G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review Pediatric and Adolescent Oncofertility in Male Patients—From Alpha to Omega Ovidiu Bîcă 1, Ioan Sârbu 2,3,* and Carmen Iulia Ciongradi 2,3 1 2nd Department of Morphofunctional Sciences—Cell and Molecular Biology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ias, i, Romania;
[email protected] 2 2nd Department of Surgery—Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ias, i, Romania;
[email protected] 3 Department of Pediatric and Orthopaedic Surgery, “Sfânta Maria” Emergency Children Hospital, 700309 Ias, i, Romania * Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: +40-745-760-716 Abstract: This article reviews the latest information about preserving reproductive potential that can offer enhanced prospects for future conception in the pediatric male population with cancer, whose fertility is threatened because of the gonadotoxic effects of chemotherapy and radiation. An estimated 400,000 children and adolescents aged 0–19 years will be diagnosed with cancer each year. Fertility is compromised in one-third of adult male survivors of childhood cancer. We present the latest approaches and techniques for fertility preservation, starting with fertility preservation counselling, a clinical practice guideline used around the world and finishing with recent advances in basic science and translational research. Improving strategies for the maturation of germ cells in vitro combined with new molecular techniques for gene editing could be the next scientific keystone to eradicate genetic diseases such as cancer related mutations in the offspring of cancer survivors. Citation: Bîc˘a,O.; Sârbu, I.; Keywords: fertility preservation; prepubertal boys; cancer; oncofertility; pediatric; in vitro spermatogenesis Ciongradi, C.I.