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Females and Feminism Reclaim the Mainstream: New Superheroines in Marvel Comics

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Females and Feminism Reclaim the Mainstream: New Superheroines in Marvel Comics FEMALES AND FEMINISM RECLAIM THE MAINSTREAM: NEW SUPERHEROINES IN MARVEL COMICS By Sara Marie Kern A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in English Middle Tennessee State University December 2015 Thesis Committee: Dr. Martha Hixon, Chair Dr. David Lavery I dedicate this research to real-life superheroines like my great-grandmother, who risked her reputation to educate women about their bodies. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe an immense debt to my family for supporting me in the pursuit of this degree, which at times seemed unachievable. Their unwavering emotional support and willingness to sacrifice for my benefit was at times overwhelming, and their generosity truly made this dream possible. I am likewise indebted to Dr. Martha Hixon and Dr. David Lavery, who encouraged me to push forward after a year-long furlough; Dr. Hixon’s consistent enthusiasm for my topic—and then my second topic—sustained me when the work was daunting. Finally I would like to thank the other contributors without whom this research would not exist: the creative teams for Thor, Ms. Marvel¸ and Storm; the librarians at the James E. Walker, UC Berkeley, and Berkeley Public libraries; and David Pemberton, who brought me back to Marvel, and helped to keep me sane. Note: the images reproduced in this thesis appear under the Fair Use agreement, and all copyrights remain with DC, Marvel Comics, and Avatar Press. I owe special thanks to these publications for their cooperation. iii ABSTRACT Representations of females in visual media continue to be problematic. As media studies increasingly reveals the influence of visual representation upon our internalized ideologies, the significance of positive female representation only increases. This is especially true for mainstream superhero comics, which have been often criticized for representing females as heavily sexualized and passive characters, and which also wield great social influence by their connection to Hollywood cinema. Since academic scholarship of superhero comics rarely analyzes the increasingly positive representations of females, this study contributes to that work by closely examining three comic series featuring female protagonists and released by Marvel between 2014 and 2015. Viewed in relation to the portrayal of heroines historically, these comics are deconstructed using techniques borrowed from textual analysis, genre studies, film, feminist, and comic theory. Close study of Thor, Ms. Marvel and Storm reveals the underappreciated intentionality with which Marvel has reformed their heroines into active icons capable of revolutionizing the genre. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES vi INTRODUCTION 1 PART ONE: THEORY AND CONTEXT 9 CHAPTER ONE: Representations of Women in Visual Media 10 CHAPTER TWO: Representations of Females in Comics 28 CHAPTER THREE: Comics Studies and Genre Analysis 51 PART TWO: ANALYSIS 65 CHAPTER FOUR: Thor, Goddess of Thunder 66 CHAPTER FIVE: The New Ms. Marvel 87 CHAPTER SIX: Storm 109 CONCLUSION 145 WORKS CITED 150 APPENDICES 166 APPENDIX A: Figures 167 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Wonder Woman 167 All-Star Comics #8. DC Comics, 1941. Figure 2.2: Wonder Woman in Shorts. 167 Sensation Comics, Wonder Woman #1. DC Comics, 1942. Figure 2.3: Good Girl Art. 167 Baker, Clarence. Phantom Lady #17. Fox Feature Syndicate, 1947. Figure 2.4: Bleez, “Brokeback” position 167 Benes, Ed. Red Lanterns #5. DC Comics, 2012. Figure 2.5: Starfire. 168 Rocafort, Kenneth. Red Hood and the Outlaws #1. DC Comics, 2011. Figure 2.6: Bad Girl Art: Lady Death. 168 Martin, Matt. Lady Death: Dead Rising #1. Avatar Press, 2004. Figure 2.7: X-Men Pool Party. 168 Lee, Jim. X-Men #1. Marvel Comics, 1991. Figure 2.8: Psylocke (British). 169 Silvestri, Marc. Uncanny X-Men #232. New York: Marvel Comics, 1988. Figure 2.9: Psylocke (Asian). 169 Lee, Jim. Marvel Illustrated: Swimsuit Issue #1. Marvel Comics, 1992. Figure 2.10: Starfire Initiating. 169 Rocafort, Kenneth. Red Hood and the Outlaws #1. DC Comics, 2011. vi Figure 2.11: Starfire Posing 170 Rocafort, Kenneth. Red Hood and the Outlaws #1. DC Comics, 2011. Figure 2.12 Catwoman’s Parts. 170 March, Guillem. Catwoman #1. DC Comics, 2011. Figure 2.13: Catwoman in Part. 171 March, Guillem. Catwoman #1. DC Comics, 2011. Figure 2.14: Batman and Catwoman. 171 March, Guillem. Catwoman #1. DC Comics, 2011. Figure 2.15: Star Sapphire and Green Lantern, cover image. Gibbons, Dave. Green Lantern #18: Mystery of the Star Sapphire. 171 DC Comics, 2007. Figure 4.1: Cover to Thor #1. 172 Dauterman, Russell. Thor #1. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. Figure 4.2: Page from Thor #2. 172 Dauterman, Russell. Thor #2. New York: Marvel Comics, 2015. Figure 4.3: Spread from Thor #7. 172 Dauterman, Russell. Thor #7. New York: Marvel Comics, 2015. Figure 4.4: Page from Thor #5. 172 Dauterman, Russell. Thor #5. New York: Marvel Comics, 2015. Figure 4.5: Titania from the cover of The New Fantastic Four. Turner, Michael. The New Fantastic Four Volume One #549. Marvel 173 Comics, 2007. vii Figure 4.6: Kelda. 173 Coipel, Olivier. Thor Vol 3 #6. New York, Marvel Comics, 2008. Figure 4.7: Page from Thor #8. 174 Dauterman, Russell. Thor #8. New York: Marvel Comics, 2015. Figure 4:8: Angela. Pichelli, Sara. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 3 #7. New York: Marvel 174 Comics, 2013. Figure 4.9: Black Widow. 174 Acuña, Daniel. Black Widow #1. New York: Marvel Comics, 2010. Figure 4.10: Karnilla. Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #4. New York: Marvel 175 Comics, 2009. Figure 4.11: Page from Thor #8. Dauterman, Russell. Thor #8. New York: Marvel 175 Comics, 2015. Figure 5.1: Carol Danvers’ Iconic Ms. Marvel Costume. 175 Cockrum, Dave. Ms. Marvel Volume One #20. Marvel Comics, 1978. Figure 5.2: Carol Danvers’ Original Ms. Marvel Costume. 175 Romita, John. Sr. Ms. Marvel #1. Marvel Comics, 1977. Figure 5.3: Kamala, Iconic Ms. Marvel. 176 Alphona, Adrian. Ms. Marvel #1. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. viii Figure 5.4: Kamala as Ms. Marvel Alphona, Adrian. Ms. Marvel #1. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. 176 Figure 5.5: Carol Danvers Objectified 176 De la Torre, Roberto. Ms. Marvel Vol 1. New York: Marvel Comics, 2006. Figure 5.6: Kamala, cartoonish. 176 Alphona, Adrian. Ms. Marvel #1. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. Figure 5.7: Kamala as Ms. Marvel, squatting. 177 Alphona, Adrian. Ms. Marvel #1. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. Figure 5.8: Carol as Ms. Marvel, squatting. 177 De la Torre, Roberto. Ms. Marvel #5. New York: Marvel Comics, 2006. Figure 5.9: Cover of Ms. Marvel #1. 177 Alphona, Adrian. Ms. Marvel #1. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. Figure 5.10: The New Ms. Marvel (Kamala Khan) in costume. 177 Alphona, Adrian. Ms. Marvel #5. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. Figure 5.11: Kamala in Shalwar. 178 Miyazawa, Takeshi. Ms. Marvel #14. New York: Marvel Comics, 2015. Figure 6.1: Storm costume, first pages of Storm #1. 178 Ibañez, Victor. Storm #1. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. Figure 6.2: Storm naked 178 Byrne, John. Uncanny X-Men #109. New York: Marvel Comics, 1978. Figure 6.3: Storm’s costume change 179 Smith, Paul. Uncanny X-Men #173. Marvel Comics, 1983. ix Figure 6.4: Storm eating in Storm #2. 179 Ibañez, Victor. Storm #2. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. Figure 6.5: Ororo grieving after Wolverine’s death. 179 Ibañez, Victor. Storm #4. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. Figure 6.6: Barrionuevo’s First Page, Storm #6. 180 Barrionuevo, Al. Storm #6. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. Figure 6.7: Storm’s strange faces, Storm #9. 180 Barrionuevo, Al. Storm #9. New York: Marvel Comics, 2015. Figure 6.8: Storm’s breasts and angry face, Storm #8. 180 Barrionuevo, Al. Storm #8. New York: Marvel Comics, 2015. Figure 6.9: Storm is in control, Storm #7. 181 Barrionuevo, Al. Storm #7. New York: Marvel Comics, 2015. Figure 6.10: Storm’s power, Storm #5. 181 Ibañez, Victor. Storm #5. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. Figure 6.11: Cover of Storm #3. 182 Yardin, David. Storm #3. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. Figure 6.12: Distance and Action Shots from Storm #2. 182 Ibañez, Victor. Storm #2. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. Figure 6.13: Storm roofing, in Storm #1. 182 Ibañez, Victor. Storm #1. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. Figure 6.14: Beautiful Storm, Storm #2. 183 Ibañez, Victor. Storm #2. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. x Figure 6.15: Storm in three places. 183 Ibañez, Victor. Storm #11. New York: Marvel Comics, 2015. Figure 6.16: Storm comforts Kenji, Storm #10. 184 Barrionuevo, Al. Storm #10. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. Figure 6.17: Storm steals a kiss. 184 Ibañez, Victor. Storm #2. New York: Marvel Comics, 2014. xi 1 INTRODUCTION In an article published in the New Yorker in May of 2015, Harvard professor Jill Lepore criticized Marvel’s all new, all heroine comic book series, A-Force. Lepore read an issue of the series with her son, and utilized the experience to openly bemoan the apparent objectification of the superheroines depicted therein. In her strident article she claims that “Their power is in their allure,” and remarks that this is actually “the absence of power. Even their bodies are not their own” (Lepore, “Looking at Female Superheroes"). In a more directed assault, she writes that “it’s weird, and depressing, that ‘Age of Ultron’ and the ‘A-Force’ should have such pervy characters and costumes, since Joss Whedon, who directed both the first Avengers movie and this latest installment, and G. Willow Wilson, one of the creators of ‘A-Force’, have been on a mission for a while now to re-invent the female superhero.” According to Lepore, they are both failing miserably.
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