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Recombinant Adenovirus Induces Antibody Response to Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen in Hamsters

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Recombinant Adenovirus Induces Antibody Response to Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen in Hamsters Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 84, pp. 4626-4630, July 1987 Medical Sciences Recombinant adenovirus induces antibody response to hepatitis B virus surface antigen in hamsters (recombinant vaccine/adenovirus animal model/adenovirus E3 region) JOHN E. MORIN, MICHAEL D. LUBECK, JOAN E. BARTON, ANTHONY J. CONLEY, ALAN R. DAVIS, AND PAUL P. HUNG Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., Microbiology Division, P. 0. Box 8299, Philadelphia, PA 19101 Communicated by Edwin T. Mertz, March 9, 1987 (received for review December 8, 1986) ABSTRACT Recombinant adenoviruses carrying the hep- MATERIALS AND METHODS atitis B virus surface antigen coding sequence in the adenovirus E3 region were constructed using DNA from either adenovirus Cells and Viruses. Cell line 293 derived from human type 5 or an adenovirus type 5 E3-region deletion mutant. Both embryonic kidney (11) was used for calcium phosphate of these recombinant adenoviruses replicated as efficiently as transfection as described (12). Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and wild-type adenovirus in all human cells tested, including the the recombinant adenoviruses described below were grown human diploid cell strain WI-38. This indicates that insertion and titrated on 293 cells as well as on A549 cells (13) derived of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen gene into the E3 region from human lung carcinoma. These viruses were also grown does not significantly affect viral replication. Human cells on the human diploid cell strain WI-38 (14). infected with these recombinant adenoviruses secreted im- Immunological Reagents. HBsAg was assayed using diag- munoreactive hepatitis B virus surface antigen. Since a prac- nostic RIA kits from Organon Teknika (Irving, TX) and from tical small animal model for human adenoviruses was lacking, Abbott (North Chicago, IL). The levels ofantibodies directed a hamster model was developed to evaluate the immunogenic against HBsAg were measured using a diagnostic RIA kit potential of these recombinant adenoviruses. Upon intranasal (AUSAB) from Abbott. Antibody levels were converted from inoculation, both wildtype adenovirus and the adenovirus RIA units to milliinternational units (mIU) based on an in of these equivalence factor of 3.5 RIA units per 1 mIU. Monoclonal E3-region deletion mutant replicated the lungs antibody A5C11 against HBsAg was obtained from Centocor animals and induced an antibody response against adenovirus. (Malvern, PA). Hamsters similarly immunized with the live recombinant ad- Metabolic Radiolabeling and Electrophoretic Analysis. A549 enoviruses produced antibody against both adenovirus and cells were metabolically radiolabeled using L-[35 ]cysteine at hepatitis B virus surface antigen. 260 p.Ci/ml (1 Ci = 37 GBq) during either the early phase (4.5-9 hr after infection) or the late phase (22.5-27 hr after Hepatitis B is a serious worldwide disease. Approximately infection) of infection with either AdS E3HS or AdS AE3HS. 200,000 people are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Radiolabeled HBsAg was immunoprecipitated from cell ly- the United States each year. At least 10% of the population sates or from medium with monoclonal antibody against ofthe Far East and Africa are chronic carriers ofHBV, many HBsAg (ASC11), and the immunoprecipitates were resolved of whom will develop hepatocellular carcinoma (1). The on NaDodSO4/polyacrylamnide gels and autoradiographed as global incidence of this disease could be greatly reduced with described (12). a safe, effective, and inexpensive vaccine that could be easily Neutralization Assay. Serum neutralization titers were administered to all populations at risk. Current immunization determined on A549 cells using a microneutralization assay against HBV requires intramuscular injection of HBV major (15). The negative control was normal hamster sera. surface antigen (HBsAg) purified from plasma of HBV Animal Techniques. Syrian hamsters were obtained from or from recombinant Live recom- Charles River Breeding Laboratories. Animals, 3-4 weeks carriers (2-4) yeast (5, 6). old, were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbitol prior to binant viral vaccines represent an attractive alternative to the intranasal inoculation with virus. Infectivity of virus from present HBV vaccines. Such a vaccine could be derived from lung homogenates was quantitated by plaque titration on the live adenovirus vaccines already in use. The current A549 cells. adenovirus vaccines are safe and efficacious when adminis- ELISA Analyses. Serum titers of anti-adenovirus antibody tered orally as enteric-coated tablets (7, 8). They give rise to were evaluated by ELISA analysis using Ad5-coated micro- asymptomatic intestinal adenovirus infections in humans that titer plates. A standard curve was generated for each plate induce immunity against adenovirus respiratory disease. using serial dilutions of hyperimmune hamster antiserum. These characteristics have prompted us to develop recom- Titers were determined by relating the absorbance of test binant adenoviruses that direct infected cells to produce serum to the linear range ofthe standard curve. The reference HBsAg and thus confer immunity against both adenovirus All and HBV. Vaccinia virus recombinants that direct produc- antiserum was arbitrarily assigned to a titer of 100. tion of HBsAg in animals (9, 10) were designed with a similar samples were tested in duplicate. strategy in mind; however, live recombinant adenovirus vaccines provide the convenience of oral administration. In RESULTS this study we describe recombinant adenoviruses that carry Construction of Recombinant Adenoviruses. The HBsAg the HBsAg-coding sequence in the adenovirus E3 region and coding sequence was inserted downstream of the AdS E3 that direct the production of immunogenic HBsAg. Abbreviations: HBV, hepatitis B virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B virus The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge major surface antigen; Ad2 and Ad5, adenoviruses type 2 and type payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" 5, respectively; m.u., map unit; Ara-Cyt, cytosine arabinonucleo- in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. side; pfu, plaque-forming units; mIU, milliinternational units. Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 4626 Medical Sciences: Morin et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84 (1987) 4627 promoter at map unit (m.u.) 78.5 as shown in Fig. 1 so that 70 it either immediately precedes, as in the recombinant ade- A novirus termed AdS E3HS, or replaces, as in the recombinant adenovirus termed Ad5 AE3HS, a portion of the E3 region 60I that includes the coding sequence of the viral glycoprotein designated gpl9K (19). After transfection of 293 cells with x 50 recombinant plasmid and adenovirus DNA (Fig. 1), recom- g binant virus plaques were isolated and identified by screening C._ for HBsAg production using RIA as described (12). The 40 genomic structures ofAD5 AE3, AdS E3HS, and Ad5 AE3HS of were confirmed by restriction endonuclease site analysis -S 30 DNA from plaque-purified virus (data not shown). Ad5 E3HS and Ad5 AE3HS were propagated in either 293 or A549 cells and subsequently titered on both 293 and A549 cells. Viral C:1 2C .&".A stocks had identical titers when assayed using either 293 or C- A549 cells. Viral yields from either cell line were similar and A. IRD in several preparations ranged from 5 x 107 to 2 x 108 I plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml. Production of HBsAg in Cells Infected with Recombinant 1 I Ad5. Viral stocks ofAd5 E3HS and Ad5 AE3HS prepared on 10 20' 30 40 50 A549 cells were used to infect A549 cells in 75-cm2 flasks, and Time after infection, hr the synthesis of HBsAg was monitored by RIA (Fig. 2). Examination of HBsAg accumulation in the medium during 80r B 70t MLP-TPL L1 .......L2 a. ......... L4 ..... ElIEl__0- E3 o----_ o-____ -5 60h Lr 0 o 90|oi6J100 x 10 2o 3o 40 5o 6 7 50F E2 E4 C- B 40 AdS GENOMIC FRAGMENT (Eco RI) -2 0 76 301 60 785 847 100 (BamHI) (XL X (BamGHI) i- t. 20 F pAdS PLASMID FRAGMENT .1 C 4Y'I 0 AdS E3HS HS 100 10 78.5 4.7 Id 78.5 30 40 0 AdS AE3 AE3 100 10 20 30 40 S1;0 Time alter infection. hr 78.5)84.7 FIG. 2. Time course of production of HBsAg by A549 cells 0 Ad5 AE3HS HS 100 infected with AdS E3HS (A) or with AdS AE3HS (B) and the effect ofAra-Cyt. Flasks containing 1.5 x 107 A549 cells were infected with 78.5 84.7 7.5 x 107 pfu ofeither AdS E3HS or Ad5 AE3HS (o). Duplicate flasks with Ara-Cyt at 20 ,g/ml added (21) were infected with either Ad5 FIG. 1. Construction of recombinant adenoviruses. (A) Simpli- E3HS or Ad5 AE3HS (e). The medium containing Ara-Cyt was fied diagram ofthe transcript map ofAd2 (16); each m.u. is -360 base removed 12 hr after infection from one set ofduplicate flasks and was pairs. Open circles, promoters. Dashed lines, families of transcripts replaced with medium containing cytidine at 20 ,ug/ml (A). Samples from promoters active early in infection; dotted lines, families of (50 ,ul) of culture medium were withdrawn at the times indicated, and transcripts from the major late promoter (MLP) [all of which are the accumulated HBsAg was estimated by RIA. spliced to the tripartite leader (TPL)]. (B) Recombinant adenoviruses were constructed by transfecting into cultured 293 cells the large EcoRI fragment of Ad5 genomic DNA and a partially overlapping the course of infection revealed differences between AdS fragment ofcloned AdS DNA from a plasmid (pAdS). Recombination E3HS (Fig. 2A) and Ad5 AE3HS (Fig. 2B). Cells infected with occurs in vivo between the homologous overlaps, generating full- either virus began to produce HBsAg soon after infection. length viruses (17). (C) AdS DNA from m.u. 60 to m.u. 100 cloned This is consistent with the site of insertion of the HBsAg as described (18) was altered to create the new plasmids pAdS E3HS, coding sequence downstream of the E3 promoter, which is pAdS AE3, and pAdS AE3HS that were subsequently used to most active in the early phase of infection, =2-9 hr after generate the corresponding recombinant adenoviruses AdS E3HS, with AdS AE3, and AdS AE3HS.
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