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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88204-0 - Multimedia Networking: From Theory to Practice Jenq-Neng Hwang Index More information

Index

AC3 45, 181 A-law 11 AC3 coupling 49 Alliance for Telecommunications Industry AC3 D15 48 Solutions (ATIS) 3, 292 AC3 D25 48 AMC subchannel 349, 403 AC3 D45 48 analysis by synthesis 18 fielder window 48 Apple QuickTime video 107 low-frequency effect (LFE) channel 45 application layer 202 spectral envelope 46, 48 FTP 203 subwoofer channel 45 HTTP 203 access application-layer QoS control 260–7 category (AC) 213, 334 application-level multicast (ALM) 235, 270 network 292 application service provider (ASP) 229 point (AP) 316 arbitration interframe space number adaptation decision taking engine (ADTE) 459 (AIFSN) 335 adaptive delta pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) 13, arithmetic coding 67, 78 19, 26, 473 aspect ratio 195 adaptive stream management protocol 284 asymmetric digital subscriber additive increase multiplicative decrease (AIMD) line (ADSL) 2 247, 263 asymmetric encryption 414 ad hoc BSS mode 316 audio and video compression 262 ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) 341 audio capture and playback 509 admission control 272 authenticity checking 439 advanced common application platform (ACAP, automatic repeat-request (ARQ) 258, 372 A/101) 197 autonomous system (AS) 207 advanced encryption standard (AES) 415, 421–7 multihomed AS 207 decryption 429 stub AS 207 encryption 424 transit AS 207 AddRoundKey 424 autorate fallback (ARF) 324 MixColumn 424 available bandwidth 249 ShiftRow 424 SubBytes 424 backoff 320, 332 advanced television systems committee (ATSC) 4, bandwidth (throughput) 210, 212 181, 182, 193 bandwidth inference congestion control (BIC) 251, AC3 (A/52) 181, 193 264, 386 data services 196 bandwidth over-provisioning 222 digital TV (DTV, A/53) 181, 193 bandwidth request (BW-REQ) 348–50 MPEG-2 video 194 basic service set (BSS) 316 interactivity 196 Bellman–Ford algorithm 208 MPEG-2 transport stream 195 best effort (BE) 348 RF transmission subsystem 196 bit error rate (BER) 323 channel coding 196 blackburst 333 modulation 196 block erasure code 373, 386 service multiplex 194 blocky (blocking) artifact 62, 84, 160, 171 transport subsystem 194 Blue-ray Disc 112 vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation 196 border gateway 207 airtime fairness 395 border gateway protocol (BGP) 208

Index 539

building a project 505 cross-layer congestion control (CLC) 394 building a solution 505 custom queuing (CQ) 217 customer premise equipment (CPE) 342 cable TV (CATV) 2 cyclic redundancy check (CRC) 188 call admission control 384 carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance data encryption standard (DES) 414–19, 415 (CSMA/CA) 209, 320 decryption 421 carrier sense multiple access with collision detection data-link layer 209 (CSMA/CD) 209 data recovery 267, 377 cascaded decoder–encoder architecture 264 data stripping 273 CAST algorithm 415 deblocking filter 80, 160, 169 CCIR-601 7, 110 decryption key 414 CD-interactive (CD-I) 38 de-interlace filter 286 certificate authority (CA) 436 de-jittered buffer 211, 262 channel capacity 212 delay jitter (variation) 7, 210, 211 channel quality indication channel (CQICH) 401 delay-trend detection 251, 262 chroma subsampling 73, 107, 114 delay variation 210 4:1:1 73, 107 delay-constrained retransmission 264 4:2:0 107, 165 de-ringing filter 287 4:2:2 73, 107 differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) 114 4:4:4 73 differentiated service code point (DSCP) 205, 214 ciphertext 414 differentiated services (DiffServ) 202, 223–5 class-D IP address 228 assured forwarding 226 clear to send (CTS) 321 expedited forwarding 226 client–server video streaming 520 flow aggregation 224 CMMB 4, 182 per-hop behavior (PHB) 224, 225 code division multiple access (CDMA) 304 digital asset management (DAM) system 412 CDMA2000 308 digital audio broadcasting (DAB) 38, 183 code-excited linear prediction (CELP) 16, 18 digital certificate 436 collusion attack 443 digital compact cassette (DCC) 38 color look-up table (CULT) 113 digital item (DI) 446 color transformation 73, 86 digital item adaptation (DIA) 455–8 chrominance (chroma) 73 digital item adaptation engine 458 luminance (luma) 73 digital item declaration (DID) 445–6 common intermediate format (CIF) 7, 109, 483 digital item declaration language (DIDL) 447 common open policy service (COPS) protocol 384 digital item extension operation (DIXO) 462 compact disk (CD) 26 digital item identification (DII) 447–9 congestion avoidance 218 digital item method (DIM) 461 connection identifier (CID) 344 digital item method language (DIML) 461 content caching 271 digital item processing (DIP) 458–62 content delivery network (CDN) 236, 270 Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) 1 content management system (CMS) 412 digital multimedia broadcasting 181 content mirroring 271 digital rights 412 content replication 271 client 413 content repository 412 content server 410–11 ContentGuard 453 license generator 413 contention window (CW) 320, 332 license server 413 contention-window adaptation (CWA) 395 packager 413 context-adaptive binary arithmetic coder (CABAC) digital rights management (DRM) 8, 292, 410 68, 78, 92, 161 digital signature 432–3 bitplane 92 digital still camera (DSC) 71 context modeling 92 digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) continuous media distribution services 267–9 288 control packet scaling 277 digital versatile disk (DVD) 38, 109, 131 CoopNet 239 digital video broadcasting (DVB) 2, 181 core-based tree (CBT) 233 DVB-C 181 core network 291 DVB-H 4, 182, 183 corrective synchronization mechanism 275 4K mode 186

540 Index

digital video broadcasting (DVB) (cont.) European Telecommunication Standards Institute H.264/AVC 186 (ETSI) 16 HE AAC 186 evolution-data only (EV-DO) 308 IP Dataset 185 Rev A 308 single-frequency network (SFN) 186 Rev B 308 symbol interleaver 186 explicit resource management 223 time slicing 185, 188 exposed node problem 322 transmitter parameter signaling (TPS) 186 extended-real-time polling service (ertPS) 348 DVB-S 181 extended service set (ESS) 317, 339 DVB-T 4, 181, 182 extensible markup language (XML) 449 hierarchical modulation 182 extensible rights markup language (XrML) 453 coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplex (COFDM) 183 fair airtime throughput estimation (FATE) 395 digital watermarking 437 fair queuing (FQ) 217, 250 DIP engine 462 fast streaming 279–80 direct broadcast satellite (DBS) 1 fast cache 282 direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) 317 fast reconnect 282 discrete cosine transform (DCT) 33 fast recovery 282 DPCM coding 122, 131, 138 fast start 281 discrete Fourier transform (DFT) 33, 74 fault tolerant storage 274 AC coefficients 75 fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) 2 DC coefficient 75 fiber to the home (FTTH) 288, 292 forward DCT (FDCT) 75 field picture 107, 138, 169 inverse DCT (IDCT) 75 file manager 273 row–column decomposition 75 fingerprinting 438 separable property 75 first generation (1G) mobile 303 distance-vector multicast routing protocol first-in first-out (FIFO) queuing 215 (DVMRP) 233 fixed mobile convergence 309 distributed coordination function (DCF) 320 forward error correction (FEC) coding 184, 264, distributed coordination function interframe space 282, 372 (DIFS) 320, 332 fourth generation (49) wireless 309 distributed fair scheduling (DFS) 333 fragmentation 329 diversity subchannel 349 frame picture 107, 138, 169 doubling increase multiplicative decrease frame-dropping filter 269 (DIMD) 249 frequency-division duplex (FDD) 305, 345 downlink MAP (DL-MAP) 345 frequency-division multiple access draw video frame function 529 (FDMA) 303 drift 263 frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) 317 earliest deadline first (EDF) scheduling FS-1015 standard 15 272, 275 FS-1016 19 elementary stream (ES) 188 fullsearch 252 embedded probing 386, 389 encryption 414 G.723.1 16, 23, 470 encryption key 414 closed-loop LTP 22 encryption key server 413 conjugate CS-ACELP 23 end of block (EOB) 78 line spectral pairs (LSP) 21 end-to-end (source-to-destination) 205 open-loop LTP 22 enhanced definition TV (EDTV) 1 G.728 16, 19 enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) G.729 16, 23, 387 333–7, 341 Galois field 374, 423 entropy 63 general packet radio service (GPRS) 5, 305 entropy coding 64, 78–9, 107, 114, 161, 169 generic DRM architecture 411 error concealment 268, 377 gigabit ethernet 291 error control 264 Gilbert–Elliot model 375 error resilient encoding 267, 377 global system for mobile (GSM) 16, 17, 303 Eureka-147 183 goodput analysis 326–7 European broadcasting union (EBU) 190 graphics interchange format (GIF) 62

Index 541

H.225 280 parameter set structure 378 H.245 280 profile 161, 163 H.261 108 baseline 163 H.263 110, 125 extended 163 H.263v2 (H.263þ) 110, 125, 129, 483 high 163 H.263v3 (H.263þþ) 110 main 161, 163 baseline encoder 125 rate–distortion optimization 157–8 DCT transform 128 slice 154 entropy coding 128 bipredictive slice (B-slice) 155 frame structure 126–7 intra slice (I-slice) 155 group of blocks (GOBs) 126 predictive (P-slice) 155 half-pixel accuracy 127 switching I (SI-slice) 155 high-latency profile 161 switching P (SP-slice) 155 intra or inter mode selection 125 variable-block-size motion compensation 157 motion estimation and compensation 127 video coding layer (VCL) 111, 377 optional modes 129 H.264/AVC multi-view video coding (MVC) advanced-prediction mode 129 extension 153 PB-frame mode 129 H.264/AVC scalable video coding (SVC) extension syntax-based arithmetic coding 129 (H.264/SVC) 153, 172, 389, 460 unrestricted motion vector mode 129 base layer 176 optimal quantization 130 fidelity quality (SNR) scalability 177 quantization 128 coarse-grain scalable (CGS) 177 rate control 130–1 drift 177, 263 TMN8 130 progressive refinement 177 H.264/AVC 111, 153, 186, 190, 483 hierarchical prediction 175 advanced video coding (AVC) 153 instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR) arbitrary slice ordering (ASO) 378 picture 175 bilinear interpolation 157 group of pictures (GOPs) 175 decoder 153 key picture 175 encoder 153, 515 interlayer intra prediction 176 entropy coding 161 interlayer motion prediction 176 context-adaptive variable-length coding interlayer prediction 176 (CAVLC) 161 interlayer residual prediction 176 flexible macroblock ordering (FMO) 378 spatial enhancement layer 176 generalized B-picture 159 H.320 109 B slices 159 H.323 110, 280 bipredictive 159 H.324 110 direct mode 159 hash function 434 list 0 159 Heinrich Hertz Institute (HHI) 172 list 1 159 hidden node problem 321 skipped macroblock 159 hierarchical prediction 173 in-loop deblocking filter 160, 177 hierarchical storage high-definition blocking artifact 160 architecture 273 integer transform 159 high-definition DVD (HD-DVD) 112 four-tap Hadamard transform 160 high-definition TV (HDTV) 1, 131, 193, 199 ringing artifact 160 high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) 305 two-tap Harr–Hadamard transform 160 high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA) 306 intra-picture prediction 155–6 Huffman coding 38, 42, 52, 65, 78 intra coding types 155 Huffman shift code 67 prediction direction 155 Huffman tables 79 prediction mode 156 instantaneous code 65, 66 JBIG2 69 truncated Huffman code 66 joint video team (JVT) 153 human auditory system 26–8 Lagrange multiplier 158 cochlea 28 level 161 inner ear 28 multiframe motion compensation 158–9 middle ear 26 network abstraction layer (NAL) 111, 173, 377 ossicles 26 one-quarter pixel precision 157 outer ear 26

542 Index

human psychoacoustics 28–32, 40 interleaved single-pulse permutation (ISPP) 23 bark unit 30 inter media synchronization 277 critical bands 29 international data encryption algorithm (IDEA) 415 frequency masking 28, 31 international mobile telecommunications 2000 hearing sensitivity 28 (IMT-2000) 304 minimum audible field (MAF) 28 International Standard Book Number (ISBN) 438 sound pressure level (SPL) 28 international standard recording code (ISRC) 438 subband 33 international streaming media alliance (ISMA) 110 temporal masking 28, 31 Internet assigned numbers authority (IANA) 228 hybrid coordination function (HCF) 334–5 Internet control message protocol (ICMP) 205 hybrid coordination function controlled channel Internet engineering task force (IETF) 205 access (HCCA) 334, 337–8 Internet group management protocol (IGMP) 205, hybrid fiber cable (HFC) 292 228, 229 designated router 230–2 identity database 413 host membership query 230 IEEE 802.11 MAC 318–21 host membership report 230 IEEE 802.11 PHY 320 time to live (TTL) 230 IEEE 802.11 WLAN 209 Internet protocol (IP) 202 IEEE 802.11a 317 multicast 227 IEEE 802.11b 317 distribution tree 227 IEEE 802.11e 332–8 group address 227 IEEE 802.11g 318 MAC multicast address 228 IEEE 802.11n 318 tree creation 227 IEEE 802.11r 384 layer model Five 202 IEEE 802.11s 339 unicast 227, 234 IEEE 802.16 simulation modules 359 network 202 IEEE 802.16 342 Internet protocol TV (IPTV) 287, 385 IEEE 802.16d (802.16–2004) 342 high-level architecture standard 296 IEEE 802.16e (802.16–2005) 342 high-level functional components 296 IEEE 802.16j 358 high-level requirements 291–4 IEEE 802.3 ethernet 209 architectural aspects 293 IEEE 802.5 token ring 209 end systems and middleware aspects 295 indecs project 455 network and control aspects 294 information 63 public interest aspects 295 infotainment 6 QoS and performance aspects 294 infrastructure BSS mode 316 security and content protection aspects 294 integrated services (IntServ) 202, 222–3 Interoperability Forum (IIF) 3, 292 best effort 224 reference archiecture 290 controlled load 224 Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) 205 guaranteed quality 224 flags 205 soft state 224 header length 205 integrated services digital broadcasting for terrestrial time to live (TTL) 206, 230 (ISDB-T) 4, 182, 183, 198 type of service (TOS) 205, 214 band-segmented transmission OFDM (BST- version number 205 OFDM) 199 Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) 205 MPEG-2 AAC 198 intradomain routing 207 MPEG-2 video 198 intraframe compression 107 one segment 182, 183, 199 inverse telecine filter 286 ISDB-C 198 IS-54 20 ISDB-S 198 integrated services digital network 2 joint bilevel image experts group (JBIG) 68, 69 intellectual property management and protection joint photographic experts group (JPEG) 62, 71, 481 (IPMP) 8, 410, 452–3 codestream 83 intelligent transportation system (ITS) 404 extended coding mode 72 inter access-point protocol (IAPP) 384 lossy baseline mode 72 interactive TV (iTV) 197, 293 lossless encoding mode 72 interframe compression 107 hierarchical mode 81–2 interlaced video 107, 136, 138 lossless mode 82–3

Index 543

progressive mode 80–1 long-term evolution (LTE) 309, 313 spectral selection 81 lossless compression 62 successive approximation 81 lossy compression 62 JPEG2000 62, 84, 481 bitplane entropy coding 92 maximum transmission unit (MTU) 206 codeblock 91, 94 mean opinion score (MOS) 13, 17 codestream 95 mean squared error (MSE) 13, 72 progressive 97 media access control (MAC) 209, 316 Daubechies 5/3 integer filter 87 protocol data unit (MPDU) 320, 328, 345 Daubechies 9/7 filter 87 service data unit (MSDU) 320 discrete wavelet transform (DWT) 85, 87 media access coordination function (MCF) 340 dyadic DWT 87, 91 media synchronization 272–3 embedded block coding with optimized truncation interobject synchronization 274 (EBCOT) 92 interstream synchronization 274 JPEG2000 interactive and progressive (JPIP) 102 intrastream synchronization 274 JPEG2000 secure (JPSEC) 102–3 mesh access point 340 JPEG2000 3D (JP3D) 104 mesh point 340 JPEG2000 wireless (JPWL) 104–5 mesh portal 340 layer 96, 97 message digest 434 lifting scheme 87 message digest 5 (MD5) 435 packet 91, 95 metadata 412 precinct 91, 94 metropolitan area network (MAN) 209 progression Microsoft DirectShow 497 by component 98 Microscoft Foundation Class (MFC) applications by quality (SNR) 97 497 by resolution 97 Microsoft IPTV 288 by spatial 97 Microsoft Media Server (MMS) 278 scan stripe 92 Microsoft Mesh Connectivity Layer (MCL) 380 three coding passes 92, 95 minimal session control information 277 clean-up 93 minimum-delay-path spanning tree 238 magnitude refinement 92 MiSer 324–5 significance propagation 92 MIT Roofnet 380 mixed-excitation linear prediction (MELP) 15, 19 key exchange (distribution) problem 431 mobile device 182–3, 316, 323, 342 key-dependent cipher operation 416 mobile multi-hop relay (MMR) 358 key-schedule function 416 modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) 41, 50, 54 layered coding 173, 246 motion compensation 114 layered multicast 245 motion compensation error 116, 121 LD-CELP 19 motion estimation 114 leaky bucket 220–1 exhaustive (full) search 116 license 453 fast motion-estimation search 116 license rights 413 block-based gradient descent search (BBGDS) linear predictive coding (LPC) 13–14 118 auto-regressive (AR) 13 diamond search 120 Levinson–Durbin recursion 14, 52 four-step search (4SS) 117 long-term prediction (LTP) 14, 17 three-step search (3SS) 117 LPC excitation 15 macroblock 114 LPC residue 15 motion vector 115 LPC-10 standard 15 reference block 115 short-term prediction (STP) 13, 17 sum of absolute differences (SADs) 116 Toeplitz matrix 14 Motion JPEG2000 100 voice coder (vocoder) 14 2K digital cinema package (DCP) 100 Yule–Walker linear equation 13–14 4K digital cinema package (DCP) 101 link adaptation (rate adaptation) 8, 323, 394 digital cinema initiative (DCI) 100 link-state advertisement (LSA) 208 SMPTE DC28 100 local area networks (LANs) 1, 202, 209 XYZ color space 100 logical link control (LLC) 209 moving picture experts group (MPEG) audio 37

544 Index

MPEG-1 audio layer 1 38 transport stream 109, 183, 190, 195 MPEG-1 audio layer 2 38 MPEG-21 multimedia framework 446 MPEG-1 audio layer 3 38 MPEG-4 110, 144 MPEG-1 video 109, 131, 483 binary format for scenes (BIFS) 190 conditional replenishment 134–5 synchronized layer (SL) 190 inter_MB 135 MPEG-4 bit-sliced arithmetic coding (BSAC) 190 intra_MB 135 fine-grain scalability 191 skipped_MB 134 scalable coder 191 encoder 132, 510 segmented binary arithmetic (SBA) coding 191 decoder 132, 510 MPEG-4 high-efficiency AAC (HE-AAC) 54, 186, motion estimation and compensation 133 190, 191, 472 backward motion vector 134 HE-AACv2 57 forward motion vector 134 interchannel cross-correlation 57 picture organization 131 interchannel intensity difference 57 bidirectional pictures (B-picture) 131 interchannel phase difference 58 4:1:1 chroma subsampling 132 interchannel time difference 58 clear codeword 132 overall phase difference 58 group of picture (GOP) 131 parametric stereo 57 intra coded picture (I-picture) 131 spectral band replication (SBR) 54 predictive picture (P-picture) 131 MPEG-4 video slice 132 alpha plane 150 source input format (SIF) 132 decoder 145 quantization matrix 133 encoder 145 rate control 135 motion estimation 152 adaptive quantization 135 profile 136 system layer 134 advanced simple 146, 161 video buffer 133 core 146, 192 MPEG-2 advanced audio coding (AAC) 50, 198, 515 core scalable 146 Kaiser–Bessel derived window 54 fine granularity scalable 146 low-complexity (LC) profile 53 main 146 main profile 53 simple 146 pre-echoes 51 simple scalable 146 scalable sample rate (SSR) profile 53 sprite-based coding 147 temporal noise shaping (TNS) 52 very-low-bitrate video (VLBV) 148 MPEG-2 video 109, 131, 135, 194, 198, 483 video object (VO) 145 alternate scan 140 video object plane (VOP) 147 DCT 139 VOP shaping coding 150 field picture 138 VOP texture coding 150–1 frame picture 138 low-pass extrapolation 151 H.262 109 mean-repetition DCT 151 interlaced video 136, 138 repetitive padding 151 levels 136 shape-adaptive DCT (SA-DCT) 117 motion compensated prediction 138 MP3 38, 476 dual-prime 139 inner iteration loop 43 field-based 138 intensity stereo coding 45 frame-based 138 MS stereo coding 45, 52 profiles 136 outer iteration loop 44 high 136 scale factor band (SFB) 41 main 136, 137, 161 time domain aliasing cancellation (TDAC) 41 simple 136, 137 multicast backbone (Mbone) 234 SNR 136 IP multicast island 234 spatial 136 multicast tunnel 234 program stream 109 multicast open shortest path first (MOSPF) 234 progressive video 138 multicast routing protocol (MRP) 228, 232 scalable coding 140 multiconference 535 SNR 140 multimedia (audio or video) streaming 257 spatial 140 live 256–7 temporal 143 on-demand 259

Index 545

multimedia home platform (MHP) 182 packet scheduling 352, 355 multimedia QoS mechanism 259 packet traffic management 215 multimedia streaming protocols 273–9 packetized elementary stream (PES) 183 multipath interference 312 packet-pair layered multicast (PLM) 250, 264 multiple description coding (MDC) 239, 268 Palo Alto research center (PARC) 453 multiple-pulse coding (MPC) 16, 21 parametric coding 13 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) 312 participant identification 277 multipoint control unit (MCU) 532–4 payload type identification 277 multipoint-to-multipoint (MMP) model 346–7 PC-2 table 418 multiprotocol encapsulated FEC (MPE-FEC) 186, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) 72 187–8 peer-to-peer (P2P) 238 application data table (ADT) 189 central-server-based 239 multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) 202 distributed-based 241 multirate WLAN 329, 398 perceptual weighting filter 18, 22 performance anomaly 330, 394 Narada 239–40 physical (PHY) layer 210, 316 network allocation vector (NAV) 320 pitch 11 network filter 269 plain old telephone service (POTS) 2 network layer 205 plaintext 414 destination network address 206 play video frame function 528 IP address 206 Pocket PC 2003 246 IP mask 206 point coordination function (PCF) 320, 322 next-hop router address 206 point-to-multipoint (PMP) mode 343–5 next generation network (NGN) 288 polymorphic function 524 Nice 240 power control 376–7 non-oblivious watermarking 444 predictive coding 114 non-real-time polling service (nrtPS) 348 preroll buffer 257 non-scalable video 262 presence server 533 pretty good privacy (PGP) 416 oblivious watermarking 444 preventive synchronization mechanism 275 one-to-one video conference 310 priority queuing (PQ) 216 one-way delay (OWD) 210 private key 431 one-way trip time (OTT) 210, 388 process manager 272 processing delay 211 product information 412 propagation delay 211 program-specific information (PSI) 184, 193 queuing delay 211 program association table 193 open shortest path first (OSPF) 208 program map table 193 link state 208 progressive network architecture (PNA) 257 optical carrier level N 2 progressive video 107, 138 optimized link state routing (OLSR) 341 protocol-independent multicast (PIM) 228 orthogonal frequency-division multiplex (OFDM) protocol-independent multicast-dense mode 184, 310, 344 (PIM-DM) 234 access (OFDMA) 310, 344 protocol-independent multicast-sparse mode bin 349 (PIM-SM) 234 slot 349 proxy server 259 subchannel 312, 345 public key 431 symbol 345 authentication 431–2 overlay network 236 cryptography (PKC) 414, 427–35 encryption 430–1 packet delay (latency) 7, 210 infrastructure (PKI) 433–5 packet error rate (PER) 323 public-switched telephone networks (PSTN) 1 packet loss (error) 7, 210, 212 packet loss classification (PLC) 365–70 QAM 185 delay-trend index 371 quadrature mirror filter (QMF) 40, 54, 58 inter-arrival gap 367 quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) 185 spike-train analysis 369 quality of experience (QoE) 288 zigzag scheme 370 quality of service (QoS) 7, 8, 202, 210, 330 packet pair 250 bandwidth (throughput) 210, 212

546 Index

quality of service (QoS) (cont.) REL data model 453 delay jitter (variation) 7, 210, 211 relative one-way trip time (ROTT) 251, 367 feedback 277 request to send (RTS) 321 mapping 226 resource allocation 272 metric parameters 210 resource manager 272 packet delay (latency) 7, 210 resource reservation protocol (RSVP) 223 packet loss (error) 7, 210, 212 resynchronization marking 267, 377 quantization 69–71 reverse path forwarding (RPF) 232 deadzone 88, 168 reversible color transform (RCT) 78–9 dequantization 76 reversible variable-length code (RVLC) 268 non-uniform 70 rights data dictionary (RDD) 453–4 optimal 71 rights expression language (REL) 451–3 quantization noise 70 Rijndael key schedule 425 quantization table (normalization matrix) 76, 133 Rivest ciphers (RCs) 416 uniform 70 round trip time (RTT) 250, 263 routing information protocol (RIP) 206, 208 random early detection/discard/drop (RED) 218 routing protocols 206 ranging-request message 350 RSA rate control 108, 122–4, 135, 286 decryption 432 bit allocation 122 encryption 432 constant-quality video coding 122 public key cryptography 431 constant-bitrate (CBR) video coding 122, 135, 347 RTSP methods 278 feed-backward 124 run-length coding (RLC) 69, 78, 79, 113 feed-forward 124 model based 123 S-box 418 rate–distortion (R-D) theory 122 scalable IPTV 392 operational 123, 157 OFDMA (SOFDMA) 344 single-pass 286 video 262 two-pass 286 video coding (SVC) 112 variable bitrate (VBR) video coding 122, 135, video multicast 404 348, 477 second generation (2G) mobile 303 rate–distortion (R–D) optimation 379 secret key cryptography (SKC) 414, 415 rate shaping 262 secure hash algorithm (SHA) 435 rate-monotonic scheduling 272, 275 sequence numbering 277 RDD context model 455 service differentiation of 802.11 330–2 real data transport (RDT) 276 service flow identifier (SFID) 344 RealAudio 1.0 257 service-level agreement (SLA) 223, 225 RealMedia streaming 283 session description protocol (SDP) 280 RealSystem G2 283 session initiation protocol (SIP) 110, 384, 387 real-time operating system (OS) 272 client 279 real-time polling service (rtPS) 348 proxy server 279 real-time streaming protocol (RTSP) 278 redirect server 280 real-time transport control protocol (RTCP) 204, registrar 280 275, 366 server 279 real-time transport protocol (RTP) 111, 204, 275, 366 set-top box (STB) 291 receiver report 204 Shannon information theory 63 sender report 204 channel capacity 64 RealVideo 8 283–5 mutual information 64 rebuffering 257 short interframe space (SIFS) 321 receiver-based autorate (RBAR) 322–4 signal-to-mask ratio 40 receiver-driven layered congestion control (RLC) 248 simulated live transfer agent (SLTA) 259 burst test 249 single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) 313 synchronized join experiments 249 slice-based data partitioning 267, 377 receiver-driven layered multicast (RLM) 248 smart antenna 312 join experiments 248 smooth multirate multicast congestion control shared learning 248 (SMCC) 264 Reed–Solomon FEC 184, 188, 196, 373 SMPTE VC-1 111 regular pulse excitation (RPE) 16, 17 Snoop protocol 366

Index 547

source encoding 7 link-(MAC)-layer 213 source identification 277 network-layer 214 source input format (SIF) 7, 109 transport-layer 215 source rate adaptation (SRA) 395 traffic shaping 219 SP/SI switching 378 transcoding 260–7 spatial-division multiplex (SDM) 312 closed-loop 263 spatial-division multiple access (SDMA) 312 open-loop 263 splitter 259 transmission control protocol (TCP) 202, 204, 275, spread-spectrum modulation 441 490 SpreadIt 239 congestion control 247 standard definition TV (SDTV) 131, 193, 199 friendly congestion control 247, 263 storage area network (SAN) 273 friendly rate control (TFRC) 264 storage system for streaming 273 TCP/IP 202 stream synchronization protocol (SSP) 275 TCP/IP stack 490 streaming server 270–2 transport layer 203 STS-N 2 transport network 291 subband filtering 35 transport protocol 275 decimator 35 transport protocol experts group (TPEG) 190 interpolator 35 Triple-DES (3DES) 415, 421 polyphase filter 35–6, 38 TV over IP 3 subcarrier 310 two-state Markov chain 375 subchannel allocation 352, 355 superposition coded multicasting (SCM) 392, 393 ultra mobile broadband (UMB) 309, 311–12 SureStream technology 283 uniform resource identifier (URI) 278, 450 Swisscom IPTV 288 uniform resource locator (URL) 278 symmetric encryption 414 universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) synchronized multimedia integration language 305 (SMIL) 282, 461 unsolicited grant service (UGS) 347 systematic code 373 unvoiced speech 11 uplink MAP (UL-MAP) 345 tail drop 218 usage environment description (UED) 459 Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) 20 usage restriction 438 Telematics 5 user agent client (UAC) 280 terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting (T-DMB) user agent server (UAS) 279 4, 182, 183, 189 user datagram protocol (UDP) 204, 275, 490 binary format for scenes (BIFS) 190 user date protocol socket 521 bit-sliced arithmetic coding (BSAC) 190 utility-based resource allocation 404 H.264/AVC 190 HE AAC 190 Vandermonde code 374 multimedia object transfer (MOT) transport vector quantization (VQ) 18 protocol 190 codebook 18 system specification 192 codeword 18 transparent data channel (TDC) 190 vector-sum excited linear prediction (VSELP) 20, 21 transport protocol experts group (TPEG) 190 very-high-bitrate subscriber line (VDSL) 2 virtual reality modeling language (VRML) 190 video capture 503 visual radio 190 video CD (VCD) 38, 109 third generation (3G) mobile 4, 303 video coding experts group (VCEG) 111, 153 third generation partnership project (3GPP) 58, 110, video conference 535 305 Video for Windows (VFW) 497 third generation partnership project 2 (3GPP2) 309 video headend 291 throughput fairness 395 live video broadcast server 291 time-division duplex (TDD) 305, 345 video on demand (VoD) server 291 time-division multiple access (TDMA) 303 video on demand (VoD) 293 timestamping 274, 276 video playback 503 time to live (TTL) 206 virtual reality modeling language (VRML) 190 token bucket 219–20 VivoActive 1.0 257 traffic classification 213 VLC application 125 application-layer 215 vocal cord (vocal fold) 11

548 Index

vocal tract 11 Windows Media Video 9 (WMV-9) 165 voice over IP (VoIP) 1, 385 adaptive block-size transform 165 voiced speech 11 B-frame 170 entropy coding 169 watermark fading compensation 171 attack 443 4:2:0 165 detection 441–3 in-loop deblocking filter 169 embedding 438–40 interlace coding 169 WAV audio format 26 limited precision transform 167 waveform coding 13 motion compensation 167 wavelet transform 62 interpolation filter 167 weighted fair queuing (WFQ) 217 one quarter pixel resolution 167 weighted radio and load aware (WRALA) 341 overlap smoothing 171 weighted random early detection (WRED) 219 blocking artifact 171 Westwood TCP 366 lapped transform 171 wide area networks (WAN) 7, 202 performance comparison 172 wideband CDMA (WCDMA) 305 quantization 168 Wideband Speech 7 deadzone 168 widest-path spanning tree 238 zigzag scan 169 Wi-Fi 1, 311–12 wired equivalent privacy (WEP) 318 Wi-Fi hotspot 303 wireless WiMAX and Wi-Fi internetworking 360 broadband network 8, 301 WiMAX forum 342 channel model 375 WiMAX frame structure 347–8 fading and shadowing 8 WiMAX MAC layer 343–5 LAN (WLAN) 1, 316 WiMAX PHY layer 342–3 mesh 339 WiMAX protocol architecture 343 mesh capacity 379–80 common-part sublayer 343 mesh handoff 381–2 convergence sublayer 343 mesh network (WMN) 380, 384 security sublayer 343 mesh routing 380–1 WiMAX QoS differentiation 347 metropolitan area network (WMAN) 342 WiMAX resource allocation 352, 404 network interface card (WNIC) 316 WiMAX scheduling 352 personal area network (WPAN) 4 WiMAX/Wi-Fi integrated network 361 worldwide interoperability for microwave access Windows Media (WiMAX) 5, 309, 342, 392 encoder 281 player 281 xDSL 292 server 281 X.509 certificate 436 streaming technology 281 Windows Media Video (WMV) 111 Zigzag 240, 370 software development kit (SDK) 281, 530, 532 zigzag sequence 77