter training nevI' behaviors and weeks (see Vol. 19, No.1) in order to lessons in the care of this species , as maintaining old ones. Their two receive an antibiotic injection to protect well as better insight into the care of Tursiops calves , Cobie and against infection. The dolphinarium other cetaceans. Chesapeake , are eating well and intends to follow the same program increased their training interaction. with future calves. U.S. EASTERN REGION The staff intends to have the two Jennifer Lawson calves gating into the front exhibit pool Mont Mosan - Huy, BELGIUM National Aquarium in Baltimore so that they can start participating in Baltimore, Maryland the summer shows. Jean Marc Van Berg, pinniped The aquarium's marine mammal keeper at Mont Mosan and new New England Aquarium - Boston, stranding program was also very busy IMAT A member, has submitted his MASSACHUSETTS this winter. On the day after first report to Soundings. Jean Marc Thanksgiving they received a small reports that he is currently working So far it has been an exciting year at sperm whale of the genus Kogia; the with three harbor seals that are nearly the NevI' England Aquarium. species is yet to be determined as four-years-old, as \vell as a Patagonian Architects and a target date have been either a pygmy (K. hreviceps) or dwarf sea lion (Otan'aflavescens) that was determined for the expansion of the ff( simus). After undergoing several acquired in August of 1993. Mont aquarium. The target date is 1999 , endoscopy procedures to remove Mosan also has two California sea and the plans call for a new pinniped swallowed plastic, the whale is lions named Neptune and Elsa. Elsa is exhibit to replace the old Discovery. In improving and is eating well. now pregnant and will give birth to her the meantime, the Discovery, home to The following week a loggerhead first pup later this summer. the aquarium's California sea lions, has turtle arrived suffering from bilateral received a face-lift. All of the animals cataracts. While the staff is working to Duisburg Zoo - Duisburg, GERMANY and the trainers are adjusting well to stabilize the animal, it is eating and the new stage and backdrop design . slowly increasing in weight. Dr. Bernhard Neurohr, veterinarian at The staff is also putting together a new Finally, the aquarium's new off-site the Duisburg Zoo, reports that presentation that will focus on over­ holding facility for stranded animals construction on their new bottlenose fishing and entanglement. was officially christened during the dolphin facility is underway with The aquarium saw the birth of two first two weeks of February with the completion scheduled for this summer. Atlantic harbor seals (P. v. concolor) arrival of three stranded harbor seals. The new pool will have a surface area in 1993; Reggae and Cayenne were All are suffering from parasites and of 500 square meters (1640.5 sq. ft.), born in May and June respectively . various other m€ dical problems. with a water volume of 2000 cubic Both pups are fat and doing well with Efforts are ongoing to help stabilize meters (6562 cu. ft.); it "I'ill be their first taste of training. these animals and to encourage connected to the zoo's existing pool by The animal care staff is also quite unassisted feeding. The staff extends means of a 35 meter long (115 ft.) busy due to an unusual number of their thanks to the dedicated underwater passage. Underwater hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) volunteers for all their time and effort. rockwork, similar to that in the beluga sightings. At the time of this writing, ha Hat at the Vancouver Public the staff is caring for five hooded seals, EUROPE REGION III Aquarium, will add the finishing two harbor seals, two Ridley turtles Geraldine Lacave aesthetic touches to the new exhmit. (Lepidochelys spp.) , and five Boudewijnpark On 24 January, Hansaland in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta). Brugge, Belgium Sierksdorf transferred a female The turtles will be moved to St. bottlenose dolphin to the Duisburg Augustine , Florida for further Dolphinarium Brugge - Brugge, Zoo. The 13-year-old dolphin, named rehabilitation. BELGIUM Pepina, was successfully introduced to The aquarium is also opening a new the zoo's resident population and exhibit called "The Everglades" which According to Geraldine Lacave, quickly mated with a male named features animals such as alligators, Gorki , the most recent bottlenose Playboy. She now appears to be snakes, turtles, and spiders. It is an dolphin calf born at the Dolphinarium pregnant. exciting exhibit and IMATA members Brugge, is doing great. After four Lastly, the zoo is proud to announce are invited to come view it. months alone with this his mother, the that their 20-year-old grey seal bull calf is now together with the rest of the recently sired another pup. The pup National Aquarium in Baltimore ­ park's population. Gorki, who will be was born on 07 February; he has since Baltimore, MARYLAND a year old in August, is actively been weaned and is doing just fine.

Page 14 Spring 1994 Tierpark Dortmund - Dortmund, trainer, Jon Kershaw, was invited by operation. With the help of an animal GERMANY Warner Brothers to address an eye specialist, the operation involved audience at the end of a preview extending a piece of the cunguntile Since last summer there has been screening of the film in Marseilles. To membrane over the ulcerated area and extensive media coverage regarding his surprise, he found a very receptive suturing it in place to try to thicken the alleged suffering of zoo animals, audience who asked sensible questions and strengthen the area. The especially dolphins, according to and, even more surpnsingly, he found operation took 50 minutes and went volker Gatz of the Dortmund Zoo. "At not even one person who agreed with well. The seal is now back with the the moment," he writes, "the animal the film's theme of releasing captive female after separation for the breeding rights movement hits the German zoo killer whales into the wild. season. community with its full power." The Taronga 's Australian sea lions keepers and trainers at the zoo's sea AUSTRALIA REGION (Neophoca Cinerea) have been placed lion show are taking every opportunity Steve Romer together to commence a breeding to discuss the accusations and Sea World Australia Limited program that will hopefully not only inaccuracies with their visitors. They Gold Coast, Australia produce offspring, but also lead to are also working closely with the research on breeding strategies of this German Association of Zoo Keepers to Underwater World - Perth, WESTERN species. The zoo has also had their organize discussions with the animal AUSTRALIA New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus rights extremists and to get the true Josten) together in the hope that they facts into the media. Any information Jvlark Whitfield of Underwater World too will breed. they receive from IMATA members or reports that the past summer vvas Taronga's marine mammal through Soundings will be extremely exceptionally hot, with air department is planning on integrating helpful. temperatures around 40'C (104 'F) and two southern skuas (Catharacta water temperatures around 24 ' C maccormlckl) into their Macquarie EUROPE REGION V (7S·F). All their dolphins are fit and Island exhibit. They are interested in Simon Ede healthy and are working well on a any advice from IMATA members whG Park Asterix reduced summer food intake due to the have experience working in a mixed Paris, France vvarm weather. The animal care staff species exhibit of pinnipeds and birds. is continuing to use ultrasound The zoo received the body of a Park Asterix - Pans, FRANCE examinatio)ls to monitor the melon-headed whale (Peponocephala pregnancy of one of tl)eir female electra) from the Pet Porpoise Pool for Park Asterix writes that their female dolphins, and Mark reports that some postmortem and skeletal collection by Tursiops calf. Athena, is now ten­ minor behavioral changes are starting the Australian Museum. Although months-old and doing very well. She to creep into this animal's Taronga does not display cetacea, they has recently discovered that presentations, which he feels is a good continue to receive dead or injured basketballs are simply the best toys indication of her progress. She is animals for necropsy or rehabilitation. ever invented and is keeping the staff expected to have given birth by the In staff news, Cathy Horvat has left amused tor hours \vith her antics. The time this issue of Soundings goes to the zoo after seven years to pursue calf has also started playing with press. qualifications in teaching. Cathy will capelin and, hopefully by this issue of Underwater World's new "Dive with continue her postgraduate degree Soundings, she will have started the Dolphins" program has been very study on elephant seals. Michelle eating. well received by both divers and Odewahan has taken a year's leave of dolphins, The dolphins are responding absence to work in Afnca. Marine/and Antibes - Cote d'Azure, well to the extra attention, and the FRANCE divers are enjoying the opportunity to Pet Porpoise Pool - Coffs Harbour, interact with the dolphins. NEW SOUTH WALES Marineland's killer whale calf Lastly, Mark wishes everyone a celebrated her first birthday on the prosperous 1994 and invites all The Pet Porpoise Pool and Sea world 25th of February. According to her IMATA members to visit Undenvater Enterprises were involved in a joint trainer, Bruce Walton , she is very . World when visiting Australia. rescue operation of an entangled boisterous and is supplementing her bottlenose dolphin on 16 January mother's milk with an average daily Taronga Zoo - Sydney, NEW SOUTH 1994. The animal had approximately intake of about 12 kilograms (26 .5 WALES two kilograms (4.4 Ibs) of nylon line, lbs) of herring and mackerel. weed, and barnacles covering its tail, In related news, the film Free WillY On 02 December 1993, Taronga with much of the line cutting deeply went into general release in France on Zoo's male southern elephant seal into the flesh of its mutilated flukes. 09 February. Marineland's head (Mirounga leonina) underwent an eye This animal was identified as being the

Spring 1994 Page 15 same mature female freed from a with many positive comments from Man'neland ifNew Zealand - Napier, similar situation by Sea World sixteen guests. NEW ZEALAND months earlier. Sea World is sad to report the loss of On 23 january , a nevvborn Zippy, a 23-year-old male California Gary Macdonald wlites that the past bottlenose calf stranded 80 kilometers sea lion that had been at the park since summer season was terrific for both (50 miles) north of Coffs Harbour. The 1972. Zippy died of a prolapsed bowel Marineland and for Napier. The calf was placed with the previously on Christmas Eve. On New Year's weather was great and the "Holiday in mentioned stranded dolphin, appeared Eve, however, a healthy 7.8 kilogram Napier" advertising campaign was to bond immediately, and was (17 lbs) female California sea lion was successful in drawing many tourists to observed suckling unsuccessfully. The born. The pup, named Amber, is the area. The peak period of 26 calf was tube-fed a formula every doing well and now weighs over 15 December to 31 january saw other hour and rapidly gained weight kilograms (33 lbs). attendance at Marineland up by 30%. before dying of pneumonia after six As mentioned in the Pet Porpoise On 6 December, a male California days. Pool report, Sea World was involved in sea lion was born to Lady , who has The Pet Porpoise Pool also recovered a joint operation to rescue an had five previous pups over the years. a 2.8 meter (9 ft.) male melon-headed entangled dolphin found in the 1\.yeed Lady, and the sire, Pepe, were both whale which was washed up 90 River 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) south obtained from Sea Life Park in Hawaii kilometers (56 miles) north of Coffs of Sea World. The animal is currently in 1981. Harbour. The body was transferred to recovering and doing well at the Pet Lastly, Gary reports that Marineland the Taronga Zoo for a postmortem Porpoise Pool. has recently received two twelve­ examination. Coincidentally, on 9 On 29 January, Sea World received month-old short-clawed otters (Ao1IJlx February, another slightly smaller male an orphaned Indo-Pacific humpback cinerea) from the Wellington Zoo in whale received temporary stabilization dolphin calf (Sousa chinensis) that New Zealand. The tvvo yearlings have and antibiotic treatment at the stranded 1000 kilometers (621.5 instilled a new sense of fun into the oceanarium before being tagged and miles) north of the Gold Coast. The otter display, frolicking about like released. young animal, estimated to be less "mad-cap" youngsters do. than a week old, weighed just 15.7 Ocean world - Sydney, NEW SOUTH CARIBBEAN REGION kilograms. The calf was placed with WALES Burnette Rolle one of Sea World's lactating bottlenose The Dolphin Experience dolphins (whose own calf had, Shane Austin of Oceanworld reports Freeport, Bahamas ironically , just finished weaning) and that the past summer holiday period immediately bonded with his new was very busy, with guest attendance The Dolphin Expen'ence - Freeport, surrogate mother. The calf increasing by 40% over the same BAHAMAS period last year. Four shows were successfully suckled approximately required per day with the stadium every half hour and began to put on The Dolphin Experience would like being constantly sold out. All their weight over the ensuing days. His to bid a fond farewell to Mike Schultz animals are well and have now settled behavior and relationship with the and john Newell. Mike, founder and back into the daily routine of the slow adult female dolphin was as normal as Program Director for the last seven season. Training is now progressing could be hoped. After seventeen days, years, reSigned his position last on a new show using Australian however, his behavior took a November in order to pursue other (Arctocephalus pusu//us dorjferus) downward slide and on 16 February, career opportunities. john recently and New Zealand fur seals. after not responding to treatment or resigned his training position as well. Ocean world is looking forward to a tubing , he unfortunately died. Everyone at The Dolphin Experience productive 1994 and is planning many Necropsy results revealed that he had wishes both Mike and John all the best new exhibits. systemic narcardiosis due to an in their future endeavors. At the same immuno-suppressed condition time, the staff would like to welcome Sea World Enterpn'ses - Gold Coast, associated with his young age. The John Kirtland who joined The Dolphin QUEENSLAND Sea World staff was understandably Experience at the beginning of the saddened by the death, as they had all year as General Manager and Director Sea World enjoyed their busiest grovvn very fond of this beautiful little of Training. summer holiday season ever. All animal of a species that they had The training staff is also pleased to shows went well and the swim-with­ never before seen at such a young age. announce an addition to their dolphin the-dolphin and other interactive Hopefully the valuable data and population. Cayla, one of the programs were fully booked. The knowledge gained over the 2-1 /2 week program's Original dolphins, gave birth oceanarium's new educational dolphin period will benefit any future stranded to a male calf on Halloween Day. Now show has been very well received, calves. nearly seven months old, the calf is

Page 16 Spring 1994 very adventurous, quite comfortable Editor - contfnuedJrom page 4 FAX: (809) 373-8956 around large groups of people, and is now raises eyebrows. The Publications There is certainly some intriguing and always picking the most inopportune Committee, like every other IMATA fascinating information in this issue of times to nurse. Currently, The Dolphin committee, is made up of volunteers who Soundings which I hope that you will all Experience also has one, and perhaps donate their time to the Association, and I enjoy. I am particularly excited about the tvI/O, pregnant females. can assure you that a great deal of time is letter from the facility in Russia. After all The Dolphin Experience' s "Dive­ required to edit and publish Soundings these years, we may finally be on the with-the-Dolphins" continues to be and the other IMATA publications. For threshold of openly meeting our one of the most popular diving better or worse, my new job here in the counterparts in a region of the world that attractions in the Caribbean . Bahamas is much more demanding of my was previously so totally closed off. Additionally, filming was recently time than my previous position in Hawaii. Although we don't normally print completed, and this unique dive Consequently, I find myself with add resses in our Letters to the Editor program will be featured on a segment significantly less free tim e than I had section, we have made an exception in this of World qfWonder which is scheduled before. Nevertheless, I am hoping that we case in the hopes that many of you will to air sometime in September or can get back on schedule with the take the time to respond to Ludmila October on the Discovery Channel. Summer issue, which means that you will Lukina's request and begin a dialogue­ probably be recei ving two issues in a vely after all, sharing information is what short space of time. IMATA is all about. Hopefully we will see Lastly, due to a typographical error in further correspondence and, who knO\,vs, the last issue of Soundings, the number perhaps one day in the not-too-distant of my new post office box was reversed. future Ms Lukina andlor some of her My new address here in the Bahamas is: colleagues will be able to attend our clo The Dolphin Experience conference. P.O. Box F42433 That's it for this issue ; as I said , be ~ Freeport, Grand Bahama Island looking for the Summer issue very shortly. BAHAMAS Until next time-Aloha. Tel: (809) 373-1250 -John Kirtland

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Spring 1994 Page 17 •ngOur 15 a d nn • Ih lure dedicated to providing and by advancing the most professional, Cheryl Messinger effective, and humane care and IMATA President-Elect handling of all marine animals in all habitats. The year was 1990 . Our future , and lay a framework that Then, from a list of 19 goals and would bring us from where we were conference was held in Chicago objectives, the planners identified to where we wanted to be. with record-breaking attendance. the nine they felt to be top priority. Those involved in that first Our membership roster had almost These nine tasks were assigned tripled in size in one year, but our planning session began by defining action plans which named both manpower pool had not. Our IMATA's existing organizational dates of completion and individuals constitution vvas antiquated and no values, then listed aspects they responsible. longer served our needs. We were visualized for the future of the So at this point you're saying to neither non-profit nor incorporated. organization and the marine yourself: "This ancient history It was time to get down to business! mammal community as a whole. lesson is great Cheryl. but what So the Executive Board scheduled This allowed the Board to draft a does it have to do with us now? ,. the first IMATA Strategic Planning new mission statement that would As your current Board of Directors Session in 1991. Mediated by a better reflect IMATA's goals and has just concluded its 1994 ['vlATA facilitator, the group spent two full purposes: mid-year meetings, we are pleased days defining IMATA's purpose and to report that eight of our nine direction, identified IMATA's The International Marine Animal original goals for the organization resources, strengths and Trainers Association (lMATA) was have been met over the past two weaknesses, and determined both founded to foster communication, years: short- and long-term goals which profeSSionalism, and cooperation were felt to be both realistic and among those individuals who serve 1. Increase "person pool" achievable. Through these marine animal science through Secretary marks computer files of exercises the Board hoped to access training, public display, research, those members seeking further IMATA's current situation, visualize hu sban dry, conservation, and involvement in the organization what IMATA would be in the education . As such, IMATA is and distributes list of names to

Page 18 Spring 1994 Directors and Committee Chairs currently providing the basic peer-reviewed journal -The biannually. services of a temporary central Proceedings format has been mailing address. changed and the first journal will 2. Improve administration be published this year. Administrative Support 5. Create Policies for Action - A Committee was created to Code of Professional Ethics was 8. Develop an Animal Training produce and update a business developed as well as a protocol Technical Advisory Committee ­ manual for all Directors. for handling violations and/or charges of violations. Both are Committee is in place and 3. Develop an effective Editorial now in place. responsible for Trainer's Forum . Advisory Board - Publications Committee was created including 6. Provide pro-active input - IMATA When you pair these an Editor, Editorial Director, novv plays an active role in accomplishments with the creation Associate Editor, and a five­ government policy making of our new constitution and bylaws, person Editorial Advis01Y Board through our involvement with our achievement of non-profit to review articles prior to the Alliance of Marine Mammal status, and our incorporation, I publication. An Editorial Policy Parks and Aquariums (AMMPA), hope you'll agree they make an and Procedures protocol is also provides pro-active responses to impressive list of accomplishments now in place. negative publicity, and has for the past two years. And as we developed reciprocal policies with 4. Investigate creation of an IMATA like organizations and are on the eve of defining new central office -Committee was responsible conservation goals and objectives for IMATA, we formed to investigate the cost. organizations. . should all look back with pride Although not feasible at this while continuing to look forward time, Sea World of California is 7. Modify Proceedings and create a with hope.

lnia- continued.from page 8 aggression by males toward females has of the /nia's neck and body is useful species' apparent solitary nature is the also been observed in captivity, to the while hunting fish amidst the trees and point that animals have had to be debris of the flooded forest, where water fact that much aggression has been separated, and some have died due to rises as much as 10 meters (32.8 ft.) exhibited by captive /nia when housed injuries and stress related to sexual between November and July. /nia may together (Caldwell, Caldwell, & Brill, also use the hairs on their rostrum as a 1989). One exception to their solitary aggreSSion (Caldwell et al. 1989). While other dolphins use their flippers tactile device in searching for food. tendencies is an apparent long term mostly as "rudders," Inia frequently use /nia are known to feed on over 50 relationship between mothers and calves (Gewalt, 1978). their large, wide pectoral flippers to species of fish, however less than half of assist in locomotion with "oar-like" these species have any commercial Sexual maturity is evident in the male movements (Klima, Oelschlager, & value, so there is little competition Ima at approximately 198 cm (6-1/2 ft.) Wunsch, 1980; Smith, Mooney, Siegel, between Inia and the local fishermen in length, and in the female at Taylor , & Burrows, 1994). Their (Best & da Silva, 1989). Turtles have approximately 160-175 cm (5-114-5­ 3/4 ft.). No ages for sexual maturity swimming speed is slow, usually also been found in the stomach contents bet\veen 1.6 and 3.2 km (1-2 mph) per of Inia (da Silva & Best, 1982). Daily have yet been determined. Gestation hour, and reaching 12 to 16 km (7 .5-10 food consumption by Inia is notably less lasts 10 to 12 months, with the young mph) per hour if necessary than most other dolphin species (0.5% born between July and September as the (Leatherwood & Reeves, 1983) . flooded water is receding and fish are in of their body weight compared to 6­ "Porpoising" and leaping are not 10%), which is another important factor a more conrmed range. Females can simultaneously gestate and lactate (Best reported as commonly observed when training Inia , since they satiate behaviors. more rapidly than other species (Krieger, & da Si! va, 1989), and calves have continued to nurse for one year after Inia is an exce ptionally flexible 1986; Schreib & Burrows, 1988). It has capture (Gewalt, 1978). cetacean, able to touch its rostrum to its sometimes been more effective to rely tail with ease. This ability is due in part heavily or even exclusively on non-food In captivity, homosexual behavior to seven unfused cervical vertebrae in reinforcements when training this between males has been observed (Spotte, 1967; Sylvestre, 1985), as well their necks. In a training setting it is species (Burrows, Schreib, & Smith , as masturbation (Spotte, 1967; important to remember that an Inia can 1990). Best and da Silva (1989) turn its head (and thus its teeth) nearly suggest that /nia ma y have a low Sylvestre, 1985; Schreib & Burrows, 1988). A great deal of sexual 90 degrees to either side. The fle xibility metabolic rate owing to their warm Inia - continued on page 20

Spring 1994 Page 19 Inia- continuedJrom page 19 this resting behavior also occurs in the a complex cellular organization that wild is yet to be investigated. indicates well-developed visual abi li[)· . water environment, which may in turn Phillips and Mccain (1964) reported chat contribute to their low food consumption VISION. The visual capabilities of an lnfa they studied was able to and to their slow moving habits. lnia have been an issue of speculation discriminate between black and white Like other dolphins, lnia use for many years, although little research stimuli above the water surface. their conical teeth to capture and has actually focused on this question. In training settings, the comparati\'e!;. position fish for swallowing, but they lnia have been described to have passive nature of lnia (in comrast to also use their unique molariform teeth to excellent eyesight, and also described as marine species) has led observers to chew. This causes an additional factor nearly blind. initially question their visual capabilities. in training, since there can be long When lnfa's eyesight has been and opt to train with auditory or tactile pauses between behaviors while the lnia described as poor, usually there is a signals (Schreib & Burrows, 1988). consume fish rewards (Krieger, 1986; reference made either to environmental However, the lnia at the Pittsburgh Zoo Schreib & Burrows, 1988). factors or to eye size. It has been has recently been trained to perform Living in close proximity to human suggested that the turbidity of rivervvater behaviors using visual hand signals beings, yet being difficult to observe, makes it less likely that lnia (or any (given approximately two feet above the lnia have become the focus of many other river-dwelling platanistoid) would water surface), and wild lnia have been folklore stories in South America. One is depend on eyesight. The eyesight of trained to respond to visual stimuli that lnia can turn into men, particularly another platanistoid dolphin (Platanista, (Krieger, 1986). It is important to note, during festivals, and wear hats to hide or the "susu") definitely is reduced, however, that the literature does not the blowhole on top of their heads. possibly to the point of only report "spy-hopping" as a commonly Children born to unwed women after distinguishing light and dark (Perrin et observed behavior in the wild. festivals are then said to have been al. 1989), which may cause confusion fathered by a boto. Best (personal or assumptions regarding lnfa's abilities. ACOUSTICS. Jacobs and Hall (1972) communication, 1986) reported that Like the susu, whose eye openings are observed responses indicating hearing "Boto" is still sometimes put on the birth reduced to the size of pin holes, lnia eye thresholds of a solitary, captive male certificates of children whose father is openings are also reduced, though not lnia to range between 1 and 105 Khz, unknovvn. Another folklore story so drastically. with the greatest sensitivity noted for describes lnia turning into women and Waller (1982), suggests that tones between 75 and 90 Khz. luring men into the water to drown. any reduction in the eye size of lnia is a However, they also assumed a greater Fishermen also consider it very bad luck visual adaptation rather than a structural range likely to exist since wild lnfa have to kill an lnfa, a fact which benefits the regression. That study found that the been recorded to produce sounds dolphins. ultrastructure of the lnia retina, ranging between 25-200 Khz (Norris, containing both rods and cones, reveals Inia - continued on page 29 RESPIRATION AND SLEEP. Oyving to relatively limited space in the river environment, lnia do not dive to extensive depths as do marine cetaceans, and may have less need to hold their breath for long periods. Most breaths appear to be taken within a two minute span of the previous breath. A normal respiration rate was recorded by Layne (1958) at 5 to 112 seconds. The dolphin at the Pittsburgh Zoo, has had occasional respiration intervals noted at a little over three minutes. Resting behavior in lnia has not been studied extensively; however. Russian investigators have described unihemispheric slow-wave sleep (resting half of the brain at a time) similar to that found with Tursiops (Mukhametov, E 1987). Many captive lnia have been E VJ observed resting upside down on the E != bottom of their pools (Herald, 1969; Caldwell et al. 1989), or with the Due to seven wyused vertebrae in its neck, the Amazon River dolphin can tum its head over rostrum or tail touching the pool bottom 90 degrees to either side. This call be usiful when huntillgJish amidst the trees and debns if thefloodedJorest (Schreib & Burrows, 1988). Whether

Page 20 Spring 1994 also examines the function of \'isio n in o F cetacean foraging strategies and so ial interactions, Seals and sea otters may pose even THE more interesting questions pertaining to amphibious vision than do the cetaceans. Although all marine mammals appear to possess both aquatic and aerial vision, they seem to As trainers, we sometimesJind found at your local library to help do this in very different ways. A ourselves so busy that we barely have answer these questions. somewhat technical paper by Murphy the time tofind a good book, let alone The structure of an organ (the eye in et a!. (1990) entitled Rifractive state, actually read one. This column, which this case) often influences how that ocular anatomy, and accommodative appears occasionally in Soundings, organ will function . With this in mind, range 91the sea otter offers insight into will try to keep you abreast if new a good paper to begin this review with how the sea otter lens is utilized to books, articles, and other interesting is by Dawson et al. (1972) entitled focus both above and below the water. itemsyou might have missed related to Gross anatomy and optics qf the Murphy observes that in order for the ourfield. This column is wn'tten and dolphin eye. The anatomy, function, sea otter to focus on objects edited by Jm Fasick; however, reviews and optical characteristics of the underwater, the lens of the eye must be by members are welcome. please send dolphin eye are covered in this review. greatly accommodated by actually them to the attention qf either JdJ A discussion of aerial vision is also squeezing part of the lens through the Fasick orJohn Kirtland at: found here with a hypothesis stating iris aperture. Th e eye if the hooded that aerial vision is accomplished by seal in air and water, by Sivak et al. lM.4TA contraction of the pupil, thu s forming (1989), discusses the method by which 1720 South Shores Road an aperture capable of fOCUSing light the seal eye adapts to an amphibious San Diego, Caljfomia 92109 USA perfectly on the retina. environment. Unlike the cetaceans, the The cetacean eye, also by Dawson seal's cornea is almost completely flat, MARINE MAMMAL (1980), is a fine review including offering no accommodative power with which to focus the eye. Although it is VISION IN REVIEW sections on anatomy, optics, and environmental adaptations for vision. still not clear how the seals This paper is well written , easy to accommodate, Sivak proposes that the In my experiences at aquaria, the understand, and will give the reader a entire lens may move forward and back sensory system of cetaceans most often thorough understanding on dolphin rather than alle r its sha pe while talked about is their echolocation vision and the problems the eye must focusing. capabilities, due mainly to the novelty overcome in order to be useful in both The last three pa pers deal solely with of this form of perception in the animal air and water. answering the questions of amphibious kingdom . Every now and then, The way an eye is de signed and vision in cetaceans and offer some of though, there is a perceptive person re fi ned is directly related to the the most recent information in this wh o asks the question: "Ho w can em'ironment it nee ds to see and area. On the optics ?! the dolphin eye dolphins see under.,yater and also in air, perceive. A review by Madsen and by Oral (1987) is quick and easy while we cannot? " Ansvv ers to this Herman ( L98 0 , Social and ecological reading abo ut th e problems with question were first documented over a correlates qf cetacean vision and aq uatiC and aerial vision in cetaceans. centu ry ago when Matthiessen found visual appearance, discu ses the photic Th is pa per deh'es into the pupillary that the cetacean eye was able to Ii cus prope l1ies w[ wate r and the adaptations cont raction hypothesis of aeri al properly in water, but wa s strongly needed for underwater vision, as well accommo ation as well as optical myopic (ne ar-sighted) in air. Tod a , as the visual appearan ce of cetaceans properti s of the dolphin lens. The any competent marine mammal trainer and the fun ctions of vision in cetace n orn ea as an optical element in the can refute Matthi essen's lalter social life, Th is is a good paper ma inly (eta aT! eye and Optics ifthe harbor obser vation with a subtle hand for its broad scope by addreSSing vIsio n porpoise eye in water by Kroger and discriminatory stimulus followed by a from the anato mical to the behavioral Kirschfe ld (1992 and 1993) pro bably correct response by the dolphin. Bu t level, but also because it i not so offer the best hypothesis to answerin what makes the dolphin'S amphibious technical as to be dimcult to rc ad. A the ques tion of dolphin amphibioll eye different from ours, and how do Similar paper is Visual ecology and vision. These papers explain the erret.:( they see well in both water and air? cognition in cetaceans by Mobley and of a diverging cornea and a converging This issue of Qf! 771e She!! consists of Helweg (1990), Along with a lens in the porpoise eye resultin~ in a some reviews and papers that can be morphological discussion, this re view Qffthe Sheff- continued 0 11 pau. .!~=-

Spring 1994 Page 21 All qfus, whether experienced orjust beginning in the trainingjield, have nm into situations in which wc}lnd ourselves at a lossJor solutions. Training problems arise that we've either never seen biforc orjust never had the need to tackle. The mental struggles begin as wejind ourselues wondering where to begin and what some other tratiler might do in our shoes. TRAINER'S FORUM was introduced in SOUNDINGS severalyears ago in an iffort to help liS through those moments. Through this column we hope to continue to provide a place where problems and solutions, questions and answers, and ncw ideas call be'shared. We want to dealwitll anything and everything,jtom the obvious to the l/ot-so-obvious. .!rom the standard methods to the flew ones. This colulnll Will continue to provide the space, but you will have to provide the input. Ifyou have questions about training, or problems with a specific b aviar or animal or are interested in getting another viewpoint to all animal related issue, please write to TRAINER'S FORUM. We willget a van'ety qfrespollses toyour questions and publish them here. AdditionallY. ifyou have alternative answers or respollses to answers printed, wn'tc to us as well. All questions will remain anonymous: Sendyour questions to the attention qfjim C1ar-k t: IMA rA / 720 South Shores Road Sall Die. ,Calffomia 92109 USA

TRAINER'S FORUM is compiled by When starting out with new the bridge can be diluted over vely Jim Clarke, Greg Dye, and Pete Davey secondaries, keep in mind that all little time. There is also a very good in cooperation with the Animal animals are individuals and may like chance (especially with bucket Training AdvisOlY Committee. or dislike different stimuli. Secondary conscious sea lions) that the bridge reinforcers are also part of a won't solicit the desired re sponse relationship developed between a anyway. Depending on how your QUESTION 1): Our training trainer and an animal, so different facility defines a "play session," the stqff would like to learn more trainers can make the same use of a bridge will turn it into a about using alternative secondary appear differently to the training session and the animal may reiTiforcers other than Jood (e.g.: animal each time. This is all the more not consider it play at all (and at this toys, scratching, etc.) with reason to train secondary reinforcers point, sea lions tend to wonder where California sea lions. We are also consistently before trying them in a that bucket is and why there is no interested in knowing whether variable schedule of reinforcement. reinforcement for the bridge-a good using a bridge during a play Desensitize Lhe animals slowly, formula for irritating those 750 pound session (when no Jood is watching for signals such as backing bulls!) . present) will undermine the away, tensing up, avoiding tactile This also brings up a point iffect oJ the bridge during interaction, or ignoring a toy. Once regarding verbal bridges. If the word regular sessions. you feel that the animal is positively "good" is utilized as a bridge, and reinforced by a secondary reinforcer, new trainers or volunteers are ANSWER 1A): Secondary it is a good idea to strengthen the participating in play and using "good" reinforcers can be very effective with reinforcer for a period of time before frequently (as in "good girl," etc.), all pinnipeds , especially California sea assuming that it is ready to be used they may be inadvertently lions. Like most new situations with on its own. Periodic strengthening extinguishing that bridge. animals, it is probably most effective with primary reinforcers is a good to train secondary reinforcers just as idea, no matter how long the animals Animal Technical Training you would any new behavior. have been conditioned to the AdviSOry Committee Secondaries are often based on secondaries. Be flexible, some International Marine Animal something we as trainers perceive to animals will never like secondaries, Trainers Association be positive for the animal, but there is which kind of defeats the purpose. no way we can be sure of that. Some commonly used secondary ANSWER 1B); The training staff at Assuming that a secondary is already reinforcers are verbal praise, ice, Sea World of Australia works with positive can lead to undesirable tactile interaction, toys, and water eight species of pinnipeds. Our behaviors and even aggression. So spray. You'll find that sea lions are trainers have effectively used by initially always pairing the new responsive to all sorts of new stimuli . alternative reinforcers such as tactile secondaries with primaries, you can We can 't think of a single good interaction, toys, play sessions, social desensitize the animal to those reason for using a bridge during the interaction, chained behaviors, and secondaries and assure that they end play session (although as one innovative training sessions. The up as positive reinforcers, regardless committee member put it, "the world trainers have found two elements key in the use of secondary (or of whether the animal is already probably won't explode"). Without a favorably predisposed towards them. connection to a reinforcer, however, Trainers - continued on page 28

Page 22 Spring 1994 MEMBERSHIP UPDATE lMATA would like to welcome theJollowing new members who havejoined the Association since the last issue ifSoundings.

CECILA KARINA ALVAREZ (AS) JENNIFER MICHELLE ELLER (S) ELIZABETH MASSA (S) HIROSHI SH~\IU RA (As) (Mundo Marino SA) (Eckerd College) (Pa rk College) (IZU-MiLO Sea Paradise Aquarium) CRISTINE M AMES (P) KENNETH ENGELS (As) LISA MCDANIEL (As) DANNY 5111»; ER (P) (Mystic Marinelife Aquarium) (Dolphin Encounters) (No affiliation listed) (NCCOSClNRaD MARLE~'E ANSCHULTZ (S) TODD FAIRLEY (As) FEDERICO MEO (As) MARK SHURILLA (M) (Magic Mountain) (No affiliation listed) (No affiliation listed) Oohn G. Shedd Aquarium) KIM AS HDOIVN (As) Jf::NNIFER L. FRITZSCHING (S) KRISTIE MILLER (P) ROBERT SILVA (5) (Breda Rose Stable) (University of Wisconsin-Whitewate r) (Sea World of California) (University of Ncll' Hampshire) WILLIAM .'\ST (S) MARY FEDERICI (S) LINDA MOORE (P) DEBBIE SILVERMA:-I (S) (West Edmonton Mall Dolphin LWildlife Conservation) (Sea World of califo(llia) CATHERINE BROWN (5) RICHARD Hiu_L (P) JIM O'DONNEU. (As) CRAIG SWEPSTON (P) (Florida State University) (NCCOSClNRaD) (Sea Life Park) (SAIC) GINA PAl LElTE BROWN (5) )ILL HARDY (A<) WERYL ONDEI'.A (A) KELLY TARANTINO (As) (NO aftiliation listed) :Sca World of Texas) (The Maritime Center at Norwalk) (New England Aquarium) WENDI BROWN (5) LINDA IiAVEl 5 (5) ADRIAN PE :-J Y (As) MIKE TONG (As) (Audubon Zoological Institute) (No alftliation listed) (Ocean World) (Woodland Park Zoological Garden) WOLFGAND BRUI\NER (A) HIRAM HE1\ DERSOt-; , jR (5) KIM EHLY PEREZ (S) CHRISTIANA THIERE (A) (Delphinariunl Munster) (Univcrsity of Wisconsin) (Seattle ...quarium) (Tiergartcn Numberg) LISA Al:CKHOLTZ (5) TIMOTHY T. HOFfl..AND (A) KENNETH PETERS (A) K/\THLE E~ THOMPSON (AS) (EATM/Moorpark College) (Marine Allimal ProdUctions (Sea World of Calilornia ) (SAIC) SUZA. NE BlRBANK (As) NICOLE HUi':TF.R (S) MARK POWEl.l. (As) KRISTINA TONKIN (S) (Cheyenne Mountain Zoo) (Eckerd College) (Undcrw ate r World) (Mari ne Animal Productions) EDEN Bl'"fLER (!\) JENNifER L. HUTSO " (S) EYDIE PROFFITT (P) PAUL j. TRIBLES (S) (The Dolphin Experience) (No allliiation listed) (Marine Animal Pwductions) (University of Maryland) DIANE CAHILL (As) MELNvlED I ~B:\ L (/\5) Dll't\ RAICHEL (5) KARl TROMP (AS) (Wild One :\nima( Health Library) (Dolphin Rcc f-Eilat) (NO afliliation listed) (Utica Zoo) LUDMILA CMIAEVA (As) M . DIMlTRE IVANOV (.\ S) SUS!\NNi\H RAMSEY (As) SARAH TROPEANO (P) (Dolphinariunl OpO) (ZOO Faune Tropicale) (Ocean World) (Colchester ZOO) MARK CARLILE (As) LUCY JONES (As) DON RED FOX (As) CHRISTINE TETA (S) (Sea World of california) ,i\\kkc Grove Zoo) (Toledo Zoologica l Society) (t:niversity of cali fomia at Santa Cru z) DEBORMI CASS (A) LUDMILA KAMAEVA (A) OruORAH REDiSH (5) GENEVIEVE MARIE WARD (S' (Sea Wo rld of Ca lifornia) (DoJph inariunl "Opo ") (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) (No atlliiation listed) JULiE CLARKE (S) PATRICIA KAMOLNICK (P) CIIERISH ROBI NSO. (AS) CHRIS WEATHERUP (As) (National Aquariumin Bal 'more) (SAlC) (Dankos Enterpri '5\ (SAI C) HEIDI SEEDO RF Of. COLOM BRES (A) \~NCE KELLY (5) GEORGE ROBINSON (As) CHA RLOlTE V. WHITE (As) (Ocean is Fundadon) (John G. hedd :\quarium) (No aft"iliation listed) (No affiliation listed) JAMIE tAN COPEMAN (P) STEP~IANI E KERR (As) BURNETIE ROLLE (A) DON:-JA WHITE (As) (Underwater World) (O cean World) (Thc Dolphin Expe rience) (No affiliation lislCd) C\NDY COTHERN (S) L YNt\ KLEIN (Pl VICTORIA G. R.OOSE (As) NICHOl.AS S. V.~CKETr (5) (EATMIMoorpark College) (Houston ZoologIcal Gardens) Oackson Zoological Park) (Sanla Fe Co mmunity Collegc:) BETI-I,\ NY DALTON (S) CHIEN WU KONG (:\ s) JOY ROSS i P) LELA V.~LLIS (As) (Long Marine tAlboratory) (Ocean Wl'rld Taipei, Inc.) (SA IC) (Sc:a World of Florida) KIMBERLY j. DAt\CELO (P) TINA KOVAR (As) MARIA ROSSILl.l (5\ BRY1\1\ IVlMBER (S) (Mystic .\Iarinelife .Aquarium) (Ocean World) EAT.I\J~l oorpark College) (Magic ,'Aountain) ROSS DEAKIN (P) DEBORAH LOEBKER (P) AI.ERL-\ RLOPPOLO (S) A IMEE WOOLFORD (As) (Tangalooma Resurt) (Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Ga rde ns) (Uni\ ersidadt' Pa ulista) (Occan World) JOYCE M DECKER (M MICHELE LOSEY (As) Si\,1"I,-\t-;TIIA SANFORD (. ) STEVE WYNN (P) (Ckarwater Manne Science Center) (Ocean world) (EAT,W ,\1""rpark Collcge) (Mirage Resons. Inc.) ROBI N DEWIT (5) TOINNY LUKKEN (AS) HOLLY SARGEANT-GREEN (M) GARY ZALOCHA (As) (Defense Logistics Agency) (Harderw ijk Zecdierenpark) (Kula Naja Wild Dolphin Project) (Utica Zoo) JULI E DLTCHER (As) TANIA MAATOUK (S) BRYAN SCHMIDT (5) (Ce nter for Marine Science Resea rch) (EATM/Moorpark College) (NO affiliation listed) CHUCK EICHOLZ (AS) SANDRA MARKS (5) MICHAEL STRUGHOLZ (A) (Sea World of Ohio) (EATM/Moorpark College) (Dortmund Zoological Garden)

Spring 1994 Page 23 Soundings welcomes and encourages letters and articles on any topic relating to man'ne mammals or zoological issues and meeting standards Q/reasonable taste. All conespondence must include the wn'ter's name as well as address and telephone numberJor our verflication. Soundings reserves the n'ght to edit letters or articlesJor length, but care will be taken to preserve the writer's point.

TO THE EDITOR: [ am writing to inform you that OKEANARIUM in Sevastopol is looking for new contacts. We are interested in exchanging experience and knowledge. We carry out research with sea animals working on the development and application of biotechnical systems which may help man at sea, and are investigating how the unique features of sea mammals can assist in the fields of ship building, hydroacoustics, physiology, medicine, and other spheres. Our research covers three main areas:

1. We are involved in ecological studies and nature conservation, and are widening our knowledge of diving, bionics , embryology , morphology, biocybernetics, etc ..

2. We also study how cetaceans have developed and adapted their environment and how this can be used to assist man. By looking at how the windpipes and cardiovascular systems of cetaceans have adapted, we are devising new methods of training divers, particularly in respect to the problems of pressurization.

3. Research is carried out on developing neyv methods for diagnosing and treating illnesses by using the acoustic signals from specially trained dolphins [which provide] a therapeutical effect for a number of diseases, particularly those related to disorders of the nervous system.

We would be grateful if you help us contact institutions in Europe, America, and Asia carrying out similar work. Should you require more detailed information of our research, please do not hesitate to contact us.

Yours faithfully,

Ludmila Lukina Dolphinarium "Opo" Navorossiyskaya st 45 Anapa Krasnodar Region Russia

Page 24 Spring 1994 Qff the She!l- continuedJrom page 21 13(2):61-64. we ll focused image on the retina. They Kroger, R. H. H, and K, Kirschfeld IMATA 1994 also discuss the slit pupil for focusing in (1992). The cornea as an optical air, and the observation of two distinct element in the cetacean eye. In j, BOARD OF foveal regions in th e retina where Thomas (ed.), Marine Mammal images can be focu sed. Sensory Systems (pp, 97-106). DIRECTORS There still remain many unanswered Plenum Press: New York. questions in the field of marine Kroger, R.H,H, and K, Kirschfeld mammal vision and more research is (1993). OptiCS of the harbor porpoise President needed in the area of marine mammal eye in water. jour. Opt. Soc. Am, A DAVE FORCE accommodation and color vision before 10(7):1481-1489, Sea World of Texas these questions can be answered. Madsen, c.j, and L.M, Herman San Antonio, Texas Some of these reviews (ci ted below) (1980), Social and ecological co rrelates may easily be found at your workplace, of cetacean vision and visual while others may require so me appearance, In L.M, Herman (e d,), Firs{ Vice President searching at your local library. These Cetacean Behavior: Mechanisms KATHY SDAO papers ma y help you become more and Processes (pp. 101-147). Wiley Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium familiar with marine mammal vis ion Interscience: New York. Tacoma, Washington science and give you a better Mobley, j,R, and D.A. Helweg understanding and appreciation for the (1990), Visual ecology and cognition Second Vice PreSident animals we work with and are asked in cetaceans, In j, Thomas and R. MIKE ROTHE about by the public. Kastelein (eds.), Sensory Abilities of NCCOSC/NRaD Cetaceans (pp. 519-536), Plenum San Diego, California Literature Cited Press: New York, Dawson, W. W. (1980). 'The Murphy, C,J., R,W, Bellhorn, T, PresIdent-Elect cetacean eye. In L.M, Herman (ed,), Williams, M.S, Burns, F, Schaeffel. and CHERYL MESSINGER Cetacean Behavior: Mechanisms H,C, Howland (1 99 0). Refractive state, Chicago Zoological Society, and Processes (pp, 53-100). Wiley ocular anatomy, and accommodative Florida Division Interscience: New York. range of the sea otter (Enhydra lutn's) , Key Colony Beach, Florida Dawson, W,W., L.A, Birndorf, and Visio n Rese

Secretary NEDRA HECKER National Aquarium in Baltimore Baltimore, Matyland

Director JOHN KIRTLAND The Dolphin Experience Freeport, Bahamas

Director KEN RAMIREZ John G. Shedd Aquarium Soundings qffers its congratulations to Renato Lenzi and Claudia Acquarel/i who Chicago, Illinois took their wedding vows on the beach in Kona, Hawaii on 10 November dun'ng the 1993 annual corJierence, We wish them all the best'!

Spring 1994 Page 25 NEW ADDRESS FOR IMATA 92109-7995 USA. please do not Hilton Waikoloa Village send address changes to the Dolphin Quest/Bud Krames Please be a'vvare that IMATA now President or other officers as this 69-425 Waikoloa Beach Drive has a new, centralized mailing only delays th e necessary Kamuela, Hawaii 96743-9791 address. This new address is: paperwork. USA

IMATA POSITION AVAILABLE APPRENTICESHIP AVAILABLE 1720 South Shores Road San Diego, California 92109-7995 Dolphin Quest has an immediate The Dolphin Connection is USA opening for a Head Trainer position pleased to announce the FAX: (619) 226-3964 at our facility in Tahiti. Applicants implementation of a one- to four­ must have five years of experience week apprenticeship program. Designed for college students only, All correspondence, including training marine mammals, primarily the program goal is to provide work submissions to Soundings or the cetaceans, an understanding of the Publications Committee, changes of experience for individuals with a French language, a commitment to address, dues payments, and serious interest in a career with international travel, and be SCUBA membership applications, should be marine mammals and the marine certified. Duties entail managing sent to this address where it will be environment. For information and interactive programs, conditioning routed to the appropriate Board an application, write to: member or committee chair. of naive animals, open water Please make note of this new behavior, all aspects of marine Cheryl Messinger address to avoid any delay and to mammal care , supervising a foreign The Dolphin Connection insure that your correspondence staff, and communication with the Hawk's Cay Resort reaches us in a timely manner. Dolphin Quest management team. Mile Marker 61 Please send r~sume to : Duck Key, Florida 33050 USA . DUES PAYMENT

IMATA would like to request of all our non-U.S. members to please send only International Bank Drifts, made payable to IMATA, when paying your dues. This will help facilitate the processing of your membership. Your cooperation is greatly appreciated in this matter.

CHANGE OF ADDRESS

Despite IMATA's best attempts to keep track of all of its members, this is not always possible. If you have recently moved and would like to continue receiving your copies of Soundings, as well as other important IMATA mailings, you must notify the IMATA Secretary of your change of address. Send a change of address notification to SecretarylIMATA, 1720 South A mother sea lion and her pup bask in the sunshine at the Rocky Point Preserve at Shores Road, San Diego, California Sea World Q/Flodda.

Page 26 Spring 1994 ENOSHIMA AQUARIUM

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Spring 1994 Page 27 Trainers - continuedJrom page 22 alternative) reinforcers: of pinnipeds and cetaceans has also pinnipeds to urinate on cue. been a successful reinforcer. This 1.Some species of pinnipeds are can, ho\vever, sometimes produce a ANSWER 2): Training urination on naturally more receptive to negative effect in that the participants cue is usually accomplished through alternative reinforcers than other may like the experience so much that scanning or capturing the behavio r. species. they may refuse to leave each other's This simply entails watching for company. urination and pairing it wich 2.Some individuals will be more favorite activities have also been reinforcement. Since you probably receptive, even within the same used on occasion. One classic can't spare someone to watch a sea species. example of this is the use of a lion all day, try observations to motorized inflatable boat with our determine when they tend to urinate Pinnipeds of the genus cetacean collection. Sea World of most often (many facilities haye Arctacephalus seem to be naturally Australia's cetaceans have been found the early morning as the more receptive than other species reinforced for gating into another animals wake up to be a likely time ). with regard to tactile reinforcement. lagoon by enjoying a vigorous Once you have determined a good It appears that fur seals spend session of bow-riding with the boat. time to have a scanning session, significantly more time grooming, and In fact, sometimes the cetaceans can bridge and reinforce the behavior perhaps this is why they seem to hardly wait to be gated into the each time you see it. Once urination enjoy and respond to tactile lagoon with the boat, presumably is consistent with reinforcement, try interaction more than California sea hoping for some bow-riding. putting it under stimulus control. One lions. Also, certain species of fur It has been Sea World of Australia's common SD is pressing the fingers seals react differently than others; the experience that the use of a bridging near the genitals (we are assuming New Zealand fur seal (Arctacephalus stimulus does not undermine its that tactile desensitization is already Jarsten) is more responsive than the effectiveness during regular sessions. trained). You could always try a Australian fur seal (A. dari/ems). Our trainers have "floated" back and verbal SD, but imagine the Australian sea lions (and other forth between play and structured unsuspecting public seeing a trainer pinnipeds of the Neaphaca genus) training sessions and on occasion, literally telling a sea lion to urinate! also respond well to tactile desired behavior was exhibited and following successful scanning of the reinforcement. bridged durin~ play anciJor innovative behavior, you might need to Toys have been successfully used, sessions. These sessions were often approximate the animal's position so in varying degrees, as reinforcements achieved with minimal use of primary that you can actually collect a with a number of species. Access to reinforcers. sample. You might want to be the toys is limited, however, in order prepared yourself so that you don't to prevent boredom in a specific toy Marine Mammal Training Staff drop the collecting tube-sea lions and to maintain its interest value. Sea World of Australia don 't aim! Good luck. Age, species, and individuals may again factor in the success of this Animal Technical Training form of reinforcement. Australian sea QUESTION 2): Our training stqff Advisory Committee lions are extremely receptive to toys, ;s interested in acquiring International Marine Animal even when fully mature. In fact, they iriformation on conditioning Trainers Association seem more inquisitive of their environment compared to other species of pinnipeds. We find that the California sea lion responds more to o , () toys during adolescence. favorite o o ,0 toys have been used as reinforcements for gating and separation procedures. One particularly successful toy that we use here at Sea World is a PVC pipe attached to a rope that is hung from the roof of the exhibit. An adolescent female California sea lion derived much enjoyment from swinging the pipe back and forth over the pool. Social interaction with other species

Page 28 Spring 1994 Inia - continuedJrom page 20 Zoo have been in captivity (and housed Inia's chances for survival in its narural together) for 19 years (since March habitat are seriously threatened. Harvey, Burzell, & Kris hna Kartha, 1975). 1972), or entirely within an ultrasonic During the 1960s and '70s , Literature Cited range (Evans, 1973). approximately 70 Inia were brought into According to Popov and Supin the U.S., and only one animal currently Atkins, N. (1989). Summary of (1990), Inia seem to receive acoustical survives (Caldwell et al. 1989). national laws and international information through the auditory bulla However, much has been learned about agreements affecting river dolphins. In unlike marine dolphins, which have the physical and social needs of captive W.F. Perrin, R.L. Brownell, Zhou Kaiya, been thought to receive auditory Inia in the past twenty years, and it is and Liu Jiankang (Eds.), Biology and information through the lower jaw (Brill, likely that their succ ess in captivity Conservation ifthe River Dolphins (pp. Sevenich, Sullivan, Sustman, & Witt, could now be greatly increased . 168-173). Occasional Papers of the 1988). This may lend support to the Caldwell, Caldwell, and Brill (1989) lUCN Species Survival Commission, primitive phylogenetic position of Inia suggest that the greatest threat to Inia's Number 3. (as well as other Platanistoids). survival in captivity is housing them in Barnes, L.G ., D.P. Domning, and C.E. groups. It is therefore preferable that no Ray (1985). Status of snldies on fo ssil LEARNING ABILITIES. The slower more than two animals be housed marine mammals. Marine Mammal movement of Inia compared to oceanic together, and that quick separation be Science, 1:15-53. dolphins, and their la ck of aerial possible. Perrin, Brownell, Zhou, and Barnes, L.G. (1990). The foss il behaviors, has sometimes caused Inia to Liu (1989) suggest that enclosures record and evolutionary relationships of be described as less appealing or le ss should be designed to allow the animals the genus Tursiops. In S. LeathellNood "intelligent". However , Krieger (19 86) to separate themselves if desired, due to and R.R. Reeves (Eds.), The described wild Inia learning the same their apparent solitary nature. Bottlenose Dolphin (pp. 3-26). San behaviors in the same time period as Captive Inia have shown high uric Diego: Academic Press. wild Tursiops, and a survey on acid levels, sometimes resulting in gout Best, R.C. and V.M. F. da Silva trainability by DeFran and Pryor (1980) (Garman, Nuzzi, & Geraci, 1983). They (1989). Biology, status, and rated Inia as very trainable animals. ha ve also been prone to serious and conservation of Inia geqJfrensis in the The male dolphin currently at the sometimes fatal skin diseases (Klocek, Amazon and Orinoco River basins. In Pittsburgh Zoo has shown long attention 1981; Caldwell et at. 1989), with the W.F. Perrin, RL. Brownell, Zhou Kaiya, spans while learning trained behaviors, most common one known as "golf ball and Liu Jiankang (Eds .) , Biology and has become more spontaneous in disease." Best and da Silva (1989) and Conservation ifthe River Dolphins (pp. exhibiting new behaviors, and has Caldwell, Caldwell, and Brill (1989) cite 23-34). Occasional Papers of the [UCN learned behaviors with increaSing speed lung problems as a major cause of death Species Survival Commission, Number 3. as his training program continues for both wild and captive Inia. Many of Best, R.e. and V.M.F. da Silva (Schreib & Burrows, 1988). "Paddle­ these health problems have been treated (1993) . Inia geqJfrensis. Mammalian pressing sessions" with the same Inia successfully through prompt and Species, No. 426, pp. 1-8.Bri11, R.L., (in which he was able to "request" thorough veterinary intervention, and M.L. Sevenich, T.). Sullivan , ).0. favorite activities by pressing paddles), Goodlett (1988) placed specific emphasis Sustman, and R.E. Witt (1988). indicated initiative on the part of the on a pool design in which male Inia in Behavioral evidence for hearing through dolphin and marked preferences (Smith, sexual rut could be sequestered. the lower jaw by an echolocating Burrows, & Schreib, 1990). Little dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Marine cognitive research has been done with SUMMARY. Inia is a challenging Mammal Science, Vol. 4, NO.3, this species. and exciting species to work with, both pp.223-230 . because of its unique characteristics and Burrows, A., S. Schreib, and T. Smith LONGEVITY. Life expectancy for its threatened status. It is crucial that (1990). Sole use of non-food reinforcers both wild and captive Inia is uncertain. more research be done with this species in daily training sessions with an The male Inia currently housed at the before habitat destruction in the Amazon Amazon River dolphin. In N. F. Hecker Pittsburgh Zoo has been in captivity for rainforest affects its survival. (Ed.), Proceedings if the 18th Annual the longest period (23-112 yea rs). He Seven South American countries CorJIerence if the International Man'ne was collected and brought to the (Brazil, Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, Animal Trainers Association (pp . 206­ Pittsburgh Zoo in October 1970, and Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela) have Inia 210). Chicago: Brookfield Zoo and John was then estimated to be 2-3 years old. within their borders. In all countries the G. Shedd Aquarium. Caldwell, Caldwell, and Brill (1989) protection of Inia through legislati on Caldwell, M.e. and O.K. Ca ldwell report that other solitary males have (and its enforcement) is extremely (1969a). The ugly dolphin. Sea survived in captivity for long periods challenging. Some protective legislation Frontiers, 15:308-314. (Aquarium of Niagara Falls-almost 20 exists, but more is needed, along with Caldwell, M.C. and O.K. Caldwell, years; Shedd Aquarium-16 years; cooperative efforts between the seven (1969b). More about the ugly dolph in. Kamoga\·va Sea World-17 years) . Two cou ntries involved (Perrin et at. 1989; Sea Frontiers, 18:24-30. males currently housed at the Duisburg Atkins, 1989). Without protection, the Inia - continued on page 30

Spring 1994 Page 29 /nia - colltilluedJrom page 29 facial anatomy of beaked whales and Conservation of the Platanistoid (Ziphiidae) aud a systematic revision Dolphins (1986). Occasional Papers of Cald"vell, M.C. and D.K. C Idwell among the families of extant Odontoceti. the lUCN Species Survival Union, (1972) . The littlest ugly dolphin. Sea Contributions in Science, 405:64pp. Number 3. Frontiers, 18(1)24-29. Natmal H' tory Museum of Los Angeles Phillips, J.D .. Jf. and G. Mc Cain Caldwell, M.e, D.K. Caldwell, and County. \... (1964). Black-white \' is ual R.L. Brill, (1989). Inia gecffrensis in Jacobs, D.W. and J.D. Hall (1972). discrimination in the Amazon porpoise: captivity in the United States. In W.F. Auditory threshold of a fresh water Inia geQIfrensis. Amer. Psychologi l errin, R.L. Brownell, Zhou Kaiya, and dolphin, Inia geQ/frensis (Blainville). J. 19(7):503. Liu Jiankang (Eds.), Biology and Acoustical Soc. Amer., 51 (2):530-533. Po ~ov, V.V. and A.Y. Supin (1990). onservation 91 the River Dolphins (pp. KI'1ma, N'1 . , H . A . 0 escI hi ager, an d D. Locat'on of an acoustic window in - 5-41 ). Occasional Papers of the mCN Wunsch (1980). Morphology of the dol phi . Exprentia, 46:53-5 6. Species Survival Commission, Number 3. pectoral girdle in the Amazon dolphin Schrei . and A. Burrows (1988 . da Silva. V.M.f. and R.C. Best Injagee!frensiswithspecialreferenceto Behavior of a long-term captive male (19 82). Amazon ri ver dolphin (lnia) the shoulder joint nd movements of the Amazon River dolphin during training preys on turtle (Podocnemis) . Invest. flippers. Zeitschrift t Saugetierkunde, sessions. In K. Ramirez and N.F. Hecker Cetacea, 8:253-2SQ. 45:288-309. (Eds.) , Proceedings ifthe 16th Annual Defran, R.H. and K. Pryor (1980). Klocek, R. (1981 ). Chico's story: a ColJlerence ifthe Intematiollal Man'ne The behavior ai'tcLtraining of cetaceans \.. s~ecial dolphin. Aquaticus 13(2):1-9. Allimal Trainers Association (pp . 77­ in captivity. In L M. Herman (ed .), \ Krieger, K. (1986). An introduction 81 . Sa Antonio: Sea World of Texas. Cetacean Behaviorl echanisms and t the Amazon River dolphin In B. Smith, .D, A.M. Bu rows, and S.L. FunctionS", (pp.. 19-362 . New York: Ste ens (Ed.). Proceedings ifthe 14th Schreib (1990). New stimuU for an John Wiley an Sons. Anl7ual ColJlerence 91 rhe Intemational AmaZON River dolphin at d'ie'Pittsburgh de Mui zon, C. (1985). Nouvelles Marine Animal Trainers Association Zoo: ~ctivity paddles.·-· In N. F. Hecker donnees sur Ie diphyle tl me des (pp. 79-84). Vancouver: Vancouver (Ed .), Proceedings ifthe 18rh An ,ual Dauphins de riviere (Od o ltoceti, Public Aquarium. Coo/crence (2/ the Intemational Ma ine Cetacea, Mammalia). Comptes endus Layne, J.N. (1958). Observations on Animal Trairters Association (pp. 202­ de l'Academe de SCience, Paris the freshwater dolphins in the upper 205) . Chicago: Brookfield Zoo and John - 301, serie II, 5:359-362. ~ Amazon. j. Mammalogy. 39:1-23. G. Shedd Aquarium. Evans, W.E. (1973). Echolocatiol~ by Layne, I .~ l. and D.K. Caldwell, Smith, T.D., M.P. Mooney. M.l. marine delphi ids and one species of (1964). Behavior of t zon Siegel, N B. Taylor, and A. Burrows fresh water dolphin. J. Acoustical S . Dolphin, Inia gecffrensis Blainvi\le), in (1994). Scapular fossae 6hape in Amer., 54 (1 ): 1-91-199. capriVity. Znologica, 49:81-111. freshwater and marine dolphins,. Journal Garman, R.H., M.J. Nuzzi aId I·R. Leatherwood S. and R.R. Reeves, orMammalogy, 75:515-519. Geraci (1983). Cutaneous gout in an (1983). The Sierra Club Handbook Spotte, S.H. (1967). Intergenetic Amazon Dolphin. J. Am. Vet. led . of Whales and Ip\1ins. San behavior bet\veeR-captive Amazon River Assoc. 183: 1292-1294. Francisco:'Sierra Club Book ~\ dolphins Inia and Sotatia. nderwater Gewalt, W. (1978. Unsere Tonina Mchedli dze , G.A. 19; 4).., General Nat. 4(2):9-13 . (Inia geQ[frensis Blainville 1817) ­ Features of the PaleQbiological Sylvestre, J.P. (1985). Some Expedition 1975 Zool. Garten N.f. Jena Evolution of Cetacea. Ne\v Delhi: observations on the behavior of two 5/6:323-384. Oxonian Press (translated fwl'h Orinoco dolphins (Inia geQjfrensis Goodlett, R.O. (1988). Basic Russian). humboltiana) at El uisburg Zoo. Aquatic husbandry requirements for {ntu Mllkhametov, L.M. (19 7). Mamm. 11 :58-65. geQ/frensls. including spatial needs. In Unihemispheric slo -wave slee£I in tFi e Trebbau, P. and P.J.H. van Bree K. Ramirez and F. Hecker (Eds .). Amazonian dolphin Inia geQ[Jrensis. (19 1"4: ). Notes concerning the Proceedings Q/ the 16th Annual Neuroscience Letters, '1,2 : 128-L 2. freshwater dolphin Inia geqifrensis (de Coriference Q/rhe Intemationai "M "ine Noms, K.S., G . v~rta rv ey, L.A. Blainville , 1817) in Venezuela. Z. Animal Trainers AssociatiON (pp. 82­ Burzell, and T.D. Krishna Kartha Saugetierk, 39:50-57. 92), San Antonio. Sea"World of Texas. (1972). Sound production in the Waller, G.N .. (1982). Retinal Grabert, H. (1984). Migration and fr eshwater p rpoises Sotalia cf. ultrastructur of the mazon Ri ver speciation of the South American Iniidae j1uviatilis Gerv a ~ DevaiHe and Inia dolphin (Inia eqJJrel/sis). (Cetacea: Mammalia). Z. gecffrensis Blainville, in the Rio Negro, Zhou, K. (1982) . . Classification and Saugetierkunde, 49: 334-341. i Brazil. Invest. on Cetacea, 4:251-263. phylogeny or-fue superfamily Herald, E.S. (1969). Aquati Perrin, W.F , R.L. Brownell, K. Zhou. Platanistoidea, with notes on evidence of mammals at Steinhart Aquariu a. ,-and J. Liu (Eds.) (1989). Biology ana the monophyly of the Cetacea. Scientific Dis. 22(6):26-30. conservation of the ri ver dolphins. Reports of the Whales Research Heyning, J.E . (1989). Comparative Proceedings of the Workshop on Bi~. Institute, 34:93-108.

Page 30 Spring 1994 Aspotted dolphin (StenellaJrontalis) displays the underslung lower rostrum that is distinctive of this species. This male was approximately 3-5 months oldwhen it stranded in 1986; not a suitable andidate for release, he now resides at Sea World of Florida.

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Yellow or black plastic; water resistant to 30.4m 000 ft.); working bezel; date; luminous dial; 1 year guarantee. $28.00 Also available: Soundings back isues Proceedings back issues Outer Banks 100% combed Sweathirts Please write for completc cataloglle Champion; U.s. made; 90% cotton, multi-color, cotton; screened black breast embroidered breast logo, Make (hecks payable to: logo 10cm (4"); grey only. jade or melon. $20.00 IMATA $20.00 Jackie Ott - lMA T A Indicate size and color Merchandise Committee Chmn. Indicate size M - L - XL - XXL M - L- XL- XXL Add $2 for ht item and $1 for 1720 South Shores Rd. _. add'i item shipping/handling. San Diego, CA 92109-7995 USA

Spring 1994 Page 31 Thev a re on cor tully regl.llGtecl dl.t. to ruur. th Ir health and .ell being Introduction 0' any food c an c o u. IIIn , I and ev.n d ath

constant malnfenance I. requl,.d fa mak the e.hlb t, a cl an, l of envlronm "f for the anima l. to live H Ip u. ke p your onlmal. alive. If you I any for. gn mat riol In th e.hlblt., pleo•• report It t onc to on 0 h Zoo Itaff.