Culture and Cultural Industries in Russia, 2017–2019
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CULTURE AND CULTURAL INDUSTRIES IN RUSSIA, 2017–2019 • Financial metrics of cultural industries • Ratings of the largest organizations of cultural industries in Russia and the world • Basic flow chart for the cultural sector CULTURE AND CULTURAL INDUSTRIES IN RUSSIA, 2017–2019 InterMedia Communications Intellectual Property Council of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation CULTURE AND CULTURAL INDUSTRIES IN RUSSIA, 2017–2019 Comprehensive Research Results (5th edition, revised and supplemented) Moscow, 2019 2 1 CULTURE AND CULTURAL INDUSTRIES IN RUSSIA, 2017–2019 Contents 1. Introduction________________________________3 11. Cultural industries in Russia__________________ 23 1. INTRODUCTION 2. The definition of ‘Culture’_____________________ 4 ● Largest of the world’s organizations of the cultural industry in Russia______________________________26 The study of the cultural sector and cultural industries The Group's work started with a comparative analysis of 3. Creative activity and fine arts as the basis of the in the Russian Federation has largely been confined to approaches to assessment of the economy of culture in cultural sector________________________________ 4 12. Financial indicator evaluation techniques of the academic audiences until recently – despite a considerable developed and emerging countries (see fig. 18 'Differences cultural industries_____________________________ 32 amount of authoritative work on this topic having been in approaches to assessment of the economy of culture 4. The Cultural Sector in Russia__________________ 6 done; and, in practice state regulation and statistics still in different countries' on page 41). The key points of ● Financial indicators of cultural industries of Russia in use the terminology and approaches of 1930s and 1940s. the cultural sector were determined and taken into 5. Cultural, creative and leisure activity______________ 7 2017–2019, mln rubles_________________________ 34 consideration: modular structure, aversion to hierarchy This situation negatively affects the development of and regulation, the high proportion of individual creative ● Basic flowchart for the cultural sector____________ 8 Annex 1. the cultural industries, as well as the effectiveness activity, the variability and diversity of processes, which The Current State of the Cultural Sector of government support for the cultural sector. In are difficult to divide into planning, and production and 6. ICT industry as the key segment of cultural sector__10 and Industries Review__________________________36 this regard, in April 2017, the Working Group on implementation stages, as opposed to other industries. the Commercialization of Intellectual Property The media used for communication between creators 7. ICT Creativity_______________________________13 Annex 2. Council’s results of intellectual activity of the RF and audience in each of the segments, even those close Polls of leading experts in cultural industries________ 48 CCI (hereinafter, the Working Group) together with in style and origin, often differ principally, dynamically ● The world’s largest organizations working in the communications sector holding company InterMedia and unpredictably, changing both at the national and cultural industries_____________________________ 14 Annex 3. began work on preparation of proposals to change international levels. Characteristics of some important segments of the the law on culture. The urgency of the problem was 8. Culture on the payroll of monopolies?____________18 creative industries in the RF in 2018________________ 52 soon confirmed at the highest level: the President of In May 2017, the Working Group prepared the preliminary the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin spoke about conclusions of the study, suggesting that the determination 9. Global-scale regulation of cultural industries_______ 21 Acknowledgements ___________________________ 56 the necessity of drafting a new Law on Culture in of its limits, structure and the development of adequate December 2017 at the meeting of the Presidential terminology should be a matter of priority in the examination 10. Counter-piracy_____________________________22 References__________________________________ 57 Council for Culture and Arts. and state regulation of the cultural industries. THE RESEARCH SOURCES: WAS CONDUCTED BY: Chief editor: Evgeny Safronov Ministry of Culture of Russia; Ministry of Industry and Trade of Project manager: Natalia Galiulova the Russian Federation; Federal Agency for Tourism; Russian Chief expert: Alexander Tikhonov Federal State Statistics Service; Federal Agency on Press and Leading expert: Pavel Solomatin Mass Communications of the Russian Federation; The Federal Correspondent: Anna Strelchuk Treasury of the Russian Federation; Federal Archival Agency; Cinema Fund; Russian Authors' Society; World Intellectual Editor: Maria Sysoeva Property Organization; TMT Consulting; Russian Association Design and block layout: Maxim Geleta of Electronic Communications; Association of Russian Translated by EGO Translating Company Communications Agencies; ARTinvestment; InArt; J'son and Translation consultant: Anthony Brezhestovskiy Partners; Group-IB; Simple Analytics; PricewaterhouseCoopers; Cover illustration: Olga Zelenkova IFPI; Euromonitor; UN; European Commission; Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport; U.S. Department of Commerce; Other InterMedia British Council; Directorate-General for Education and Culture Research: European Commission; BOP Consulting; UNESCO; Common Sense; Cisco; Spark-Interfax; Formlab intermedia.online Photo: shutterstock.com / Piotr Piatrouski [email protected] © InterMedia LLC 2 3 CULTURE AND CULTURAL INDUSTRIES IN RUSSIA, 2017–2019 2. THE DEFINITION OF ‘CULTURE’ engraving and lithography; photographic works 2. The list contains certain types of artistic works, to which are assimilated works expressed by a originally not related to artistic expression, in process analogous to photography; works of applied particular, scientific works, geographical maps etc. There are many definitions of 'culture' in history, sector. At the same time, one will also encounter the art; illustrations, maps, plans, sketches and three- In the 19th century, this was dictated by the urgent literature, science and state regulatory practice, but organisation of leisure activities, education, mass dimensional works relative to geography, topography, need to defend the intellectual property of these no universally agreed and approved one. media, sport, religion, information technology architecture or science.' works. It has currently lost its relevance, but it was among other, according to the traditions of different decided that these mentions would not be deleted The Working Group studied contemporary state societies, and their level of education, economy, (In the version of 1979) in light of the continuity of tradition. regulation and administrative practise in a number politics, technology etc. (see fig. 19 'Definitions of of developed and emerging countries. By far the cultural industry and its structure in various countries Observations: majority of countries declare support for culture, of the world' on pages 42–47). but the term refers to differing activities in different 1. The name of Convention might suggest that its Afterwards, the Rome Convention of 1961 laid the countries, usually officially determined by means Having summarized the existing definitions, the creators do not think that literature is art. However foundation for the protection of the rights of performers, of causal narration, i.e. citation. All countries Working Group proposed to distinguish two definitions in this case, it is about the interpretation of the term phonogram producers and broadcasting organizations, acknowledge activity in the realm of the creation and of 'culture': general (civilizational) and institutional 'fine arts' in the 19th century. As is known, the term i.e. rights related to copyright. It developed and circulation of works of art and literature, as well as the (applicable to state regulation and administration was interpreted differently from century to century entrenched definitions related to works of art and protection of heritage as the foundation of the cultural practices). and from country to country. It was supposed creative process per se. then that a small number of representatives from the elite would deal with the Convention, who at The Working Group has also given special attention the time habitually included painting, sculpture, to the term "creative activity". The term has a clear Fig. 1. Definitions of culture architecture, music and poetry in the term ‘Fine definition: intellectual activity creating new and unique Arts’, as well as the performing arts: theatre products. At the same time, in regulation, this definition and dance. The term ‘fine arts’ did not extend to is often applied not only to works of art, but to the results Type of definition Content Commentary art forms such as applied and decorative arts, of intellectual activity in spheres of science, invention, General An aggregate of the results of socially useful Applicable to humankind in general and to design, circus, folk music and so on. Literature the optimisation of production, and other technologies (civilizational) human activities sustainable human groups (societies, social (prose) was considered an important but separate transforming the world around us and society. The groups), as well as to individuals. phenomenon, which