The Effect of Interrogatice Function on Intonation in Spontaneous

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The Effect of Interrogatice Function on Intonation in Spontaneous The effect of interrogative function on intonation in spontaneous and read Finnish Hanna Anttila Master's thesis Phonetics Department of Speech Sciences February 2008 Supervisor: Martti Vainio HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO - HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET - UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta - Fakultet - Faculty Laitos - Institution – Department Faculty of Behavioral Sciences Department of Speech Sciences Tekijä - Författare - Author Anttila Hanna Maaria Työn nimi - Arbetets titel - Title The effect of interrogative function on intonation in spontaneous and read Finnish Oppiaine - Läroämne - Subject Phonetics Työn laji ja ohjaaja(t) - Arbetets art och handledare – Level and Aika - Datum - Month and year Sivumäärä - Sidoantal - instructor February 2008 Number of pages Master's thesis; Martti Vainio and Antti Iivonen 102 + 28 Tiivistelmä - Referat - Abstract Goals This study aims to map the effect of interrogative function on the intonation of spontaneous and read Finnish. Earlier research shows that the most prominent feature in Finnish question intonation is an appeal to the listener. Question word questions typically start with a high peak which is followed by falling intonation. In yes/no questions, F0 remains on a high level until the word carrying sentence stress and then falls. Final rises are mainly found in intonation clichés such as "Ai mitä?" ("What?") These earlier results are based on read speech and enacted dialogues. In this study, questions and statements found in spontaneous dialogues were compared. These utterances were also compared with read versions of the same utterances. Fundamental frequency values were compared using a mixed model. Contours were also grouped using auditory and visual inspection. Thus it was possible to compare frequencies of contour types according to utterance type and speech style. The position of questions in the F0 distribution of the whole material was also investigated in this study. Method The material consisted of four spontaneous dialogues and their read versions. The speakers were young adults from the Helsinki metropolitan area, four females and four males. The whole material was first divided into broad dialogue function categories arising from the material and F0 curves were calculated for each category. After this, 277 questions and 244 statements were selected for closer inspection. Values reflecting F0 distribution and contour shape were measured from the F0 contours of these utterances. A mixed model was used to analyse the differences. Utterance type, question type, speech style and speaker gender were used as fixed effects. The frequencies of F0 contour types were compared using a Chi square test. Additional material in this study came from eight young female speakers in central Finland. Results and conclusions In the mixed model analysis, significant differences were found both between questions and statements and between spontaneous and read speech. Generally, utterance type affected the variables reflecting contour type while speech style affected the variables reflecting F0 distribution. The effect of question type was not clearly visible. In read speech the contours resembled earlier results more closely. Speakers had different strategies in differentiating between questions and statements. In the whole material, F0 was slightly higher in questions than in statements. The effect of dialectal background could be seen in the contour types. The results show that interrogative function affects intonation in both spontaneous and read Finnish. Avainsanat – Nyckelord - Keywords Finnish, dialogue, question, intonation Säilytyspaikka - Förvaringsställe - Where deposited The library of the Faculty of Behavioral Sciences in the University of Helsinki Muita tietoja - Övriga uppgifter - Additional information HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO - HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET - UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta - Fakultet - Faculty Laitos - Institution – Department Käyttäytymistieteellinen tiedekunta Puhetieteiden laitos Tekijä - Författare - Author Anttila Hanna Maaria Työn nimi - Arbetets titel - Title Kysyvän funktion vaikutus spontaanin ja luetun suomen intonaatioon Oppiaine - Läroämne - Subject Fonetiikka Työn laji ja ohjaaja(t) - Arbetets art och handledare – Level and Aika - Datum - Month and Sivumäärä - Sidoantal - instructor year Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma; Martti Vainio ja Antti Iivonen helmikuu 2008 102 + 28 Tiivistelmä - Referat - Abstract Tavoitteet Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten kysyvä funktio vaikuttaa spontaanin ja luetun suomen intonaatioon. Aiemmat tutkimukset osoittavat, että suomen kysymysintonaatiossa voimakkaimmin ilmenevä piirre on vetoomus kuulijaan. Kysymyssanakysymyksille on tyypillistä alun korkea huippu, jonka jälkeen perustaajuus laskee. Tästä poiketen kO-kysymyksissä perustaajuus säilyy korkealla lausepainolliseen sanaan saakka ja laskee vasta sen jälkeen. Nouseva loppu esiintyy lähinnä kiteytyneissä ilmauksissa kuten "Ai mitä?" Aiemmat tulokset perustuvat lukupuhuntaan ja näyteltyihin dialogeihin. Tutkimuksessa verrattiin spontaanipuheesta löytyviä kysymyksiä ja väitteitä keskenään. Toisena vertailukohtana olivat tutkittavat lauseet lukupuhuntana. Lauseista mitattuja perustaajuusarvoja verrattiin tilastollisen monitasomallin avulla. Lisäksi kontuurit tyypiteltiin auditiivisen ja visuaalisen havainnon perusteella. Tämä mahdollisti kontuurityyppien frekvenssien vertailun lausetyypin ja puhetyylin mukaan. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin myös kysymysten asemaa koko aineiston perustaajuusjakaumassa. Menetelmät Tutkimusaineisto koostui neljästä dialogista sekä litteroitujen vuorosanojen luetuista toisinnoista. Puhujat olivat nuoria aikuisia pääkaupunkiseudulta. Kumpaakin sukupuolta edusti neljä puhujaa. Ensin koko aineisto jaettiin väljiin aineistolähtöisiin dialogifunktioluokkiin, joiden perustaajuuskäyrät laskettiin kokonaisuudessaan. Tämän jälkeen rajattiin 277 kysymystä ja 244 väitettä tarkempaa tutkimusta varten. Ilmauksista laskettiin perustaajuuskäyrät, joista mitattiin jakaumaa ja muotoa kuvastavia tunnuslukuja. Tilastollisen monitasomallin avulla etsittiin selittäviä tekijöitä näissä mittaustuloksissa esiintyviin eroihin. Selittäjinä käytettiin lause- ja kysymystyyppiä, puhetyyliä ja puhujan sukupuolta. Kontuurityyppien esiintymistä vertailtiin Khin neliötestin avulla. Täydentävänä aineistona oli lukupuhuntaa kahdeksalta keskisuomalaiselta naispuhujalta. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset Monitasomallinnuksessa merkitseviä eroja löytyi sekä kysymysten ja väitteiden välillä että spontaanipuheen ja lukupuhunnan välillä. Lausetyypillä oli vaikutusta erityisesti kontuurin muotoon ja puhetyylillä taas perustaajuusjakaumaan. Kysymystyypin vaikutus ei tämän kokoisessa aineistossa näkynyt selvästi. Lukupuhunnassa kontuurit muistuttivat selvemmin aiempien tutkimusten tuloksia. Eri puhujilla oli erilaisia tapoja erottaa kysymykset väitteistä. Koko aineiston tasolla perustaajuus oli hieman korkeampi kysymyksissä kuin väitteissä. Murretaustan vaikutus näkyi kontuurityyppien erilaisena jakaumana keskisuomalaisilla puhujilla. Tulokset osoittavat, että kysyvä funktio vaikuttaa intonaatioon sekä spontaanissa että luetussa suomessa. Avainsanat – Nyckelord - Keywords suomen kieli, keskustelu, kysymykset, intonaatio Säilytyspaikka - Förvaringsställe - Where deposited Helsingin yliopiston käyttäytymistieteellisen tiedekunnan kirjasto Muita tietoja - Övriga uppgifter - Additional information Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following people: - the speakers - Mietta Lennes for expert recordings of the INTAS materials - Riikka Ullakonoja for making her materials available for my use - Martti Vainio and Antti Iivonen for supervising my work - Reijo Aulanko for good suggestions - Jussi Kirjavainen for a Praat script that gives reliable long-term F0 results - Erkki Komulainen and Maiju Lehtiniemi for help with the mixed model - my sister Oona and Maarika Latva for language checking parts of the manuscript - my brother Mikael for help with the layout - my mother Aiju for compassion, common sense, and a keen interest in my methodical problems. 1 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 About the functions of intonation 6 1.2 Questions in Finnish 9 1.2.1 Types of questions in Finnish 10 1.2.2 Question types in Finnish conversation 11 1.2.3 Why declarative questions? 11 1.3 Interrogative intonation in Finnish 12 1.4 About Finnish intonation in general 15 1.5 Biological codes and interrogative intonation in other languages 18 1.6 Pitch perception 22 1.7 Downtrends 24 1.8 F0 estimation 26 1.9 Creaky voice 28 1.10 Speech styles 30 1.11 Research questions 32 2. Data AND METHod 34 2.1 Data 34 2.1.1 The INTAS materials 34 2.1.2 The Jyväskylä materials 37 2.2 Method 37 2.2.1 Dialogue function categories and their F0 distributions 37 2.2.2 The selection of utterances for closer examination 38 2.2.3 Annotation 39 2.2.4 Voice quality 40 2.2.5 Pitch estimation 40 2.2.6 Mixed model analysis 43 2.2.7 Investigation of pitch patterns 43 2 3. Results 45 3.1 Dialogue function categories and their F0 distributions 45 3.2 Background information about the utterances selected for closer analysis 50 3.3 Voice quality 53 3.4 Pitch estimation 56 3.5 Differences between questions and statements in the Jyväskylä materials 57 3.6 Differences between speakers 58 3.7 Mixed model results – questions vs. statements 60 3.8 Mixed model results – question types 64 3.9 Investigation of pitch patterns 65 4. Conclusions 84 4.1 Reliability and validity 84 4.2 Differences in intonation between questions and statements 88 4.3 Differences
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