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Papers Presented at the I.D.O.E. Workshop Suva, Fiji, 1-6 September, 1975

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Papers Presented at the I.D.O.E. Workshop Suva, Fiji, 1-6 September, 1975 MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC AND ADJACENT AREAS COMMITTEE FOR CO-ORDINATION OF JOINT PROSPECTING FOR MINERAL RESOURCES IN SOUTH PACIFIC OFFSHORE AREAS (CCOP/SOPAC) G. P. GLASBY AND H. R. KATZ (Editors) PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE I.D.O.E. WORKSHOP SUVA, FIJI, 1-6 SEPTEMBER, 1975 1976 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Andrews, J. E. Department of Oceanography University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii '96822, U.S.A. Archer, A. A. Institute of Geological Sciences Exhibition Road London SW7 2DE, ENGLAND Burns, R. G. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, U.S.A. Coleman, P. J. Geology Department University of Western Australia Nedlands Western Australia 6009, AUSTRALIA Cronan, D. S. Applied Geochemistry Research Group Imperial College of Science and Technology London SW7 2BP, ENGLAND Davies, H. L. Geological Survey P.O. Box 778 Port Moresby PAPUA NEW GUINEA Friedrich, G. H. Technische Hochschule Aachen 51 Aachen, WEST GERMANY Glasby, G. P. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Department of Scientific and Industrial Research P.O. Box 12-346, Wellington, NEW ZEALAND Goodell, H. G. Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 27903, U.S.A. Hawkins, J. W. Geological Research Division Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California La Jolla California 92093, U.S.A. Katz, H. R. New Zealand Geological Survey Department of Scientific and Industrial Research P.O. Box 30-368 Lower Hutt, NEW ZEALAND Melguen, M. Centre Oceanologique de Bretagne B.P. 337, Brest 29273, FRANCE Meylan, M. A. Offshore Exploration Shell Oil Company P.O. Box 60124 New Orleans Louisianna 70139, U.S.A. and Department of Oceanography University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A. Mizuno, A. Geological Survey of Japan 135 Hisamoto Kawasaki-shi, JAPAN Monzier, M. O.R.S.T.O.M. B.P. A5 Noumea Cedex, NEW CALEDONIA Moorby, S. A. Applied Geochemistry Research Group Imperial College of Science and Technology London SW7 2BP, ENGLAND Moritani, T. Geological Survey of Japan 135 Hisamoto Kawasaki-shi, JAPAN Mutter, J. C. Bureau of Mineral Resources P.O. Box 378 A.C.T. 2601, AUSTRALIA Pautot, G. Centre Oceanologique de Bretagne B.P. 337 Brest 29273, FRANCE Taylor, G. R. Department of Geology University of New England Armidale New South Wales 2351, AUSTRALIA FOREWORD During the period 1-6 September, 1975, a workshop was held in Suva, Fiji, under the auspices of the Committee for Co-ordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in the South Pacific Offshore Areas (CCOP/SOP AC) to consider in detail two topics: (a) "Regional and specific studies of the structure of the oceanic-island arc-continental margins of the south-west Pacific", and (b) "Occurrence, mode of formation, and environmental factors of manganese nodule deposits, hot brines, and metalliferous muds in the south-west Pacific." Sixty participants from 16 countries took part in the workshop. The first two days of the workshop were devoted to the presentation of twenty lectures by invited experts in order to give a detailed background understanding of the various factors relevant to each topic. The remainder of the workshop was then devoted to discussion sessions in which key projects for further substantial work on the structure and mineral resources of the South Pacific were identified and evaluated. For this purpose, delegates were divided into three committees dealing with 1. Marginal and interarc basins, 2. Convergent margins, and 3. Manganese nodules/metalliferous sediments. These sessions resulted in a comprehensive set of proposals for future research in the South Pacific. The resulting workshop document was unanimously adopted at the 4th Session of CCOP/SOPAC held in Honiara, British Solomon Islands, during 8-17 September, 1975, and is published as part of the Proceedings of the 4th Session of CCOP/SOPAC and as the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Workshop Report No.6. In this volume, individual background papers presented at the workshop are reproduced. All the papers dealing with manganese nodules and related topics presented at the workshop are included here, but only four of the structural papers and one abstract were available for publication in this volume. In addition, a number of papers not presented at the workshop were contributed for inclusion in this volume. These are marked with an asterisk in the list of contents. As editors of this volume, we believe that this workshop was of considerable value in setting guidelines for future work in the South Pacific and are optimistic that it will serve not only as a focus but also as a stimulus for future work in this region. Finally, we would like to thank the International Oceanographic Commission and the International Decade of Ocean Exploration who funded the majority of the delegates to this workshop and the organising committee of Dr L. W. Kroenke, Dr G. P. Glasby, Professor P. J. Coleman and Mr R. N. Richmond for helping make this conference a success. The Australian government generously donated funds for the printing of this volume. G. P. G. and H. R'. K. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Aspects of the Geological Setting of Manganese Nodule Deposits - J. E. Andrews 14 Metallogenesis of Transition Elements at Convergent Plate Margins in the South-west Pacific - R. G. Burns 21 Prospects for the Exploitation of Manganese Nodules: The Main Technical, Economic and Legal Problems - A. A. Archer 39 Manganese Micronodules in Deep-sea Sediments and their Relation to Manganese Nodule Fields - G. H. Friedrich 54 Deep Bottom Currents, Sedimentary Hiatuses and Polymetallic Nodules _ G. Pautot and M. Melguen * 62 Some Results of Surveys for Manganese Nodule Deposits in the Pacific Ocean by the Geological Survey of Japan - A. Mizuno and T. Moritani 80 Tertiary Manganese Mineralisation in Japan - T. Moritani 83 Styles of Mineralisation in the Solomon Islands - A Review - G. R. Taylor 92 A Comparison of the Morphology and Mineralogy of Manganese Nodules from the Southwestern Pacific Basin and Northeastern Equatorial Pacific - M. A. Meylan 99 Chemical Composition of Manganese Nodules from the Pacific-Antarctic Ocean, Drake Passage and Scotia Sea: Relation to Ferromanganese Oxide Mineralogy and Nucleus Type - M. A. Meylan and H. G. Goodell* 118 Preliminary Results of Renewed Investigations on Manganese Nodules and Encrustations in the Indian Ocean - D. S. Cronan and S. A. Moorby 124 Manganese Nodules and Encrustations in the Vicinity of New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands - M. Monzier* 129 The Relation Between Basin Evolution and Marginal Plateau Subsidence in the Coral Sea - J. C. Mutter 133 Papua New Guinea: Geology and Tectonics (Abstract) - H. L. Davies 134 A Re-Evaluation of the Solomon Islands as an Arc System - P. J. Coleman 141 Tectonic Setting and Petrology of Samoa-Tonga-Fiji Region - J. W. Hawkins 153 Sediments and Tectonic History of the Tonga Ridge, and the Problem of the Lau Basin - H. R. Katz ASPECTS OF THE GEOLOGIC SETTING OF MANGANESE NODULE DEPOSITS J. E. ANDREWS The factors controlling the distribution of The tectonic elements which form the manganese nodules in the world oceans may setting of Pacific nodule deposits fall into four be seen most simply as: 1) the supply of general catagories: the East Pacific Rise _ constituent materials (source and rate): 2) the active spreading centre; abyssal hills _ the modes of supply or incorporation: and 3) the dominant (or "average") basin the processes which interfere with the first topography; fracture zones _ the. signature two. This paper will deal with the patterning of sea floor spreading history and zones of or geologic setting of nodule deposits, and the crustal weakness; and volcanic features _ relationship of these patterns to the more seamounts, guyots, and volcanic islands. complex questions in an area which falls Abyssal hills cover some 85% of the Pacific mainly within category three. basin floor and are the "normal" site of From a geological standpoint, the con- nodule occurrances. Three types of abyssal ditions under which nodules have been, and hills have been described in the literature. are being, formed derive from plate tectonics Two of these are generally linear with relief considerations. That is to say that the of 50-250 m. They are oriented parallel to the proximity of a deposit site to volcanic centres, crest of the mid ocean ridge at which the the depth of the sea floor (and therefore lithospheric plate was generated and are in relationship to calcium carbonate fact primary topography of the second layer compensation depth), the latitude or palaeo- of the oceanic crust (layer 1 being sedi- latitude, sedimentation in terms of both types mentary). and rates of deposition,. and the evolution of The primary hills form at the ridge crest as the structures underlying the deposits - linear volcanic structures during the abyssal hills, fracture zones, and volcanic generation of the plate (Luyendyk, 1969). A features - are all directly related to the second group of hills forms as the lithosphere generation of the sea floor (lithosphere) at moves down the ridge flank, undergoing ridge crests and its subsequent motions. This thermal contraction and subsidence. These is basically the generation of crustal material hills are also linear and parallel to ridge crest and its migration down the ridge flank. This (Luyendyk, 1969). Fig. 1 (after Luyendyk, motion exposes the sea floor and the 1969) illustrates such a set of hills as mapped developing nodule deposit to a variety of by the S.1.0. Deep Tow system. Such sys- oceanic environments. terns are necessary for accurate definition of From the oceanographic standpoint, one slopes and dimensions at these scales. Fig. 2 must consider the surface currents and the documents the existence of this pattern on a bottom currents (benthic boundary layer) regional basis from a sidescan sonar and their respective evolutions.
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