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Volume 65, №5,2019 International Affairs VOLUME 65 NUMBER 5, 2019 C O N T E N T S A History of Ups and Downs: The 140th Anniversary of the Establishment of Russian-Bulgarian Diplomatic Relations S. Lavrov 1 editor-in-chief interviews “Expanding Our Country’s Circle of Friends Has Been Our Main Goal...” E. Mitrofanova 8 world issues NATO’s Military Activity in North Atlantic Yu. Belobrov 18 The EU in Search of Itself V. Chernega 30 Germany and China: From Cooperation to Competition Ye. Leonov 40 The Transformation of the UN Concept of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Yu. Trefilova 49 the caspian sea: legal status Negotiating the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea: Some Nuances A. Kachalova 60 Political and Economic Space in the Caspian Region: A New Configuration S. Zhiltsov 74 information security Effectiveness of Russia’s Foreign Policy Information Support in Its Confrontation With the U.S. M. Kovshar 84 Media and Information Literacy as a Strategic Resource for Diplomacy in Dealing With Information Threats and Challenges Ye. Grebenkina 95 commentary and essays Participation of Russia’s Constituent Regions in Implementing Its Foreign Policy R. Gimatdinov, I. Nasyrov, E. Sadykova 106 Military and Military-Technical Cooperation Between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus Z. Kokoshina 118 Principal Phases in the Foreign Policy of Post-Soviet Kazakhstan Arsen Turgambayev 129 “God Is in Heaven, the Earth Is Hard and Russia Is Far Away” Aleksandar Vulin 138 Concerned Scientists on the State of the World Yu. Sayamov 142 roundtaBle The Russian Economy and Trade Wars 154 viewpoint “The Doors of the Nations ... Must Be Battered Down” S. Rybas 166 celeBratory dates The 75th Anniversary of the Foreign Ministry Financial Service A. Lysikov 171 The Currency and Finance Department of the Foreign Ministry B. Idrisov 178 history and memoirs Russian-Moldavian Relations Under the First Romanovs Yu. Bulatov 184 The Second Front: A Russian Diary S. Brilev 198 On the 17th Parallel: Marking the 65th Anniversary of the Geneva Agreements on Vietnam A. Zaitsev 210 The First Wave N. Shevtsov 217 BooK reviews A. Yemelyanov. The Geopolitics of Latin America Ya. Burlyay 231 I. Zvyagelskaya. The Middle East and Central Asia: Megatrends in the Regional Dimension G. Kosach 234 A. Vavilov. Cataclysms of the “Arab Spring” A. Baklanov 243 Sergey Lavrov’s Interview With a Bulgarian Journal of Foreign Policy 1 A History of Ups and Downs: The 140th Anniversary of the Establishment of Russian-Bulgarian Diplomatic Relations Sergey Lavrov, Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation Key words: Russia and Bulgaria, 140th anniversary of diplomatic relations. Question: Today, just as 140 years ago, Bulgaria remains strongly attached and grateful to Russia for restoring Bulgarian statehood. How does Russia feel about Bulgaria? Answer: The ties between Russia and Bulgaria date back many centuries. Their special nature arises from their spiritual and cultural affinity. We likewise remember and pay tribute to outstanding personalities such as Saints Cyril and Methodius, Saint Cyprian, metropolitan of Moscow, and other prominent figures of the Slavic Enlightenment. The liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottoman yoke was a fateful event in our shared histo- ry. More than 20,000 Russian officers and servicemen were killed and over 50,000 injured in fighting for the freedom of their Slavic brothers and for the triumph of the ideals of truth and justice. That was when the solid foundation of Russian-Bulgarian friendship was laid. Russia always stood by the Bulgarian people at crucial, fateful moments. Suffice it to recall the Provisional Russian Administration (1877-1879), which Mikhail Madzharov, a well-known Bulgarian politi- cian, described as a “selfless teacher who groomed the country’s entire administrative, judicial and financial personnel in less than two years.” During the 1946 Paris Peace Conference, Moscow remained Sofia’s ded- icated protector. Needless to say, our bilateral relations have seen both ups and downs. However, each time we successfully overcame temporary difficulties and _____________________ Mr. Lavrov was interviewed by Chavdar Minchev, Editor-in-Chief of Mezhdunarodni otnosheniya, a Bulgarian journal of foreign policy 2 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS returned to the path of dialogue based on mutual respect. And it could not have been any different, since the feeling of mutual sympathy shared by the Russian and Bulgarian peoples has invariably prevailed over any short-term political goals. This year we will mark an important date – namely, the 140th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations. The Russian and Bulgarian foreign ministries have developed a wide-ranging program to mark the event. I am confident that its consistent implementation will help further strengthen trust and mutual understanding between our nations. Q: How do you assess the current state of Russian-Bulgarian relations? What are the prospects for bilateral cooperation in key areas, such as the economy, the energy sector and tourism? A: I am pleased to note that despite the complicated situation in Europe, Russian-Bulgarian relations are dynamically developing. Lately, political dialogue, in particular at the top level, has intensified. In May 2018, Bulgarian President Rumen Radev and Prime Minister Boyko Borisov made working visits to Russia. In October 2018, our heads of government met on the sidelines of the ASEM Summit in Brussels. In March 2019, Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev was in Bulgaria on an official visit. We hope that the positive momentum of political contacts will help strengthen practical cooperation, primarily in energy, trade and the eco- nomic area, especially considering that there is great potential for that. The Turkish Stream natural gas project opens very broad opportunities for our joint efforts. Extending it across Bulgaria will enhance your country’s energy security. Taking into consideration the unfortunate experience of the South Stream project, it is essential to receive firm guarantees from the European Commission that these plans will not be thwarted by Brussels’ arbitrary decisions. Sofia’s decision to resume the construction of the Belene nuclear power station opens good prospects for deepening bilateral cooperation. Russia has all the requisite technology and many years of experience to successfully resurrect the project. At present, Rosatom [Russia’s Federal Atomic Energy Agency] is exploring possible forms of participation in building the nuclear power plant. It should be mentioned in passing that in 2017-2018, Rosatom already made it possible to extend the service life Sergey Lavrov’s Interview With a Bulgarian Journal of Foreign Policy 3 of Units 5 and 6 at the Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant, currently Bulgaria’s only nuclear power plant, for 30 years. Unfortunately, after bilateral trade turnover grew by 24% in 2017, in 2018, it was up just 0.6%. Prospects for increasing and diversifying bilat- eral trade are discussed in substance at the Intergovernmental Commission for Economic, Scientific and Technological Russia always stood by the Cooperation. Currently, the Bulgarian people at crucial, commission is meeting on a reg- fateful moments. ular basis. On October 25, 2018, it held its 17th meeting in Moscow; its next meeting is due to take place in September 2019 in Bulgaria. We believe that cooperation between Russian and Bulgarian experts will make it possible to significantly strengthen trade and eco- nomic ties. In 2018, over 500,000 Russian tourists visited Bulgarian resorts. On March 5, 2019, a Russian-Bulgarian business forum on tourism took place in Sofia, focusing on ways of further expanding tourist exchanges. This year, more than 30 Bulgarian cities held Immortal Regiment marches. I would like to use this opportunity to sincerely thank our Bulgarian friends for helping preserve historical memory. Q: How important is regional cooperation in the modern globalized world? A: In the current international situation, regional cooperation is making a significant contribution to promoting a positive interstate agenda and to building up trust and mutual understanding among nations – to a very large extent due to its nonpolitical nature. A good case in point is the Black Sea region. Back in 1992, Russia and Turkey initiated the establishment of a venue for international coop- eration on a wide array of issues in the Black Sea region. They were joined by Bulgaria. Those efforts led to the creation of a diversified mul- tilateral mechanism, i.e., the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC). Experience shows that for regional formats to function successfully, several conditions have to be met, such as openness, inclusiveness, har- monization, and interconnectedness. The “integration of integrations” concept should help increase the 4 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS practical payoff from regional cooperation. That is the focus of President Vladimir Putin’s initiative to form the Greater Eurasian Partnership, aligning various integration processes unfolding in both Europe and Asia. I am sure that deeper cooperation within the BSEC framework would help implement this wide-ranging initiative and eventually ensure har- monious and sustainable development throughout the Eurasian space. Q: Can Bulgaria become a conduit of peace and cooperation in the Balkans and the Black Sea region? A: There is a pressing need to ease tension in the Black Sea region. This problem can be solved only through joint efforts, by abandoning zero- sum games,
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