DOCSLIB.ORG

From Peyton Rous to the HPV Vaccine: a Journey of Discovery and Progress H

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Peyton Rous to the HPV Vaccine: a Journey of Discovery and Progress H From Peyton Rous to the HPV Vaccine: A Journey of Discovery and Progress H. Cody Meissner, MD Peyton Rous began his famous vaccines are particularly remarkable experiments in 1909 at the Rockefeller accomplishments because neither Institute, demonstrating that a sarcoma hepatitis B virus nor HPV can be on the chest of a Plymouth Rock hen cultured by conventional methods. that had been brought to him by a farmer from Long Island, New York, More than 120 types of HPV are fi could be transplanted to other recognized and classi ed by sequences chickens. Because cell-free tumor on an outer surface protein (L1) of the extracts resulted in transmission of the virus. Most HPVs infect cutaneous sarcoma to other hens, he postulated epithelial cells, whereas some HPVs the agent must be a small transmissible infect the mucosal basal epithelium. fi agent, possibly a virus.1 The concept HPVs that infect mucosa are classi ed that a virus might cause cancer was as nononcogenic (low risk) or fi outside the prevailing concepts of the oncogenic (high risk), de ned by their ability to cause precancerous lesions of Tufts Medical Center, School of Medicine, Tufts University, time, and his postulate languished Boston, Massachusetts for years. the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia), anogenital cells, or Opinions expressed in these commentaries are In 1964, Epstein et al2 described the oropharyngeal cells. Infection with those of the author and not necessarily those of the first identified human DNA tumor virus a high-risk type is a necessary American Academy of Pediatrics or its Committees. in cell lines obtained from African requirement for cervical cancer, but DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2345 children suffering from Burkitt infection is not sufficient by itself to Accepted for publication Aug 8, 2019 lymphoma, demonstrating the human cause cancer, on the basis of the Address correspondence to H. Cody Meissner, MD, oncogenic potential of this virus (later observation that most infected women Tufts University School of Medicine, 800 Washington named the Epstein-Barr virus). By resolve their HPV infection and do not St, Boston, MA 02111. E-mail: cmeissner@ 1981, hepatitis B virus had been linked develop cervical cancer. tuftsmedicalcenter.org to hepatocellular carcinoma, and PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, a plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine The HPV disease burden in the United 1098-4275). was licensed as the first anticancer States is large, with an estimated 79 Copyright © 2019 by the American Academy of vaccine.3 In 1983, papillomavirus DNA million persons infected and an Pediatrics was isolated from human cervical estimated 14 million new HPV FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The author has indicated cancer tissue, and today, human infections occurring annually. he has no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized to Adolescents and young adults 15 cause essentially all cervical cancers.4 through 24 years of age acquire FUNDING: No external funding. The US Food and Drug Administration approximately half of these new POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The author has licensed the first HPV vaccine in 2006. infections. Estimates by the Centers for indicated he has no potential conflicts of interest to Disease Control and Prevention disclose. Wherever vaccination campaigns indicate that ∼33 600 cancers are COMPANION PAPERS: Companions to this article can against these 2 vaccine-preventable caused by HPV each year in the United be found online at www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10. tumor viruses (hepatitis B, HPV) have States, with 20 200 cancers in women 1542/peds.2019-1791 and www.pediatrics.org/cgi/ been established, the rates of liver (mostly cervical) and 13 400 in men doi/10.1542/peds.2019-1808. cancer caused by hepatitis B and the (mostly oropharyngeal). Approximately precancerous cervical lesions of HPV 90% of these cancers could be To cite: Meissner HC. From Peyton Rous to the have been reduced dramatically. prevented by routine administration of HPV Vaccine: A Journey of Discovery and Progress. Pediatrics. 2019;144(6):e20192345 Development and availability of these 2 the 9-valent human papillomavirus Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 29, 2021 PEDIATRICS Volume 144, number 6, December 2019:e20192345 COMMENTARY vaccine (9vHPV) (Gardasil 9; Merck) or to accept the vaccine has kept HPV regarding safety can no longer be early in life.5 immunization rates far below those defended as a reasonable option. A common feature of tumor viruses is of other routinely recommended a latent phase when replication and vaccines. For each year that HPV ABBREVIATIONS release of infectious viral particles vaccination rates remain low, thousands of preventable HPV- from an infected cell are markedly HPV: human papillomavirus associated cancers will occur in reduced. A latent infection is thought 9vHPV: 9-valent human men and women. to allow the virus to hide from papillomavirus vaccine immune detection because A theoretical concern that has expression of viral proteins would contributed to HPV vaccine hesitancy REFERENCES stimulate an immune response that relates to vaccine safety. Two articles would eliminate the virus. In the case in this issue of Pediatrics address HPV 1. Rous P. A transmissible avian neoplasm. of HPV, viral DNA can persist in vaccine safety. In the report from the (Sarcoma of the common fowl.). J Exp a latent phase within the cell as naked Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting Med. 1910;12(5):696–705 nucleic acid, and protein expression is System, researchers analyze reports 2. Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM. Virus limited to a small number of viral from a 3-year period during which particles in cultured lymphoblasts from proteins, some of which have 28 million 9vHPV doses were Burkitt’s lymphoma. Lancet. 1964; oncogenic potential. One theory as to distributed.6 In the second report 1(7335):702–703 why viral oncogenic proteins exist at from the Vaccine Safety Datalink, 3. Sherlock S, Fox RA, Niazi SP, Scheuer PJ. all is because HPV replication authors describe surveillance for Chronic liver disease and primary liver- requires the enzymes involved in prespecified adverse events after cell cancer with hepatitis-associated host cell replication. When a virus administration of .830 000 9vHPV (Australia) antigen in serum. Lancet. – shifts from a latent phase to active doses.7 In both reports, the authors 1970;1(7659):1243 1247 replication, viral proteins are conclude that the postlicensure safety 4. Dürst M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, zur expressed to induce host cell profile of the 9vHPV is consistent Hausen H. A papillomavirus DNA from replication, but if cell replication with data from the prelicensure trials a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence becomes uncontrolled, a tumor and that no new safety concerns have in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions. Proc Natl results. This theory has been offered been identified. Acad Sci USA. 1983;80(12):3812–3815 as an explanation for the interval of The time has come for all vaccine 5. Centers for Disease Control and several decades between HPV administrators and parents to infection that commonly occurs in the Prevention. HPV statistics. Available at: understand that the availability of the https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/ late teenage years or early twenties 9vHPV is one end of a remarkable statistics/cases.htm and the development of cervical journey of discovery and progress to 6. Shimabukoro TT, Su JR, Marquez PL, cancer decades later. It also explains develop a safe and effective vaccine to why the HPV vaccine is only Mba-Jonas A, Arana JE, Cano MV. Safety prevent suffering and death from of the 9-valent human papillomavirus prophylactic and is not protective if a common cancer. The HPV vaccine vaccine. Pediatrics. 2019;144(6): infection occurs before vaccination. adds to the legacy of immunization as e20191791 For many generations, people have one of the most effective public health 7. Donahue JG, Kieke BA, Lewis EM, et al. wished for a vaccine that would offer interventions for disease prevention Near real-time surveillance to assess protection against cancer. Curiously, and improvement of the health of the safety of the 9-valent human such a vaccine is now readily humankind. Deferral of HPV papillomavirus vaccine. Pediatrics. available but reluctance to administer vaccination because of questions 2019;144(6):e20191808 Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 29, 2021 2 MEISSNER From Peyton Rous to the HPV Vaccine: A Journey of Discovery and Progress H. Cody Meissner Pediatrics 2019;144; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-2345 originally published online November 18, 2019; Updated Information & including high resolution figures, can be found at: Services http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/144/6/e20192345 References This article cites 6 articles, 3 of which you can access for free at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/144/6/e20192345#BIBL Subspecialty Collections This article, along with others on similar topics, appears in the following collection(s): Infectious Disease http://www.aappublications.org/cgi/collection/infectious_diseases_su b Vaccine/Immunization http://www.aappublications.org/cgi/collection/vaccine:immunization _sub Permissions & Licensing Information about reproducing this article in parts (figures, tables) or in its entirety can be found online at: http://www.aappublications.org/site/misc/Permissions.xhtml Reprints Information about ordering reprints can be found online: http://www.aappublications.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 29, 2021 From Peyton Rous to the HPV Vaccine: A Journey of Discovery and Progress H. Cody Meissner Pediatrics 2019;144; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-2345 originally published online November 18, 2019; The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/144/6/e20192345 Pediatrics is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Immunogenicity and Efficacy Testing in Chimpanzees of an Oral Hepatitis B Vaccine Based on Live Recombinant Adenovirus
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 86, pp. 6763-6767, September 1989 Medical Sciences Immunogenicity and efficacy testing in chimpanzees of an oral hepatitis B vaccine based on live recombinant adenovirus (adenovirus animal model/adenovirus-vectored vacdnes) MICHAEL D. LUBECK*, ALAN R. DAVIS*, MURTY CHENGALVALA*, ROBERT J. NATUK*, JOHN E. MORIN*, KATHERINE MOLNAR-KIMBER*, BRUCE B. MASON*, BHEEM M. BHAT*, SATOSHI MIZUTANI*, PAUL P. HUNG*, AND ROBERT H. PURCELLO *Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Biotechnology and Microbiology Division, P.O. Pox 8299, Philadelphia, PA 19101; and tLaboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 Contributed by Robert H. Purcell, May 30, 1989 ABSTRACT As a major cause of acute and chronic liver which, because oftheir wide prior usage, are good candidates disease as well as hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatitis B virus as vectors. Other less well-characterized small animal models (HBV) continues to pose significant health problems world- for human adenoviruses have been occasionally reported wide. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccines based on adenovirus (11-13) but are likewise nonpermissive for Ad4 and Ad7 vectors have been developed to address global needs for infections (unpublished data). An early study of animal effective control of hepatitits B infection. Although consider- species including nonhuman primates indicated that human able progress has been made in the construction ofrecombinant adenoviruses do not induce acute respiratory disease in adenoviruses that express large amounts of HBV gene prod- monkeys or chimpanzees following intranasal inoculations ucts, preclinical immunogenicity and efficacy testing of candi- (14). Serological data, however, indicated that such experi- date vaccines has remained difficult due to the lack ofa suitable mental infections occasionally induced anti-adenovirus anti- animal model.
    [Show full text]
  • Hepatitis B Fast Facts Everything You Need to Know in 2 Minutes Or Less!
    Hepatitis B Foundation Cause for a Cure www.hepb.org Hepatitis B Fast Facts Everything you need to know in 2 minutes or less! Hepatitis B is the most common serious liver infection in the world. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that attacks liver cells and can lead to liver failure, cirrhosis (scarring) or cancer of the liver. The virus is transmitted through contact with blood and bodily fluids that contain blood. Most people are able to fight off the hepatitis B infection and clear the virus from their blood. This may take up to six months. While the virus is present in their blood, infected people can pass the virus on to others. Approximately 5-10% of adults, 30-50% of children, and 90% of babies will not get rid of the virus and will develop chronic infection. Chronically infected people can pass the virus on to others and are at increased risk for liver problems later in life. The hepatitis B virus is 100 times more infectious than the AIDS virus. Yet, hepatitis B can be pre- vented with a safe and effective vaccine. For the 400 million people worldwide who are chronically infected with hepatitis B, the vaccine is of no use. However, there are promising new treatments for those who live with chronic hepatitis B. In the World: • This year alone, 10 to 30 million people will become infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). • The World Health Organization estimates that 400 million people worldwide are already chronically infected with hepatitis B.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevention & Control of Viral Hepatitis Infection
    Prevention & Control of Viral Hepatitis Infection: A Strategy for Global Action © World Health Organization 2011. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Table of contents Disease burden 02 What is viral hepatitis? 05 Prevention & control: a tailored approach 06 Global Achievements 08 Remaining challenges 10 World Health Assembly: a mandate for comprehensive prevention & control 13 WHO goals and strategy
    [Show full text]
  • Hepatitis B? HEPATITIS B Hepatitis B Is a Contagious Liver Disease That Results from Infection with the Hepatitis B Virus
    What is Hepatitis B? HEPATITIS B Hepatitis B is a contagious liver disease that results from infection with the Hepatitis B virus. When first infected, a person can develop Are you at risk? an “acute” infection, which can range in severity from a very mild illness with few or no symptoms to a serious condition requiring hospitalization. Acute Hepatitis B refers to the first 6 months after someone is exposed to the Hepatitis B virus. Some people are able to fight the infection and clear the virus. For others, the infection remains and leads to a “chronic,” or lifelong, illness. Chronic Hepatitis B refers to the illness that occurs when the Hepatitis B virus remains in a person’s body. Over time, the infection can cause serious health problems. How is Hepatitis B spread? Hepatitis B is usually spread when blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person infected with the Hepatitis B virus enter the body of someone who is not infected. This can happen through having sex with an infected partner; sharing needles, syringes, or other injection drug equipment; or from direct contact with the blood or open sores of an infected person. Hepatitis B can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby at birth. Who should be tested for Hepatitis B? Approximately 1.2 million people in the United States and 350 million people worldwide have Hepatitis B. Testing for Hepatitis B is recommended for certain groups of people, including: Most are unaware of their infection. ■ People born in Asia, Africa, and other regions with moderate or high rates Is Hepatitis B common? of Hepatitis B (see map) Yes.
    [Show full text]
  • Hepatitis A, B, and C: Learn the Differences
    Hepatitis A, B, and C: Learn the Differences Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) HAV is found in the feces (poop) of people with hepa- HBV is found in blood and certain body fluids. The virus is spread HCV is found in blood and certain body fluids. The titis A and is usually spread by close personal contact when blood or body fluid from an infected person enters the body virus is spread when blood or body fluid from an HCV- (including sex or living in the same household). It of a person who is not immune. HBV is spread through having infected person enters another person’s body. HCV can also be spread by eating food or drinking water unprotected sex with an infected person, sharing needles or is spread through sharing needles or “works” when contaminated with HAV. “works” when shooting drugs, exposure to needlesticks or sharps shooting drugs, through exposure to needlesticks on the job, or from an infected mother to her baby during birth. or sharps on the job, or sometimes from an infected How is it spread? Exposure to infected blood in ANY situation can be a risk for mother to her baby during birth. It is possible to trans- transmission. mit HCV during sex, but it is not common. • People who wish to be protected from HAV infection • All infants, children, and teens ages 0 through 18 years There is no vaccine to prevent HCV.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment
    University of Tennessee Health Science Center UTHSC Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations (ETD) College of Graduate Health Sciences 6-2020 Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment Virginia Hargest University of Tennessee Health Science Center Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uthsc.edu/dissertations Part of the Diseases Commons, Medical Sciences Commons, and the Viruses Commons Recommended Citation Hargest, Virginia (0000-0003-3883-1232), "Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment" (2020). Theses and Dissertations (ETD). Paper 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/ etd.cghs.2020.0507. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Graduate Health Sciences at UTHSC Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (ETD) by an authorized administrator of UTHSC Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment Abstract While human astroviruses (HAstV) were discovered nearly 45 years ago, these small positive-sense RNA viruses remain critically understudied. These studies provide fundamental new research on astrovirus pathogenesis and disruption of the gut epithelium by induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) following astrovirus infection. Here we characterize HAstV-induced EMT as an upregulation of SNAI1 and VIM with a down regulation of CDH1 and OCLN, loss of cell-cell junctions most notably at 18 hours post-infection (hpi), and loss of cellular polarity by 24 hpi. While active transforming growth factor- (TGF-) increases during HAstV infection, inhibition of TGF- signaling does not hinder EMT induction. However, HAstV-induced EMT does require active viral replication.
    [Show full text]
  • Hepatitis B Factsheet: COVID-19 and Hep B
    Hepatitis B factsheet: COVID-19 and hep B For more information about anything in this factsheet, phone the Hepatitis Infoline on 1800 803 990 or go to www.hep.org.au COVID-19 and hep B Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) There’s so much information swirling around these days as we deal with the changing world around us due to COVID-19. There’s lots of incorrect information and it’s easy to be overwhelmed and confused. On this page, we’ll try to clear some things up. It is important that information is helpful, clear, and checked and confirmed by experts. Please share the following information – it comes from health and medical specialists. COVID-19 is an acronym that stands for COronaVIrus Disease 2019. You might hear it called coronavirus, corona, SARS-CoV-2, or even rona. We’ll call it COVID-19 or coronavirus in this FAQ but all these terms are essentially talking about the same thing and we’ll explain them at the bottom. You’ll also hear new or unfamiliar terms like “social distancing,” “physical distancing,” “self-isolation,” and “quarantine”. These terms and what they actually mean can become confusing so we’ve including a glossary at the bottom of this FAQ. This virus has only been known about since around December 2019 so it’s all very new, information changes quickly, and we’re all learning day-by-day and week-by-week. Compare COVID-19 to hep B which we’ve known about since the 1980s and hep B even earlier in the 1960s! We’ll regularly update this page as new information comes to light.
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction Between Hepatitis B Virus and SARS-Cov-2 Infections
    World Journal of W J G Gastroenterology Submit a Manuscript: https://www.f6publishing.com World J Gastroenterol 2021 March 7; 27(9): 782-793 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i9.782 ISSN 1007-9327 (print) ISSN 2219-2840 (online) MINIREVIEWS Interaction between hepatitis B virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections Tian-Dan Xiang, Xin Zheng ORCID number: Tian-Dan Xiang Tian-Dan Xiang, Xin Zheng, Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical 0000-0003-2792-6631; Xin Zheng College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, 0000-0001-6564-7807. China Author contributions: Zheng X Corresponding author: Xin Zheng, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Infectious Diseases, contributed to the conception and Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. design of the work and revised the 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China. [email protected] manuscript; Xiang TD performed the literature review and drafted the manuscript. Abstract Conflict-of-interest statement: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic and Authors declare no conflict of garnered international attention. The causative pathogen of COVID-19 is severe interest for this article. acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel, highly contagious coronavirus. Numerous studies have reported that liver injury is quite Open-Access: This article is an common in patients with COVID-19. Hepatitis B has a worldwide distribution as open-access article that was well as in China. At present, hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a leading cause of selected by an in-house editor and cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
    [Show full text]
  • Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
    HEPATITIS B AND COLLEGE STUDENTS Hepatitis B is a liver disease that results from infection with the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It can range in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness. Hepatitis B is usually spread when blood, semen, or another body fluid from a person infected with the Hepatitis B virus enters the body of someone who is not infected. This can happen through sexual contact with an infected person or sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment. Hepatitis B can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby at birth. Hepatitis B can be either acute or chronic. Acute HBV infection is a short-term illness that occurs within the first 6 months after someone is exposed to the Hepatitis B virus. Acute infection can — but does not always — lead to chronic infection. Chronic HBV infection is a long-term illness that occurs when the Hepatitis B virus remains in a person’s body. Chronic HBV is a serious disease that can result in long-term health problems, and even death. The best way to prevent HBV infection is by getting vaccinated. How common is hepatitis B in the United States? About 800,000 to 1.4 million persons in the United States have chronic HBV infection. Each year 38,000 more people, mostly young adults, get infected with HBV and almost 2,000 people die from chronic HBV. How is hepatitis B spread? Hepatitis B is spread when blood, semen, or other body fluid infected with the hepatitis B virus enters the body of a person who is not infected.
    [Show full text]
  • Arenaviridae Astroviridae Filoviridae Flaviviridae Hantaviridae
    Hantaviridae 0.7 Filoviridae 0.6 Picornaviridae 0.3 Wenling red spikefish hantavirus Rhinovirus C Ahab virus * Possum enterovirus * Aronnax virus * * Wenling minipizza batfish hantavirus Wenling filefish filovirus Norway rat hunnivirus * Wenling yellow goosefish hantavirus Starbuck virus * * Porcine teschovirus European mole nova virus Human Marburg marburgvirus Mosavirus Asturias virus * * * Tortoise picornavirus Egyptian fruit bat Marburg marburgvirus Banded bullfrog picornavirus * Spanish mole uluguru virus Human Sudan ebolavirus * Black spectacled toad picornavirus * Kilimanjaro virus * * * Crab-eating macaque reston ebolavirus Equine rhinitis A virus Imjin virus * Foot and mouth disease virus Dode virus * Angolan free-tailed bat bombali ebolavirus * * Human cosavirus E Seoul orthohantavirus Little free-tailed bat bombali ebolavirus * African bat icavirus A Tigray hantavirus Human Zaire ebolavirus * Saffold virus * Human choclo virus *Little collared fruit bat ebolavirus Peleg virus * Eastern red scorpionfish picornavirus * Reed vole hantavirus Human bundibugyo ebolavirus * * Isla vista hantavirus * Seal picornavirus Human Tai forest ebolavirus Chicken orivirus Paramyxoviridae 0.4 * Duck picornavirus Hepadnaviridae 0.4 Bildad virus Ned virus Tiger rockfish hepatitis B virus Western African lungfish picornavirus * Pacific spadenose shark paramyxovirus * European eel hepatitis B virus Bluegill picornavirus Nemo virus * Carp picornavirus * African cichlid hepatitis B virus Triplecross lizardfish paramyxovirus * * Fathead minnow picornavirus
    [Show full text]
  • HEPATITIS TESTING GUIDE Alegent Health Reference Laboratory
    HEPATITIS TESTING GUIDE Alegent Health Reference Laboratory Test Name NextGen Alegent Test Directory Test Description (Cerner) Orderable Name Number Order when patient has had clinical acute hepatitis of unknown origin for less than 6 months. Hepatitis Panel, Hepatitis Panel Panel includes; Hep A virus, IgM, Hepatitis Panel ARUP Acute with reflex to Hepatitis Panel, Acute with reflex Hep B virus Core antibody, IgM, Acute (0020457) HBsAg to HBsAg Confirmation Hep B virus Surface antigen with reflex to confirmation, Hep C virus antibody by CIA ARUP Order this assay when acute Hepatitis A infection is suspected. Hepatitis A Ab IgM Hep A Ab IgM Hepatitis A, IgM (0020093) Positive HAV IgM shows current or recent infection. Order only when assessing immunity for HAV from either Hepatitis A Hepatitis A Hepatitis A Virus Antibodies ARUP vaccination or previous infection. Do not use to diagnose acute antibody, total (IgG Antibody IgG & (Total) (0020591) infection. Total assay detects both IgG and IgM antibodies but and IgM IgM does not differentiate between them. Order when patient has had clinical acute hepatitis of unknown origin for less than 6 months. Positivity indicates recent Hepatitis B core Ab Hep B Core Ab Hepatitis B Virus Core Antibody, ARUP infection with hepatitis B virus, with onset < 6 months. It's IgM IgM IgM (0020092) presence indicates acute infection. In some cases, hepatitis B core IgM antibody may be the only specific marker for the diagnosis of acute infection with hepatitis B virus. This assay does not distinguish between Total B core antibody IgG and IgM detected before or at the onset of symptoms; Hepatitis B Core Hepatitis B core Hepatitis B Virus Core Antibodies ARUP however, such reactivity can persist for years after illness, and Antibody IgG & antibody (Total) (0020091) may even outlast anti-HBs.
    [Show full text]
  • Viral Hepatitis B: Introduction
    Viral Hepatitis B: Introduction “Viral hepatitis," refers to infections that affect the liver and are caused by viruses. It is a major public health issue in the United States and worldwide. Not only does viral hepatitis carry a high morbidity, but it also stresses medical resources and can have severe economic consequences. The majority of all viral hepatitis cases are preventable. Viral hepatitis includes five distinct disease entities, which are caused by at least five different viruses. Hepatitis A and hepatitis B (infectious and serum hepatitis, respectively) are considered separate diseases and both can be diagnosed by a specific serologic test. Hepatitis C and E comprise a third category, each a distinct type, with Hepatitis C parenterally transmitted, and hepatitis E enterically transmitted. Hepatitis D, or delta hepatitis, is another distinct virus that is dependent upon hepatitis B infection. This form of hepatitis may occur as a super-infectionin a hepatitis B carrier or as a co-infection in an individual with acute hepatitis B. Hepatitis viruses most often found in the United States include A, B, C, and D. Because fatality from hepatitis is relatively low, mortality figures are a poor indicator of the actual incidence of these diseases. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that approximately 400,000–600,000 people were infected with viral hepatitis during the decade of the 1990s. Hepatitis plagued mankind as early as the fifth century BC. It was referenced in early biblical literature and described as occurring in outbreaks, especially during times of war. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, hepatitis was thought to occur as a result of infection of the hepatic parenchyma.
    [Show full text]